Nano Trends: A Journal of Nanotechnology and Its Applications

Volume 21, Issue 1, ISSN: 0973-418X (Online)

Synthesis, Properties and Applications of Amorphous

Carbon Nanotube and MoS2 Nanosheets: A Review
Binoy Bera*
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, West Bengal University of Technology, Kolkata,
West Bengal, India

Abstract
Recently, carbon nanotube has been showing great interest in the field of nanotechnology for
its exceptional physical, electronic properties. The synthesis procedure of crystalline carbon
nanotube is immensely tough for which researchers are focused on an amorphous carbon
nanotube. Furthermore, the presence of dangling bonds in amorphous carbon nanotube
makes it easily reachable with another nanomaterial to form into nanohybrids. These
nanohybrids are quite challengeable to crystalline carbon nanotube in various applications.
Based on the properties of prepared nanohybrids, it is used in several applications such as
toxic dye removal from water, high-performance lithium ion batteries, field-emission display
devices, cold cathode, electromagnetic wave absorber, etc. Furthermore, in recent days,
among transitional metal dichalcogenides, molybdenum disulfide is the most interesting
material in the field of microelectronics and optoelectronics due to its distinctive properties.
The bandgap of this material varies from 1.2 ev (bulk MoS2 with indirect bandgap) to 1.9 ev
(MoS2 nanosheets with direct bandgap) which makes it feasible in many applications.
Specially, MoS2 nanosheets show superior applications for their fine physical, electronic and
optical properties. In some cases such as fabrication of field effect transistor based biosensor,
it is preferable over graphene a two-dimensional material. Moreover, Synthesis procedure of
MoS2 nanosheets is quiet simple and easy. For the synthesis of MoS2 nanosheets, numerous
procedures have been discovered so far. In this paper, a review of the synthesis and
applications of amorphous carbon nanotube were discussed. Few properties of amorphous
carbon nanotube have also been described in sort. Furthermore, a little bit concepts about the
different synthesis method of MoS2 nanosheets was described. Peak analysis of MoS2
nanosheets from numerous characteristics methods was also mentioned here.

Keywords: Amorphous carbon nanotube, applications, MoS2, nanosheets, properties,

synthesis method.

*Author for Correspondence E-mail: berabinoy17@gmail.com

INTRODUCTION the amorphous carbon nanotube can be

Since the invention of carbon nanotubes
(CNTs) in 1991 (Iijima 1991), CNTs have
rapidly attracted much attention due to their
extraordinary mechanical, chemical and
electrical properties as well as applications in
various fields. Researchers are mostly
concerned with crystalline carbon nanotube
i.e. single walled or multi-walled carbon
nanotube. However, the synthesis procedure of
crystalline carbon nanotube is quite
challenging and tough. It requires some
sophisticated instrument and complex method
such as arc discharge, laser vaporization,
pyrolysis, plasma-enhanced and thermal
chemical vapor deposition (CVD). However,
synthesized by using a very low-temperature
chemical process. Other methods such as
chemical vapor deposition, arc discharge are
also used to prepare amorphous carbon
nanotube. Owing to its presence of dangling
bond in ACNT [1-10], it can be formed into
nanohybrids quickly by reacting with other
nanomaterials. This nanohybrid has huge
applications in several fields such as
electromagnetic wave absorbing, toxic dye
removal from water, supercapacitors, etc.
Moreover, defects such as pentagons,
heptagons, vacancies, and impurities are
certainly present in the ACNTs. The
introduction of defects in the carbon network

