Results in Physics 11 (2018) 350–357

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Results in Physics
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/rinp

Dual photoacoustic monitoring in laser ablation synthesis of silver T

nanoparticles to find in situ their fluence threshold formation
J.E. Alba Rosalesa, G. Ramos-Ortizb, G. Martínez-Ponceb, R. Castro-Beltrána, L. Polo-Paradac,
G. Gutiérrez-Juáreza,
⁎

a
División de Ciencias e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guanajuato, Loma del Bosque 103, Lomas del Campestre, C.P. 37150, León, Guanajuato, Mexico
b
Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C., Loma del Bosque 115, Lomas del Campestre, C. P. 37150, León, Guanajuato, Mexico
c
Departament of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri. Columbia MO, United States

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Keywords: In this study, a dual pulsed photoacoustic technique was applied to monitor, in real time, the laser ablation
Laser ablation synthesis in solution (LASiS) of silver nanoparticles. It was found that, at low optical fluence values, the ul-
Laser-induced ultrasound trasound signal associated to the laser ablation process exhibited constant amplitude, independently of the
Metallic nanoparticles ablation time. Further analysis confirmed that, under these conditions, the ablation process provided only
Photoacoustics
suspended micro-sized Ag fragments. However, fluence values above 400 mJ cm−2 promoted the formation of
nanoparticles, accompanied by amplitude changes in the photoacoustic signal. Determination of this threshold
condition establishes a fingerprint in the photoacoustic signal that can be used to identify, in situ and in real time,
the beginning of nanoparticle synthesis. Supplementary, the nanoparticle formation was also photoacoustically
monitored during the ablation process introducing an additional laser pulse train of low fluence value propa-
gating perpendicularly to the pulse train used for ablation. These laser pulses did not interfere with the nano-
particle LASiS process, but renders an ultrasound signal enhancement due to the surface plasmon resonance of
metal nanoparticles. The characterization of the LASiS process through the photoacoustic technique can provide
information about nanoparticle concentration and other synthesis features of interest.

Introduction repeatability, the use of magnetic stirring and application of external

Metal nanoparticles (MNPs) have multiple applications in several
fields such as thermotherapy [1], pollutant detection [2], biomarkers and
contrast agents in bioimaging [3,4]. These MNPs change significantly
their linear optical properties without a change in their chemical struc-
ture. For example, surface plasmon resonance of MNPs can be markedly
shifted as a function of its shape, orientation or density keeping constant
its metal composition. Therefore, methods for MNP synthesis have be-
come an important research topic. Reprecipitation [5,6], chemical re-
duction [7], microwave assisted synthesis [8], and laser ablation
[5,9–15] are widely used methods. In this regard, Laser Ablation
Synthesis in Solution (LASiS) is a simple top-down physical approach to
produce MNPs in a green fashion [9,10]. In the LASiS process, a metal
target or suspended metal particles in different solvents are ablated by
pulsed laser irradiation. The characteristics of the MNPs can be con-
trolled by varying the wavelength, pulse duration, repetition rate, and
fluence of the laser pulses; also, using specific solvents and temperature
solution temperature [11,12]. In order to control size distribution and
fields during ablation synthesis has been proposed [13,14].
Among the several light-induced fluence-dependent phenomena
taking place during the LASiS process under the thermal regime [15],
spallation and phase explosion can lead to the generation of an ultra-
sound signal and a first shockwave, respectively [16–18]. In the high
fluence regime, a second shockwave arise from the collapse of cavita-
tion bubbles which have been identified as a diffusing mechanism of
nanoparticles in the surrounding liquid to form a colloidal solution
[19]. However, these two ultrasound signals can be clearly differ-
entiated because of time scale, approximately 10 ns and 200 µs, re-
spectively [20]. Recently, we demonstrated that the synthesis of or-
ganic NPs via LASiS can be monitored in situ by the generated
photoacoustic (PA) signal [21]. Even when several non-radiative me-
chanisms were present, it was possible to determine the fluence abla-
tion threshold and the exposure time at which the NPs undergo photo-
degradation under intense laser radiation [22].
Here, a novel pulsed PA technique to monitor the formation of silver
nanoparticles (AgNPs) by the LASiS method is presented. It requires the

