Radiation resistance

Antennas are designed for effective radiation of electromagnetic

energy.
I in
– Equivalent circuit of an antenna

Rr

– input radiation resistance Rr

• Represents radiated energy
– input loss resistance RL
• Represents conduction and dielectric losses of the antenna
– input reactance XA
• represents the energy stored in the field near the antenna

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 Radiation resistance
I in2 R r
The power radiated is equal to:W rad =
2
The power losses is I in2 R L
W loss =
2
If Win is the input power, the radiation efficiency is:

Wrad Rr
ηr = =
Win Rr + R L
I in

Rr

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 Directive gain, directivity and gain
Stronger in some Same intensity for all directions
directions

Isotropic Antenna
(the reference antenna)

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 Directive gain, directivity and gain

Let Pavg be the average Poynting vector which is the

power flow density per unit area,
1
Pavg = Re(E × H *)
2
The total power radiated Wrad is then
Wrad = ∫ Pavg ⋅ dS dS = R 2 sin θdθdφ
S

Wrad = ∫ U (θ , φ )dΩ dΩ = sin θdθdφ

S

where U(θ,φ) is the power flow through a unit solid

angle, and is called the radiation intensity (W/sr).
U (θ , φ ) = r 2 Pavg
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Directive gain, directivity and gain

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 Directive gain, directivity and gain

Directive gain GD(θ,φ)

Ratio of the radiation intensity in a particular
direction(θ,φ) to the average radiation intensity.
U (θ , φ ) U (θ , φ )
G D (θ , φ ) = =
U avg Wrad / 4π
Directivity
Maximum value of the directive gain in a certain
direction.D = Max{G (θ , φ )}
d

Power Gain
Ratio of the radiation intensity in a given direction to
the radiation intensity of a lossless isotropic radiator
that has the same input power.
U (θ , φ )
G p (θ , φ ) =
Win / 4π 6
 Example

Find the directive gain of a Hertzian dipole.

1 1
Pavg = Re(E × H *) = Eθ H φ
2 2

Pavg =
(Idl )2 η β 2 sin 2 θ
o
32 π r
2 2

U = Pavg r =2 (Idl ) η β 2 sin 2 θ

2

o
32 π 2

I Hφ

Eθ
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 Example

and then
U (θ , φ )
G D (θ , φ ) =
U avg
sin 2 θ
=
∫ ∫ (sin θ )sin θdθdφ / 4π
2π π
2
0 0

3 2
= sin θ
2

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Example

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 Example

Directive gain and the directivity of the Hertzian dipole

3 2
GD (θ , φ ) = sin θ θ
2
3
∴ D = Gd (π / 2, φ ) = = 1.76 dB I
2

Suppose the radiation efficiency is 46%,

θ

∴ G p = 0.46 D = 0.69 = −0.16 dB

(Wrad / Win = 0.46)

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 Example
Find the radiation resistance of a Hertzian dipole
2π π
Pr = ∫ ∫ Pavg sin θdθdφ
0 0

I 2 (dl )
2
2π π
= η β ∫ ∫ θdθdφ
2 3
o sin
32π 2 0 0

I (dl )
2 2
= η o β 2

12π 2

2  2

I 2  dl 
= 80π   
2   λ  
2
2  dl 
∴ Rr = 80π  
λ
dl
Suppose, = 0.01 ⇒ Rr = 0.08Ω Poor radiator !!
λ 11
 Linear dipole antenna

In dipole antennas, the current magnitude along the dipole

can be represented like in a transmission line, where 2h is
the length of the dipole and z=0 at the center feed-point
of the dipole.
I ( z ) = I m sin [β (h − z )]

2h

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 Linear dipole antenna

Knowing the current distribution I(z), we can sum up the

fields due to the infinitesimal segments on the antenna
using the results of the Hertzian dipole.
j η I e − jkR
E = θˆ o m F (θ )
2πR
− jkR
jI e
H = φˆ m F (θ )a φ I
2πR
cos (β h cos θ ) − cos β h
2h
F (θ ) =
sin θ

F(θ) is called the pattern function

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 Linear dipole antenna

Antenna pattern
– E-plane pattern (pattern function versus θ for a
constant φ)

– H-plane pattern (pattern function versus φ for a constant

θ=π/2) 14
 Linear dipole antenna

At certain dipole lengths (≅ λ/2, λ…) called resonant

lengths, the input impedance is purely resistive. For half-
wavelength dipole,
Z in ≈ Rr = 73 Ω

The pattern pattern for a half-wavelength dipole is

cos (β h cos θ ) − cos β h
F (θ ) =
sin θ
π 
cos  cos θ 
 2 
=
sin θ

D = 1 .64
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 Example -- Monopole

A thin quarter-wavelength vertical antenna over a

conducting ground is excited by a sinusoidal source at its
base. Find the (a) radiation pattern, (b) resistance, and (c)
directivity.

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 Example -- Monopole

(a) The electromagnetic field in the upper half-space due

to the quarter-wave vertical antenna is the same as that of
the half-wave antenna.

(b) The magnitude of the time-average Poynting vector

holds θ ≤π /2
0 ≤for but the quarter-wave antenna
radiates only into the half-space, its total radiated power is
only half of a half-wave dipole. Therefore, the radiation
resistance is
Rr = Rr (half − wave dipole)/2 = 73 / 2 = 36.5 Ω

(c) Same
D as
= 1half-wave
.64 dipole

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 Effective Area and Friis Equation

Effective Area
The effective area Ae of a receiving antenna is the ratio of
the time-average power received to the time-average
power density of the incident wave at the antenna.

Ae = PL / Pavg

It may be shown that is Ae related to the directive gain as:

λ2
Ae = G D (θ , φ )
4π

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 Effective Area and Friis Equation

Friis Equation
Consider two antennae separated by a distance r. The
transmitting antenna transmits a total power Pt.

Ae1, GD1, Pt Ae2, GD2, PL

The time-average power density at the receiving antenna

is
Pt
Pavg = G D1
4πr 2

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 Effective Area and Friis Equation

The power received to the load is

PL = Pavg Ae 2
λ2
= G D 2 Pavg
4π
λ2
G D1G D 2 Pt
(4πr ) 2

PL λ2
∴ = G D1G D 2 (Friis Equation)
Pt (4πr ) 2

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