©NSTC (2019) 36-52 © STM Journals 2019. All Rights Reserved Page 36
Synthesis, Properties and Applications of Amorphous
can lead to interesting properties and new
prospective nano-devices [11-20]. ACNTs
have different tube wall structures compared
with crystalline CNTs. The tube walls of
ACNTs are composed of several discontinuous
graphene sheets which makes them suitable as
electromagnetic wave absorber. The chirality
problem is absent in the amorphous CNTs (a-
CNTs), which is favorable to certain
applications such as in some nanoelectronics
[20-24] and sensor devices. The discovery of
graphene [25], a 2D material which has good
electronic, optical and mechanical properties
makes the scientist interested towards the other
2D material which will show similar properties
and characteristics just like graphene. Since
the origin of graphene, 700 2D materials such
as and hexagonal boron nitride,
borocarbonitrides, phosphorene, transition
metal di-chalcogenides, etc have been
probable to be stable and out of them many
have been synthesized and some not. Among
all these two dimensional material, metal
dichalcogenides are showing great interest due
to their unique properties and applications.
Within this class of materials, recently 2D
MoS2 are much suitable for their fascinating
applications in transparent electrodes [26] ,
energy storage [27] , solar cells [28], wearable
devices [29], catalysis [30], double-layer
capacitors [31], lubricants [32], photo emitting
devices [33], water purification [34] and even
in introducing piezoelectricity [35] in some
polymer material due to its superior optical,
electronic, mechanical and thermal properties.
Bulk MoS2 is an indirect band gap material but
2D MoS2 is a direct bandgap material.
However MoS2 nanosheets show good
physical properties due to the quantum
confinement and surface effects. Single layer
MoS2 is consists of one molybdenum layers
sandwiched between two sulfur layers. Bulk
MoS2 is formed from such several single
layers stacked upon each other. Due to its
layered structure and low coefficient of
friction, it is used as a lubricant. Recently it
has also observed that MoS2 nanosheets have
application in water purification such as
removing of Hg2+ from water. For its indirect
bandgap, MoS2 nanosheets are advantageous
over graphene for fabricating field-effect
transistor (FET) biosensor. In such cases,
©NSTC (2019) 36-52 © STM Journals 2019. All Rights Reserved
Binoy Bera
sensitivity and leakage can be controlled better
than graphene-based field effect transistor.
Moreover, the bandgap structure of MoS2
layered material is from 1.2 eV (indirect
bandgap) to 1.9 eV (direct bandgap), which
would play a critical role in developing future
semiconductor devices. Numerous methods
such as liquid/chemical exfoliation [36-38],
electrochemical exfoliation [39], hydrothermal
method [40-42], chemical vapour deposition
[43-49], mechanically exfoliation [50-51], wet
chemistry approach [52], and eco-friendly
synthesis of MoS2 nanosheets [53] have been
discovered so far for producing such
nanosheets. In this paper, a brief idea about all
these methods for the preparation of MoS2
nanosheets is the key focus of this paper. Little
applications of MoS2 nanosheets were also
discussed here. A review of the synthesis
procedure and applications of amorphous
carbon nanotube are the key focus of this
paper. Synthesis procedure such as low-
temperature chemical process, CVD, template
method, arc discharge was discussed here.
AMORPHOUS CARBON NANOTUBE
PREPARATION PROCEDURE
Chemical Vapour Deposition
Here in this method, a deposition-precipitation
process is used to produce the binary colloid
Ni(OH)2/Al (molecular ratio Ni/Al = 1/20).
After the Ni(OH)2/Al is obtained, the colloid
is calcined in air to oxidize the aluminum and
this yielded cluster made of Ni and Al oxides.
The final cluster is then reduced in an H2 flow
(100 ml/min) for 120 min at 4800C to form Ni
nanoclusters supported on Al2O3. To grow the
CNTs, methane (60 ml/min) is used as the
carbon source and hydrogen (420 ml/min) as
the carrier gas. The CVD is carried out at
4800C for 30 min, after which the system is
cooled to room temperature under a nitrogen
atmosphere and an entirely black product was
obtained.
Template Method
In this method, Anodic alumina membrane and
different materials are used at first. In this
process, 10 mL alumina crucible containing 1
g of ferrocene powder is placed in a furnace
chamber. For reducing the residue oxygen
present in the tube, the furnace is filled with
Page 37
 Nano Trends: A Journal of Nanotechnology and Its Applications
Volume 21, Issue 1, ISSN: 0973-418X (Online)