⁎
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: ggutj@fisica.ugto.mx (G. Gutiérrez-Juárez).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2018.08.039
Received 6 June 2018; Received in revised form 20 August 2018; Accepted 23 August 2018
Available online 30 August 2018
2211-3797/ © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/BY/4.0/).
J.E. Alba Rosales et al.
Fig. 1. Experimental setup: (1) pulsed laser, (2) beamsplitter, (3) mirrors, (4) iris, (5) variable neutral density filters, (6) positive lenses, (7) PA/LASiS chamber, (8)
3.5 MHz ultrasonic stress transducer, (9) Ag disk target, (10) photodiode sensing scattered light from experiment to trigger photoacoustic detection, and (11)
oscilloscope.
acquisition of two pressure signals. The first one, the acoustic (shock)
wave provided by the laser-metal interaction using pulse radiation with
low (high) fluence values. The second one, the photoacoustic signal
produced by the characteristic plasmonic resonance absorption of
AgNPs. It was found that the latter signal is strongly dependent on the
time of exposure to the laser radiation (ablation time). This finding was
expected because the PA signal at low fluence values is directly pro-
portional to the concentration of the sample that produces it [23].
UV–Vis absorption spectra of the AgNP colloidal suspension formed
during ablation exhibit a specific pattern mainly due to the plasmonic
properties of the material [24,25]. The generated PA signal also ex-
hibits distinct characteristics for different sizes and shapes for bulk and
AgNPs.
This new approach suggests that the PA technique could be used for
real time monitoring of MNPs being synthesized by LASiS. This ap-
proach is as efficient as the well-established UV–Vis absorption spec-
troscopy, which provides information about whether the LA is produ-
cing Ag microparticles and/or AgNPs [26,27]. The advantage of this
technique consists in the in situ LASiS monitoring provided directly by
the PA signal derived from the laser interaction with the metal particle
suspension.
Experimental apparatus and procedures
Sample preparation
The ablation target, a Ag disk 5 mm in diameter, was obtained from
a pellet with 99.9% purity (EVMAG40QXQ-A, Kurt J. Lesker, Jefferson
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Results in Physics 11 (2018) 350–357
Hills, PA) after flattening with a hydraulic press to obtain a uniform
thickness of 2 mm. The target sample was cleaned thoroughly with
detergent (standard glassware), ethanol, triple distilled water, acetone,
and finally sonicated for 20 min to remove any undesired residuals.
Experimental setup
LASiS/PA chamber
The experimental setup for NP LASiS process and PA signal detec-
tion is shown in Fig. 1. The LASiS/PA chamber consists of a plastic
rectangular cuboid cell (25 mm × 8 mm × 21 mm) with glass windows
on two lateral opposite walls designed ad hoc for the experiments. The
cell contained 4 ml of aqueous solution using sodium citrate dihydrate
at 0.8 mM (W302600; Sigma-Aldrich) as the solvent. The target Ag disk
was placed at the bottom of the LASiS/PA chamber. The ultrasound
transducer or hydrophone was attached through one lateral cell wall
and pointing towards a perpendicular direction with respect to the line
joining the glass windows.
Fluence control on laser beams
The second harmonic of a Nd:YAG-laser (Brillant; Quantel) was
employed to provide laser pulses at 532 nm with pulse duration of 10 ns
and repetition rate of 10 Hz. The laser energy was divided using an
unbalanced beam splitter (95% transmission and 5% reflection). The
LASiS process was initiated once the transmitted laser beam hits the
silver (Ag) disk target. This optical beam is going to be called LA beam
and the PA signal produced by it, PALA signal. The reflected beam by
the beamsplitter (see Fig. 1, element No. 2), called BT beam was used,
J.E. Alba Rosales et al.
Fig. 2. The characteristics of the photoacoustic signal generated during LASiS process. Fluence values of (a) 100 mJ cm−2 or (b) 250 mJ cm−2 (c) 400 mJ cm−2.
alternately with the LA beam, to generate a second PA signal (PABT
signal) to monitor the NP formation in the LASiS/PA chamber.
Once the LASiS is started, it runs for one minute and then, without
stop it, the PALA signal was acquired. After this measurement, the LASiS
process is stopped by closing the corresponding iris; immediately the BT
beam iris was opened to generate and measure the PABT signal. Next,
the BT beam iris was closed, and the LA beam iris opened, restarting the
LASiS. This procedure is repeated until reach 20 min of LASiS. This
approach takes advantage of the plasmonic resonance of Ag NPs to
generate a PA signal. The BT beam crossed the LASiS/PA cell through
the lateral glass-walls without interacting with the Ag disk target.
In order to estimate the ablation fluence threshold for Ag-NPs
formation based on the amplitude of the PALA signal, the ablation
fluence was varied. The energy of the LA and BT beams were con-
