Q1. Try to represent an area of Bangladesh with five themes of geography?

Ans. First of all, the five themes of geography are

1. Location
2. Region
3. Place
4. Movement
5. Human environment interaction

Now I'm representing Khulna, an area of Bangladesh with five themes of geography.

1. Location:
Absolute location: Khulna’s absolute location is 22°48'35.24"N, 89°33'51.8"E.
Relative location: Khulna is a city found in Khulna, Bangladesh. Khulna is located in the south
side of Bangladesh. Khulna has the largest mangrove forest in the world. Khulna is located
beside the bay of bangal.

2. Place:
A place is often known by its own special characteristics. Types of characteristics for Place:
• Human
• Physical
Human characteristics
The people of Khulna spoke on Bengali.
Special tradition and holidays includes , eid-ul-fitar, eid-ul-azha, the month of Ramadan, hindus
kalipuja & durga puja, pohela baishak , independent day, victory day, mother language day etc.
The people of Khulna mainly wear shirt,pant,lungi,t-shirt and etc.
The houses and building of Khulna are mainly made by concreate.

Physical characteristics:
Khulna has world largest mangrove forest. Khulna has no mountain but there has many river.
Khulna has subtropical monsoon climate.
Khulna is also popular for shrimp.
Many types of animals and birds lives in Khulna.
Rice and jute are the mostly main crops that grown by people of Khulna. Moreover, many types
of plants grow there.

3. Regions: The region that Khulna is in southern of Bangladesh. This area also includes jessore,
sathkhira, mongla port, sundarban and benapol boder.

4. Movement: People in Khulna move by train, bus,truck, car, motorcycle , autorikshaw.

Peoples are share information by using mobilephone, telephone, computer, fax, mail etc.
The way’s ideas are moved by book, radio, television etc.
 5. Human Environment Interaction:
People depend on their environment.
People depend on the land (soil) to grow food.
Also depend on rivers and streams for drinking water & or transporting goods.

Q2. Briefly describe physical, economic and human geography with an example. Chapter 1 slide 25

Physical geography is one of the major branch of geography that deals with the physical
characteristics of the earth. This is not limited to the characteristics on the earth’s surface but also
beneath the earth and around the earth surface. This branch of geography is also referred to as
physiography. An example of physical geography is knowledge of earth's oceans and land masses.

Economic geography, which is a sub-field of Geography, is the study of the location, distribution and
spatial organization of economic activities across the globe

Economic geography has been defined by the geographers as the study of human's economic activities
under varying sets of conditions which is associated with production, location, distribution,
consumption, exchange of resources, and spatial organization of economic activities across the world.

Human geography is the branch of geography that deals with the study of people and their
communities, cultures, economies, and interactions with the environment by studying their relations
with and across space and place.

Some examples of human geography include urban geography, economic geography, cultural
geography, political geography, social geography, and population geography
Q3. Define following: Geography, Latitude, Longitude, GIS (just definition), Cartography, Absolute and
Relative Location (with example), Grid and Environmental Determinism.

Geography is the study of places and the relationships between people and their environments.
Geographers explore both the physical properties of Earth’s surface and the human societies spread
across it. They also examine how human culture interacts with the natural environment and the way
that locations and places can have an impact on people.

Latitude – angular distance measured north or south of the Equator through 90º of arc. Degree of
constant length – 69 miles.

Longitude – angular distance measured east or west of the Prime Meridian through 180º of arc. Degree
distance decreases poleward.

Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computer system build to capture, store, manipulate,
analyze, manage and display all kinds of spatial or geographical data.

Cartography is the science of making maps.

The International Cartographic Association defines cartography as the discipline dealing with the
conception, production, dissemination and study of maps.
Cartography is the whole process of mapping.

Absolute location: exact spot on the earth’s surface where something is.
Example: street address or latitude and longitude

Relative location: where something is in relation to other things.

Example: NSU is east of Jamuna Future Park. My house is west of big field.

Grid: Latitude and longitude may be combined on a globe or map to create a grid. One specific parallel
will only intersect a specific meridian at one place on the earth. Using the two together allows for
locating places precisely.