high purity argon several times. The furnace is
kept at a temperature of 1500C for 60-70
minutes. The furnace temperature was then
rapidly increased to 750°C and held at that
temperature for 30 min. Finally, the system
was allowed to cool to room temperature. It
can be observed that the template becomes
transparent to black.
Arc Discharge Method
A temperature-controlled arc discharging
furnace (in hydrogen gas at 6000C) is used in
this process and Co-Ni alloy powders are used
as catalysts. The as-prepared ACNTs are quite
good in this process.
Low-Temperature Chemical Process
Ferrocene ((C5H5)2Fe, Merck), ammonium
chloride (NH4Cl) and hydrochloric acid (HCl)
are the main material used in this process. For
the synthesis of amorphous CNT, first
ferrocene and ammonium chloride were taken
in 1:2 weight ratios. Then weighted material
placed in a mortar and ground very well. After
that, the mixture was placed in a quartz beaker
and kept it in an oven with 2250C for 30
minutes. Then the black product was washed
with DI-water and dilutes HCL repeatedly for
removing the impurity present in amorphous
CNT. Then the final product was kept in an
oven with 600C for 24 hrs.
PROPERTIES OF ACNT
Unlike crystalline carbon nanotube,
amorphous carbon nanotube has several
defects and dangling bonds present in it. For
the presence of dangling bond, it can react
with other nanomaterials [25] to form into
nanohybrids easily. Due to the presence of
several discontinuous graphene sheets and
defects in an amorphous carbon nanotube, it is
used as electromagnetic wave absorber. Some
measurement FE-SEM and TEM image are
presented here for the clear view of amorphous
carbon nanotube properties.
APPLICATIONS OF ACNT
Outstanding mechanical and electronic
properties make the amorphous carbon
nanotube and its hybrids are applicable in
numerous applications such as electromagnetic
wave absorber, toxic dye removal from water,
supercapacitors, Li-ion battery, catalysts, gas
storages, gas separations, field emission
devices [55-91].

Fig. 1: Procedure for making nanosheets from bulk layered MoS2 material.

Table 1: Applications of amorphous carbon nanotube and its hybrids

Applications of amorphous carbon nanotube and its hybrids
Supercapacitor Li-ion Catalysts Gas Gas Field emission Toxic dye removal from
battery storage separations devices water

©NSTC (2019) 36-52 © STM Journals 2019. All Rights Reserved Page 38
Synthesis, Properties and Applications of Amorphous
Fig. 5: FESEM image of ACNT (a and b), TEM image of ACNT (c and d) [54].
MoS2 NANOSHEETS PREPARATION
PROCEDURE
Liquid/Chemical Exfoliation
Materials
MoS2 bulk powder, N-methylpyrrolidone
(NMP)/ dimethylformamide (DMF)/
cyclohexyl-pyrrolidone (CHP)/ isopropanol.
Method
In this method, MoS2 powder is used as a
precursor and N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP)/
dimethylformamide (DMF)/ cyclohexyl-
pyrrolidone (CHP)/ isopropanol are used as a
solvent. A measured quantity of MoS2 powder
is taken in a beaker which is contained any of
the previously mentioned solvents. Then this
beaker is kept in an ultrasonicator for a fixed
time for making MoS2 nanosheets.
Electrochemical Exfoliation
Materials
Bulk MoS2 crystal, Lithium foil.
©NSTC (2019) 36-52 © STM Journals 2019. All Rights Reserved
Binoy Bera
Methods
A bulk MoS2 crystal is used as a cathode and a
lithium foil as an anode in an electrochemical
cell. Thus, Li intercalation could be monitored
and controlled during the discharge process.
After subsequent ultrasonication and
exfoliation of LixMoS2 in water or ethanol,
single-layer MoS2 nanosheets could be
obtained in large amounts with very high
yield.
Hydrothermal Method
Materials
Hexaammonium heptamolybdate tetrahydrate
((NH4)6Mo7O24) and thiourea as the
precursors.
Methods
In this synthesis procedure, a measured
amount of hexaammonium heptamolybdate
tetrahydrate and a fixed quantity of thiourea
are dissolved in de-ionized water under
Page 39
 Nano Trends: A Journal of Nanotechnology and Its Applications
Volume 21, Issue 1, ISSN: 0973-418X (Online)

vigorous stirring for a definite time to form a Method

homogeneous solution. The solution was then
transferred into a Teflon-lined stainless steel
autoclave with tightly sealed and heated at a
temperature for a time and then naturally
cooled down to room temperature. After that,
black precipitates are collected by
centrifugation process. Then the product is
washed with distilled water and absolute
ethanol several times and finally dried in
vacuum at a fixed temperature with a fixed
time.
Chemical Vapour Deposition
Materials
MoO3 and sulfur powders, substrate.
MoO3 and sulfur powders are the most typical
precursors used in the preparation of single-
layer MoS2 using the CVD method. In this
process, both this chemical kept in a container
and heat is applied in the CVD furnace to form
MoS2 nanosheets in a substance. After that, the
nanosheets are pilled from that substrate using
a superior method.
Mechanically Exfoliation
In this process, scotch tape is used to extract
MoS2 nanosheets from a commercially
available nature crystalline MoS2 sample. This
process is similar to the way of graphene
produced from graphite.