trolled independently with variable neutral density filters (see Fig. 1).
The spot size of both beams inside the PA chamber was varied by
changing the focusing position by using two different lenses (400 mm
and 300 mm focal length for LA and BT, respectively); the condition of
beam waist on the samples was avoided. Taking into account the
variation of the laser energy pulse (5%) and the uncertainty in the
position of the lens ( ± 1 mm), the error of the fluence was estimated
to be 8% of its value.
Photoacoustic detection
The PA signal was detected by a 3.5 MHz ultrasonic stress trans-
ducer (V383; Panametrics, Billerica, Massachusetts) immersed in the
chamber and placed perpendicular to both laser beams (see Fig. 1),
allowing it to detect independently both PA signals. The PA signals
were displayed and recorded by a 200-MHz oscilloscope (TDS5104B;
Tektronix, Wilsonville, OR) triggered by the optical scattering signal
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Results in Physics 11 (2018) 350–357
delivered by a photodiode (DET10A; Thorlabs, Newton, NJ) with a 1-ns
rise time. The photodiode was placed perpendicular to the BT beam, in
front of the PA at 20 cm of distance. Each recorded signal equals a total
of 16 averaged signals performed directed by the oscilloscope. The
adquisition of the PALA and PABT PA signals only one signal (either PALA
or PABT) at time. It is important to note that in our experiments, the
pure solvent does not produce a PA signal at 532 nm.
Results and discussion
Photoacoustic signals during the laser ablation process
Representative PALA signals (Fig. 2) showed several peaks at dif-
ferent time intervals. The first part of the PALA signal, denoted as region
A, appears in the first 0.30 µs. This signal was produced by the diffu-
sively scattered light striking the hydrophone detection surface. Scat-
tered radiation occurred due to suspended Ag particles in the solution
along the optical path and the diffusively reflected light from the Ag
target. This argument is reinforced by the fact that the transducer was
immersed in the fluid (Fig. 1).
The other time interval of interest in the PALA signal was observed
after 2.0 µs, which is denoted as region B in Fig. 2. The PALA in this
temporal span was related to the ultrasound signals associated to the
photoinduced mechanisms during the LASiS process (spallation and
optical breakdown) and also by the surface plasmon resonance of its
products.
In these experiments, the PA signal due to optical absorption of the
chamber walls was neglected because its amplitude remained below the
minimum value measured by the ultrasound transducer.
J.E. Alba Rosales et al.
Fig. 3. (a) UV–Vis spectra of LASiS products at different fluence values. (b)
Images from optical microscope of the microparticles (µPs) present in the
sample produced at 250 mJ cm−2.
Fluence threshold for nanoparticle formation determined by photoacoustics
In this series of experiments, the Ag disk target was ablated using
different laser fluence values ranging from 8 to 400 mJ cm−2. These
fluence values were produced by keeping constant the LA beam dia-
meter (spot diameter ≈3.90 mm) and adjusting the pulse energy.
Fig. 2 shows the obtained PALA signals with fluence values of 100,
250 and 400 mJ cm−2. In each case, the PALA signal was measured at
different phases of LASiS process: 0, 1, 10, and 20 min. The PALA am-
plitude for 100 mJ cm−2 (Fig. 2a, d and g) was smaller than for
250 mJ cm−2 (2b, e and h) at both regions A and B; however, for all
cases the signal amplitude remains constant, independent of the abla-
tion time. The increase in the PALA amplitude in region B, when fluence
value was varied from 100 to 250 mJ cm−2 (see Fig. 2g and h), is due to
the higher energy per pulse (increasing the strength of thermoelastic
expansion, optical breakdown, and mechanical damage). Likewise,
more optical energy was reflected and scattered reaching the ultra-
sound sensor surface (region A, Fig. 2d and e).
Remarkably, the PALA signal was no longer constant as a function of
ablation time when the fluence was set to a value equal or higher than
400 mJ cm−2. At this fluence threshold, we observed that amplitude in
region A decreased as LASiS process occurred; in region B the peak-to-
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Results in Physics 11 (2018) 350–357
peak amplitude (difference between the lowest and highest values after
2 µs) suffered variations as the time pass. At the same, the signal pre-
sented a variation in its form, going from a symmetrical to an asym-
metrical pattern, as is explained elsewere [28], this phenomenon is
consistent with the NPs formation. Both changes dependent of the ex-
posure time (see Fig. 2c, f and i). Variations in region B could be ex-
plained by the appearance of the plasmonic absorption of Ag NPs
(which generate larger absorption at 532 nm in comparison to bulk Ag).
Recently, we reported that as the concentration of nanoparticles is in-
creased in a nanofluid sample, the PA amplitude increases linearly up to