Environmental determinism (also known as climatic determinism or geographical determinism) is the

study of how the physical environment predisposes societies and states towards particular development
trajectories.
4. Define Environment and Environmental Geography. What are the basic components of
environment? Give examples of each.

Environment is everything that is around us. It can be living or non-living things. It includes physical,
chemical and other natural forces.

It's everything that makes up our surroundings and affects our ability to live on the earth—the air we
breathe, the water that covers most of the earth's surface, the plants and animals around us, and much
more.

Environmental geography is the study of systematic description of different components of

environment and interactions of human with these components.

The environment has three basic component. These are:

(a) Physical environment: Atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere

(b) Biological environment: living organism; like, cow, cat, dog

(c) Social environment: people, economic, politics, society

5. Define Environmental Pollution. Difference between acute and chronic pollution.

Environmental pollution can be define as any undesirable change in physical, chemical, or biological
characteristics of any component of the environment i.e. air, water, soil which can cause harmful effect
on various form of life or property.
6. Define Pollutants with their types. Point out some major environmental issues in Bangladesh.

A pollutant is a substance or energy introduced into the environment that has undesired effects,
or adversely affects the usefulness of a resource.

◦ Natural pollutants – volcanic dust, sea salt particles, forest fibers etc.

◦ Man-made pollutants – industrial waste, untreated household waste, fertilizer,

pesticides, human and animal excreta, toxic metals etc.

Major Environmental Issues in Bangladesh

 Deforestation and Forest Degradation: population pressure, increasing demand of

resources

 Groundwater Contamination: heavy metals such as arsenic, lead, chromium etc.

 Groundwater Salinity: increasing high tide, reduced downstream flow.

 Air Pollution: emission of CO2, smoke, aerosol, fog etc.

 Water Pollution: discharge of waste, untreated industrial waste water, overuse of water etc.

 Cyclones and Flooding: consequence of climate change and global warming.

 Soil Pollution: soil salinity, soil erosion, soil contamination etc.

7. What is sustainable development? Very briefly describe carrying capacity, Tragedy of the
Commons and Environmental Kuznets Curve.

Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

The carrying capacity of a biological species in an environment is the maximum population size
of the species that the environment can sustain indefinitely, given the food, habitat, water, and
other necessities available in the environment.

The tragedy of the commons is an economic problem in which every individual tries to reap the
greatest benefit from a given resource

The environmental Kuznets curve is a hypothesized relationship between environmental quality

and economic development.
8. What is Wegener’s continental drift theory? Explain with mantle convection process.

Alfred Wegener proposed the theory of continental drift at the beginning of the 20th century.
His idea was that the Earth's continents were once joined together, but gradually moved apart
over millions of years.

• It offered an explanation of the existence of similar fossils and rocks on continents that are far
apart from each other.

• But it took a long time for the idea to become accepted by other scientists.

But how is this happening?

Mantle Convection

The core's heat energy is transferred to the mantle, causing it to rise towards the Earth's
surface, which is cooler. As the heated mantle transfers its heat energy to the lithosphere, it
becomes more dense than the surrounding magma and sinks back down towards the core.

9. What is Plate Tectonics? Provide evidences for continental drift theory.

The Earth's crust and upper mantle is broken into many plates called tectonic plates that are like
pieces of a jigsaw puzzle

A tectonic plate (also called lithospheric plate) is a massive, irregularly shaped slab of solid rock,
generally composed of both continental and oceanic lithosphere.

Plate tectonics is a theory of geology. It explains movement of the Earth's lithosphere which is
the earth's crust and the upper part of mantle.

Evidence to support continental drift

1. same types of fossilized animals and plants are found in South America and Africa

2. shape of the east coast of South America fits the west coast of Africa, like pieces in a jigsaw
puzzle

3. matching rock formations and mountain chains are found in South America and Africa
10. Explain any 2/3 physiographic unit of Bangladesh.