Fig. 2: Liquid exfoliation process for the synthesis of MoS2 nanosheets.

Fig. 3: Electrochemical exfoliation process for MoS2 nanosheets synthesis.

©NSTC (2019) 36-52 © STM Journals 2019. All Rights Reserved Page 40
Synthesis, Properties and Applications of Amorphous Binoy Bera

Fig. 4: Hydrothermal process for MoS2 nanosheets synthesis.

Fig. 5: CVD method for synthesis of MoS2 nanosheets.

Fig. 6: (1-10) Mechanical exfoliation method for MoS2 nanosheets preparation.

©NSTC (2019) 36-52 © STM Journals 2019. All Rights Reserved Page 41
 Nano Trends: A Journal of Nanotechnology and Its Applications
Volume 21, Issue 1, ISSN: 0973-418X (Online)

Wet Chemistry Approach centrifugation at a fixed rpm with a definite

Materials
Oleylamine (>70%), ammonium
tetrathiotungstate (≥99.9% trace metals basis),
ammonium tetrathiomolybdate (99.97% trace
metals basis), ethanol.
Methods
A total of 2 mmol of (NH4)2MoS4 is stirred in
80 mL oleylamine under N2 flow at 1000C for
15 min. The temperature is increased and kept
constant at 3600 C for 30 min or 90 min. The
reactor was then cooled to room temperature,
and black products of MoS2 nanosheets are
collected.
Eco-friendly synthesis of MoS2 Nanosheets
Materials
Bulk MoS2, ultra tide detergent
Methods
In this method, a fixed amount of bulk MoS2
are first stirred in a quantity of di-water (at a
temperature) and an amount of detergent
(Ultra Tide) for a fixed time and measured
rpm, followed by sonication using a solid
probe sonicator. Similar to the effect of
surfactant, Ultra Tide detergent reduces the
surface tension of water and induces better
solubility of bulk MoS2. Nanosheets dispersed
solution was obtained by sedimentation and
time.
PEAK ANALYSIS OF MoS2 FROM
DIFFERENT CHARACTERISTIC
METHODS
Bandgap Determination from UV-Vis
Measurement
The UV-Vis spectrum can be used to calculate
the band gaps of semiconductor material
(allowed direct, allowed indirect, forbidden
direct, and forbidden indirect transitions), by
plotting the graph between (ahν)^(1/n) versus
photon energy (hν). where a: is the optical
absorption coefficient, which can be calculated
from absorbance(A), and thickness of the
sample(t) using: (a=2.303A/t); and (hν) can be
calculated form wavelength using: (hν =
1240/wavelength); The power factor (n) takes
the values of (0.5, 2, 1.5, and 3) for allowed
direct, allowed indirect, forbidden direct and
forbidden indirect transitions. Extrapolation
the straight line portion of the curves to zero
absorption coefficient value gives the energy
band gap value.
Peak Analysis from Raman Measurement
383 cm-1 in a single layer and ~408 cm-1 in
bulk MoS2. With the increasing number of
single layers the mode at ~383 cm-1 shift to
lower frequencies and the mode at ~408 cm-1
shifts to higher frequencies.

Fig. 7: Wet chemistry approach for MoS2 nanosheets synthesis.

©NSTC (2019) 36-52 © STM Journals 2019. All Rights Reserved Page 42
Synthesis, Properties and Applications of Amorphous Binoy Bera

Fig. 8: Eco-friendly synthesis procedure for MoS2 nanosheets.