a certain value, after which an asymptotic saturated behavior is ob-
served [28]; it was shown, experimental and theoretically, that this
behavior is due to the reduction of the penetration depth, which reduce
the PA source. This result suggests that during the LASiS, the formation
of NPs reduces the radiation striking the Ag target surface but increases
the plasmonic absorption along the optical path, thus at this fluence
value, region B display a superposition of both signals: PALA and PABT.
In Fig. 3a, UV–Vis spectra for Ag products in solution ablated at 100,
250 and 400 mJ·cm−2 are shown. The duration of the LASiS process
was 20 min for each sample. The presence of the characteristic plas-
monic absorption peak for the Ag NPs (around 400 nm) is manifested
for the sample obtained with a fluence value of 400 mJ·cm−2. Below
this fluence value, the absorption spectra did not exhibit plasmonic
response. However, there was an absorption band between 250 and
300 nm that is attributed to the presence of Ag microparticles (µPs)
[29]. In our experiments microparticles (μPs) were obtained at fluence
values below 400 mJ·cm−2 (several Ag µPs can be observed in see
Fig. 3b). Thus, the trends followed by PALA signals with fluence values
below 400 mJ cm−2 are clearly associated with the ablation of the Ag
target to produce μPs. On the other hand, for fluence values above
400 mJ cm−2, they are associated with the mechanism to produce NPs.
By correlating the PALA signals with the absorption spectra and
microscopic images of the particles (images of optical microscopy are
shown in Fig. 3 and TEM images are presented in the following section),
we can infer that the value of 400 mJ·cm−2 is the optical fluence
threshold for Ag NPs formation.
Effects of the energy and laser spot area on the laser ablation process at
constant fluence
The PALA for a combination of different energies and spot diameters
that produce a constant fluence value (400 mJ·cm−2) are shown in
Figs. 2c, f, i and 4. Fig. 2c, f and i correspond to the signal generated by
an energy of 48 mJ and spot diameter of 3.90 mm; Fig. 4a, b and c to
one with an energy of 13 mJ and spot diameter of 2.00 mm.
A comparison between Figs. 2f and 4b shows that, using an ablation
energy of 48 mJ, the peak amplitude of region A decreased as a function
of exposure; in contrast, when ablation energy was 13 mJ, it remained
constant. The decrease in peak amplitude in region A when high ab-
lation energy is used implies that less light impinges on the hydrophone
detecting surface because there was an increase in NP density in sus-
pension absorbing light before it reaches the sensor. At the same time,
an increasing number of NPs improve the PA signal associated to the
surface plasmon resonance (peak-to-peak amplitude increments in re-
gion B).
This hypothesis is reinforced by analyzing Figs. 2i and 4c. If the
ablation energy is high, variations in region B of the PALA signal starts
earlier (around 2 µs) than for low energy (around 6 µs). This is ex-
plained by considering that the same fluence can be reached using
different energies, through two different spot sizes, as is described in
Sections “Fluence threshold for nanoparticle formation determined by
photoacoustics” and “Effects of the energy and laser spot area on the
laser ablation process at constant fluence”. For the bigger spot area, the
sensor pressure detection threshold is obtained close to the hydrophone
J.E. Alba Rosales et al.
Fig. 4. (a) Photoacoustic signals produced by the laser ablation beam at
400 mJ·cm−2 using an energy of 13 mJ and a spot diameter of 2.00 mm. (b)
scattering signal, (c) ultrasound signal.
and the changes are measured at early times (Fig. 2i). In the other case,
the sensor pressure detection threshold is getted far away from the
sensor as a consequence, the PA signal is retarded (Fig. 4c). This phe-
nomenon occurs since the used hydrophone need a minimum pressure
threshold to operate, which is proportional to the laser fluence. The
UV–Vis spectra for these samples are shown in Fig. 5a. Both samples
display the Ag plasmonic absorption peak (around 400 nm); however,
the observed plasmonic peak is more intense for 48 mJ than for 13 mJ.
Thus, it can be concluded that larger energy produces a higher quantity
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Results in Physics 11 (2018) 350–357
Fig. 5. UV–Vis absorption spectra for LASiS products at constant fluence
(∼400 mJ·cm−2) using different13 mJ and spot size diameters of 2.00 mm.
of suspended material, as previously reported [29,30].
It is possible that changes in region A for low energy were not
perceptible because the concentration of silver µPs was so small that
scattering properties were not affected.
Monitoring NPs formation with the PABT signal
In order to avoid overlapping between the PA signal produced by
the Ag target (due to the ablation process) and the one produced by
suspended NPs, the PABT set up was explored. In this sense, a Ag target