Sundarbans South and southwest of the Ganges tidal floodplain, there is a broad belt of land, barely
above sea level with an elevation of only 0.91m. This very low land of some 4,827 sq km area contains
the Sundarbans forest and the reclaimed estates (cultivated land) - classified as the Sundarbans unit.
There are two possible causes for the existence of such a large very low estuarine area - insufficient
deposition by the Ganges distributaries or subsidence. The main distributaries of the Ganges never
flowed through this region, and the small ones that did last a few centuries at most. The building up of
this estuarine area is consequently not complete. On the other hand, it is possible that subsidence has
played a major part in depressing this area. There are many evidences of this, such as large ruins in the
heart of the swampy estuarine areas such as at Shekertek and Bedkashi, and the presence of human
artefacts and tree stumps, buried in the alluvium many feet below the sea level. There is also an isolated
part of Sundarbans (Chakaria Sundarbans) at the mouth of the matamuhuri river near Cox's Bazar.

Lower Atrai basin A small physiographic unit occupies a low-lying area where mixed sediments
from the atrai and Ganges and from the barind tract overlie the down-warped southern edge of the
Barind Tract. The landscape north of the Atrai is mainly smooth, but floodplain ridges and extensive
basins occur south of the river. Heavy clay soils predominate, but loamy soils occur on ridges in the
south and the west. Drainage from this unit is blocked when high river levels in the Jamuna obstruct the
exit through the hurasagar. Seasonal flooding was formerly deep and extensive areas in chalan beel
used to remain wet throughout the year. The construction of polder projects since the 1960s has
improved drainage to some extent. However, deep flooding can still occur within polders as well as
outside when there is heavy rainfall locally and when flash floods flow down the Atrai or off the
adjoining Barind Tract, causing natural or manmade breaches of embankments.

Arial Beel a large depression of about 723 sq km lying between the Ganges and the Dhaleshwari
south of Dhaka. Heavy clays occupy almost the whole landscape. Despite the proximity to the two major
river channels, the deep seasonal flooding is predominantly by accumulated rainwater which is unable
to drain into rivers when they are running at high levels. Much of this unit remains wet in the dry
season.

Gopalganj-Khulna peat basin occupies a number of low-lying areas between the Ganges river
Floodplain and the Ganges tidal floodplain. The major two beels of the area are Baghia Beel and Chanda
Beel. Thick deposits of peat occupy perennially wet basins, but they are covered by clay around the
edges and by calcareous silty sediments alongside the Ganges distributaries crossing the area. This is the
largest peat stock basin of Bangladesh. The basins are deeply flooded by clear rainwater during the
monsoon. In the basin close to Khulna, the floodwater is somewhat brackish. Subsiding process is still
active in this physiographic unit.

Madhupur Tract Another Pleistocene upland block in the Bengal Basin is located in the central part
of Bangladesh comprising greater Dhaka and Mymensingh districts, between the courses of the Old
Brahmaputra and the Jamuna rivers. Towards the south, this physiographic sub-region extends to as far
as Dhaka, the capital of the country. Madhupur Tract measures about 4,105 sq km. Comparable to the
Barind Tract, the area belongs to a Pleistocene terrace consisting mainly of red coloured and mottled
clays. It is characterised by plateau-like hillocks varying in height from 9 to 18.5m, and a dendritic
drainage pattern, typical of all Pleistocene terraces in Bangladesh. The valleys, mostly flat, are
cultivated. The Madhupur jungle contains Shal trees (Shorea robusta), the hardwood which is second to
teak in value.

Tista floodplain A big sub-region stretches between the Old Himalayan Piedmont Plain in the west
and the right bank of the N-S flowing Brahmaputra in the east. An elongated outlier representing the
floodplain of the ancient Tista extends up to Sherpur (Bogra district) in the south. Most of the land is
shallowly flooded during monsoons. There is a shallow depression along the ghaghat river, where
flooding is of medium depth. The big river courses of Tista, dharla and dudhkumar cut through the plain.
The active floodplain of these rivers, with their sandbanks and diyaras, is usually less than six kilometres
wide.

11. How delta is form? Delta formation explain with example?

A delta is a land form comprised of sediments found at the mouth of the river. When a river reaches a
lake or the sea the water slows down and loses the power to carry sediment Larry. The sediment is
dropped at the mouth of the river. Some rivers drop so much sediment that waves and tides can't carry
it all away. It builds up in layers forming a delta.

Some deltas are so large that people can live on them.

Some great examples of Deltas include:

1. The Ganges–Brahmaputra Delta in India and Bangladesh is believed to be the biggest delta network in
the world.