E12g peak frequency [cm − 1] 532.5 eV and to O1 s in MoO 3−x and adsorbed O
Table 2: E12g mode of MoS2 nanosheets 531 eV
from Raman Shift data XRD Analysis
Laser lines 1L 2L 3L 4L Bulk Planes can be determined from Bragg’s law.
[nm] Table 5: XRD data analysis from XRD plot
325 384.2 382.8 382.8 382.7 382.5 Angle(2theta) degree Crystal Planes(h,k,l)
488 384.7 383.3 383.2 382.9 383 14.40 002
514.5 384.3 383.2 382.7 382.3 382 32.70 100
532 384.7 382.5 382.4 382.4 383
58.30 110
632.8 385 383.8 383.3 382.9 381.5
39.50 103
A1g peak frequency [cm − 1] 44.20 106
Table 3: A1g mode of MoS2 nanosheets from 49.80 005
Raman Shift data 60.10 008
Laser lines (nm) 1L 2L 3L 4L Bulk 34.40 002
325 404.9 405.5 406.3 407 407.8 37.90 200
488 402.8 405.5 406.5 407.4 408 39.50 102
514.5 403 404.8 405.8 406.7 407.5
532 402.7 404.9 405.7 406.7 407.8
632.8 403.8 404.8 405 406 406.6 CONCLUSIONS
Among all these methods, the low-temperature
XPS and PL Study of MoS2 Nanosheets chemical process is a less complex method. It
XPS Study of MoS2 requires approximately a temperature of 2250C
The chemical state and composition of the and it is a one-step process. Except for these
deposited MoS2 nanosheets can be determined four methods, V3O7.H2O and glucose solution
by XPS analysis as mentioned in table 4. can be used as starting material for the
synthesis of an amorphous carbon nanotube.
PL Spectra Synthesis of a-CNTs can also be prepared via
Bulk MoS2 is an indirect bandgap a solution-based approach at much lower
semiconductor, so it does not show temperatures, which is named as a
photoluminescence Photoluminescence depend solvothermal process. Ferrocene and benzene
on several parameters such as thickness, strain, solution is used in this solvothermal process.
defects, and height of nanosheets. Peak around However, the discovery of amorphous carbon
671 nm wavelength is corresponding to a band
nanotube leads science and technology in one
gap of 1.85 eV.
step ahead. Hybrids structure of amorphous
Table 4: Peak representation of XPS data CNT is much interested in the researchers due
Binding Peak to its easy synthesis method in comparison to
energy another nanomaterial. Hybrid structure
284.6 eV sp2 C-C bonds assembly of reduced graphene oxide (RGO)-
229.3 eV Mo3d5/2 (determines the Chemical state
of MoS2, ascribed to the Mo in MoS2)
amorphous carbon nanotube (a-CNTs) can be
232.4 eV Mo3d3/2 used in field emission devices. Amorphous
226.5 eV S 2s CNT decorated MoS2 nanohybrids can be
230.0 eV Mo3d5/2 (MoO2 & MoO3) used in toxic dye removal from the water.
232.7 eV Mo3d5/2 (MoO2 & MoO3) Here MoS2 nanosheets synthesis procedure has
162.1 eV and S2p3/2 and S2p1/2 spectral lines of S2− been reviewed. In liquid phase exfoliation,
163.3 eV in MoS2