sample was ablated with a LA beam having a fluence value of
7000 mJ·cm−2 for 20 min. On the other hand, the BT beam was set at
164 mJ·cm−2. PALA and PABT signals are displayed in Fig. 6a and b,
respectively. It was found that in both regions (A and B) the peak-to-
peak PALA amplitude became smaller as the ablation time increases
(Fig. 6c and e). By contrast, PABT exhibits monotonic decreases in re-
gion A (Fig. 6d), while the region B signal exhibits changes in its peak-
to-peak amplitude during the LASiS process (Fig. 6f). Since the fluence
of the BT beam does not produce LA (its fluence is set below the cor-
responding threshold for ablation), region B in PABT has its origin in the
plasmonic absorption of NPs. More NPs (more absorption) tend to
produce a larger signal. Consequently, the increases in the PABT signal
is correlated with the concentration of NPs [28].
Another characteristic of the PABT that can be strongly correlated
with the concentration of NPs is the time of appearance of the signal B.
Note that this signal is shifted toward earlier times as the duration of
ablation is increased. In particular, for 20 min of ablation the signal is
shifted 67 ns; this result is consistent with findings of our previous work
[10].
These observations can be better visualized by displaying the peak-
to-peak amplitude values a function of the exposure time for the PALA
and PABT (Fig. 7a and b, respectively). From Region A (where the NPs
formation threshold is observed), the light that reaches the hydrophone
tends to decrease, mainly because the presence of NPs present an in-
crease in its optical absorption.
This absorption also causes a reduction of the LASiS process, since
less energy reaches the disk target (we call this effect shielding). Two
pictures at 1 min and 20 min of laser exposure are shown in Fig. 7c. It
clearly demonstrates the loss of focusing of the LA beam, which makes
the NPs synthesis move away from the ablation target. Fig. 7 shows a
J.E. Alba Rosales et al.
Fig. 6. (a) The photoacoustic signal generated by the ablation pulse at 7 J·cm−2 detail in (c) and (e). (b) signal generated by the perpendicular monitoring pulse a
0.164 J·cm−2, detail in (d) and (f).
TEM microcopy image of the nanoparticles produced by the LA process
at a fluence of 7000 mJ cm−2. We think that the evolution of the PABT
signal could be correlated to the concentration of NPs.
Conclusions
The development of methods to synthetize and follow forming
evolution of metal NPs is of paramount importance for many applica-
tions. Here, we showed that pulsed PA techniques can be used to
monitor NPs formation by LASiS in real time and in situ. This technique
also has the advantage that can be adapted as time-resolved spectro-
scopy, for example there are several works where the occurrence time
of the PA signal is used to distinguish phenomena as vaporization [31],
bubbles and shockwaves [32].The PA signal generated by the laser
pulse used for ablation exhibited a complex structure; close inspection
reveals information about the process, mainly the ablation fluence
threshold at which NPs are produced. This critical value for Ag-NPs
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Results in Physics 11 (2018) 350–357
occurs at approximately 400 mJ·cm−2. The range from 8 to
400 mJ·cm−2 allows the formation of particles of different micro-sizes.
The PABT signal generated by the plasmonic absorption can provide
complementary information; it represents a more direct and simple
manifestation of the synthesis process. This tool could facilitate studies
of NPs synthesis and characterization. This approach of monitoring NPs
synthesis is as efficient as the well-established UV–Vis absorption
spectroscopy, which gives us information about whether the LASiS is
producing colloidal Ag and/or Ag NPs. This process has the advantage
that PABT is a time-resolved signal. The use of our approach could be
extended to other methods of NPs synthesis in which optical absorption
properties change during the synthesis process.
Finally, the effect of shielding appears to be a limiting mechanism in
LASiS synthesis. Surely this can be avoided by decreasing the column of
liquid in the LASiS process. More importantly, the PA technique can
give us a quantitative measure of this effect.
J.E. Alba Rosales et al. Results in Physics 11 (2018) 350–357

Fig. 7. In (a) PA signal produced by the ablation beam at 7000 mJ·cm−2 (PALA) and in (b) the ones for the monitoring pulse at 164 mJ·cm−2 (PABT). (c) The
shielding effect is shown in. (d) A TEM image from the obtained NPs, and (e) size distribution.

Acknowledgments References

The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support of the
Dirección de Apoyo a la Investigación y al Posgrado of the Universidad
de Guanajuato (Grant No. CIIC 151/2018). This research was developed
using the facilities of the Laboratory of Biophotoacoustic at the UG, and
the Laboratory of Non-Linear Optics and Photophysics Group, at CIO.
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