©NSTC (2019) 36-52 © STM Journals 2019. All Rights Reserved Page 43
 Nano Trends: A Journal of Nanotechnology and Its Applications
Volume 21, Issue 1, ISSN: 0973-418X (Online)
electrochemical exfoliation and eco-friendly 4.
synthesis, the main material is bulk MoS2
crystal or powder. Except for these three
methods, precursor material should be a source
of molybdenum and a source of sulfur.
Among all these methods, liquid phase 5.
exfoliation and eco-friendly synthesis are quite
an easy to step for producing MoS2
nanosheets. Besides all these, for preparation
of MoS2 nanosheets [92], there are other 6.
methods such as mixed-solvothermal method
[93], sputter deposition [94]. MoS2 is also used
to enhance the piezoelectric sensitivity of
polymer material based nanogenerator. It has
been widely observed that N-methyl-2- 7.
pyrrolidone (NMP) is one of the most suitable
solvents for the liquid-phase exfoliation of
MoS2. In the electrochemical process, Li
intercalation results in loss of the
semiconducting properties due to the 8.
emergence of a metallic phase. Though the
intercalation-induced phase transformation can
be almost fully reversed via mild annealing
9.
such that the semiconducting properties of the
pristine material are largely restored. Ultrathin
MoS2 nanosheets can be largely produced by
using hydrothermal method, less complex
method. Highly crystalline and uniform MoS2
nanosheets can be prepared through a chemical
vapor deposition method. Quiet easy and 10.
simple process like mechanical exfoliation,
scotch tape is used to exfoliate MoS2
nanosheets from bulk MoS2 crystal. Another
chemical process like wet chemistry approach
and eco-friendly method is also used to extract
MoS2 nanosheets. Wet chemistry approach is 11.
used for the production of stable free-standing
nanosheets of MoS2 [95-159].
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
12.
REFERENCES
1. Iijima S. Helical microtubules of graphitic
carbon. Nature. 354, 56–58p.
2. Eda G, Unalan HE, Rupesinghe N, 13.
Amaratunga GAJ, Chhowalla M. Appl.
Phys. Lett. 2008; 93: 233502p.
3. Liu Y, Tang J, Chen X, Chen W, Pang
GKH, Xin JH. A wet-chemical route for 14.
the decoration of CNTs with silver
nanoparticles. Carbon. 2006; 44 (2): 381–
383p.
©NSTC (2019) 36-52 © STM Journals 2019. All Rights Reserved
Zanolli Z, Leghrib R, Felten A, Pireaux
J, Llobet E, Charlier J. Gas sensing with
Au-decorated carbon nanotubes. Journal
of American Chemical Society. 2011; 6
(5): 4592–4599p.
Zhaoet T. Electromagnetic Wave
Absorbing Properties of Amorphous
Carbon Nanotubes. Sci. Rep. 2014; 4:
5619p.
Guo DJ, Li HL. Highly dispersed Ag
nanoparticles on functional MWNT
surfaces for methanol oxidation in
alkaline solution. Carbon. 2005; 43 (6):
1259–1264p.
Bera B. Literature Review on
Electrospinning Process (A Fascinating
Fiber Fabrication Technique). Imperial
Journal of Interdisciplinary Research.
2016; 2 (8): 972-984p.
Bera B, Sarkar MD. Piezoelectricity in
PVDF and PVDF Based Piezoelectric
Nanogenerator: A Concept. IOSR Journal
of Applied Physics. 2017; 9 (3): 95-99p.
Bera B, Mandal D, Sarkar MD. Sensor
Made of PVDF/graphene Electrospinning
Fiber and Comparison between
Electrospinning PVDF Fiber and
PVDF/graphene Fiber. Imperial Journal
of Interdisciplinary Research. 2016; 2
(5): 1411-1413p.
Bera B, Sarkar MD. Gold Nanoparticle
Doped PVDF Nanofiber Preparation of
Concurrently Harvesting Light and
Mechanical Energy. IOSR Journal of
Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP). 2017; 9 (3):
05-12p.
Bera B, Sarkar MD. PVDF based
Piezoelectric Nanogenerator as a new
kind of device for generating power from
renewable resources. IOSR Journal of
Polymer and Textile Engineering. 2017; 4
(2): 01-05p.
Bera B. Preparation of polymer nanofiber
and its application. Asian journal of
physical and chemical sciences. 2017; 2
(4): 1-4p.
Bera B. Literature Review on
Triboelectric Nanogenerator. Imperial
Journal of Interdisciplinary Research.
2016; 2 (10): 1263-1271p.
Bera B. Preparation of MoS2 nanosheets
and PVDF nanofiber. Asian journal of
physical and chemical sciences. 2017; 2
(4): 1-9p.
Page 44
Synthesis, Properties and Applications of Amorphous
15. Bera B. Nanoporous Silicon Prepared by
Vapour Phase Strain Etch and Sacrificial
Technique. IJCA Proceedings on
International Conference on 26.
Microelectronic Circuit and
System MICRO. 2015; 1: 42-45p.
16. Bera B, Mandal D, Sarkar MD. Porous
Silicon and its Nanoparticle as 27.
Biomaterial: A Review. Imperial Journal
of Interdisciplinary Research. 2016; 2
(11): 1414-1419p. 28.
17. Bera B. A Review on Polymer, Graphene
and Carbon Nanotube: Properties,
Synthesis and Applications. Imperial
Journal of Interdisciplinary Research. 29.
2017; 3 (10): 61-70p.
18. Sarkar H, Bera B, Kundu S. Sleep Mode
Transistor Sizing Effect of MTCMOS 30.
Inverter Circuit on Performance in Deep
Submicron Technology. Global Journal
of Trends in Engineering. 2015; 2 (4): 31.
131-140p.
19. Bera B, Sarkar MD. Piezoelectric Effect,
Piezotronics and Piezophototronics: A
Review. Imperial Journal of 32.
Interdisciplinary Research. 2016; 2 (11):
1407-1410p.
20. Martin C. Template synthesis of 33.
electronically conductive polymer
nanostructures. Acc Chem Res. 1995;
28 (2): 61–68p.
21. Guo DJ, Li HL. Highly dispersed Ag
nanoparticles on functional MWNT 34.
surfaces for methanol oxidation in
alkaline solution. Carbon. 2005; 43 (6):
1259–1264p.
22. Tan KH, Mohd RJ. Surface structure and 35.
optical property of amorphous carbon
nanotubes hybridized with cadmium
selenide quantum dots. Journal of
Nanoparticle Research. 2013; 15 (9): 2-
12p.
23. Ebbesen TW, Ajayan PM. Large-scale 36.
synthesis of carbon nanotubes. Nature.
1992; 358: 220p.
24. Thess A, Lee R, Nikolaev P, Dai HJ, Petit
P, Robert J, Xu C, Lee YH, Kim SG,
Rinzler AG, Colbert DT, Scuseria GE, 37.
Tomanek D, Fischer JE, Smalley RE.
Science. 1996; 273: 483p.
25. Novoselov KS, Geim AK, Morozov SV,
Jiang D, Zhang Y, Dubonos SV,
©NSTC (2019) 36-52 © STM Journals 2019. All Rights Reserved
Binoy Bera
Grigorieva IV, Firsov AA. Electric Field
Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films.
Science. 2004; 306 (5696): 666-669p.
Xu Y, Liu J. Graphene as Transparent
Electrodes: Fabrication and New
Emerging Applications. 2016; 12 (11):
1400–1419p.
Pumera M. Graphene-based nanomaterials
for energy storage, Energy Environ. Sci.
2011; 4: 668-674p.
Zhang Y, Tang Q, He B, Yang P. Graphene
enabled all-weather solar cells for electricity
harvest from sun and rain. J. Mater. Chem.
A. 2016; 4: 13235-13241p.
Kim H, Ahn JH. Graphene for flexible
and wearable device applications.
Carbon. 2017; 120: 244-257p.
Machado BF, Serp P. Graphene-based
materials for catalysis.
Catal. Sci. Technol. 2012; 2: 54-75p.
Miller JR, Outlaw RA, Holloway BC.
Graphene Double-Layer Capacitor with
ac Line-Filtering Performance.
Science. 2010; 329 (5999): 1637-1639p.
Berman D, Erdemir A, Sumant AV.
Graphene: a new emerging lubricant.
Materials Today. 2014; 17 (1): 31-42p.
Copuroglu M, Aydogan P, Polat
EO, Kocabas C, Süzer S. Gate-Tunable
Photoemission from Graphene
Transistors. Nano Lett. 2014; 14 (5):
2837–2842p.
Han Y, Xu Z, Gao C. Ultrathin Graphene
Nanofiltration Membrane for Water
Purification. Advanced Functional
Materials. 2013; 23 (29): 3693–3700p.
Rodrigues GC, Zelenovskiy P,
Romanyuk K, Luchkin S, Kopelevich
Y, Kholkin A. Strong piezoelectricity in
single-layer graphene deposited on
SiO2 grating substrates. Nat.
Commun. 2015; 7: 7572p.
Smith RJ, King PJ, Lotya M, Wirtz C,
Khan U, De S, Neill AO, Duesberg GS,
Grunlan JC, Moriarty G, Chen J, Wang J,
Minett AI, Nicolosi V, Coleman JN. Adv.
Mater. 2011; 23: 3944–3948p.
Coleman JN, Lotya M, Neill AO, Bergin
AD, King PJ, Khan U, Young K, Gaucher
A, De S, Smith RJ, Shvets IV, Arora SK,
Stanton G, Kim HY, Lee K, Kim GT,
Duesberg GS, Hallam T, Boland JJ,
Page 45
 Nano Trends: A Journal of Nanotechnology and Its Applications
Volume 21, Issue 1, ISSN: 0973-418X (Online)
Wang JJ, Donegan JF, Grunlan JC,
Moriarty G, Shmeliov A, Nicholls RJ,
Perkins JM, Grieveson EM, Theuwissen
K, McComb DW, Nellist PD, Nicolosi V.
Science. 2011; 331: 568–571p.
38. Cunningham G, Lotya M, Cucinotta CS,
Sanvito S, Bergin SD, Menzel R, Shaffer
MSP, Coleman JN. ACS Nano. 2012; 6:
3468–3480p.
39. Bang GS, Nam KW, Kim JY, Shin J,
Choi JW, Choi SY. Effective Liquid-
Phase Exfoliation and Sodium Ion Battery
Application of MoS2 Nanosheets. ACS
Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2014; 6:
7084−7089p.
40. Zhang XH, Wang C, Xue MQ, Lin BC,
Ye X, Lei WN. Hydrothermal Synthesis
and Characterization Of Ultrathin MoS2
nanosheets. Chalcogenide Letters. 2016;
13 (1): 27–34p.
41. Sun T, Li Z, Liu X, Ma L, Wang J, Yang
S. Facile construction of 3D
graphene/MoS2 composites as advanced
electrode materials for supercapacitors.
Journal of Power Sources. 2016; 331:
180-188p.
42. Wang L, Ma Y, Yang M, Qi Y. Titanium
plate supported MoS2nanosheet arrays for
super capacitor application. Applied
Surface Science. 2017; 396: 1466-71p; .
43. Balendhran S, Ou JZ, Bhaskaran M,
Sriram S, Ippolito S, Vasic Z, Kats E,
Bhargava S, Zhuiykov S, Kalantar-zadeh
K. Nanoscale, 2012; 4: 461–466p.
44. Lee YH, Zhang XQ, Zhang W, Chang
MT, Lin CT, Chang KD, Yu YC, Wang
JTW, Chang CS, Li LJ, Lin TW. Adv.
Mater. 2012; 24: 2320–2325p.
45. Ling X, Lee YH, Lin Y, Fang W, Yu L,
Dresselhaus MS, Kong J. Nano Lett.
2014; 14: 464–472p.
46. Ji Q, Zhang Y, Gao T, Zhang Y, Ma D,
Liu M, Chen Y, Qiao X, Tan PH, Kan M,
Feng J, Sun Q, Liu Z. Nano Lett. 2013;
13: 3870–3877p.
47. Zhang J, Yu H, Chen W, Tian X, Liu D,
Cheng M, Xie G, Yang W, Yang R, Bai
X, Shi D, Zhang G. ACS Nano. 2014; 8:
6024–6030p.
48. Lin YC, Zhang W, Huang JK, Liu KK,
Lee YH, Liang CT, Chu CW, Li LJ.
Nanoscale. 2012; 4: 6637–6641p.
©NSTC (2019) 36-52 © STM Journals 2019. All Rights Reserved
49. Qiu d, Lee DU, Pak SW, Kim EK. Thin
Solid Films. 2015; 587: 47–51p.
50. Li H, Zhang Q, Yap CCR, Tay BK,
Edwin THT, Olivier A, Baillargeat D.
From Bulk to Monolayer MoS2:
Evolution of Raman Scattering. Adv.
Funct. Mater. 2012; 22: 1385–1390p.
51. Novoselov KS, Geim AK, Morozov SV,
Jiang D, Zhang Y, Dubonos SV,
Grigorieva IV, Firsov AA. Science. 2004;
306: 666p .
52. Claudia Altavilla, Maria Sarno, and
Paolo Ciambelli. A Novel Wet Chemistry
Approach for the Synthesis of Hybrid 2D
Free-Floating Single or Multilayer
Nanosheets of MS2@oleylamine (MdMo,
W). Chem. Mater. 2011; 23: 3879–3885p.
dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm200837g.
53. Ashish Kumar Mishra, K. V. Lakshmi &
Liping Huang. Eco-friendly synthesis of
metal dichalcogenides nanosheets and
their environmental remediation potential
driven by visible light. Scientific Reports |
2015; 5: 15718p. DOI:
10.1038/srep15718.
54. M. Endo, K. Takeuchi, S. Igarashi, K.
Kobori, M. Shiraishi, H. W. Kroto. J.
Phys. Chem. Solids 1993; 54: 1841p.
55. Tan Kim Han. synthesis and
characterizations of amorphous carbon
nanotubes/cadmium selenide quantum
dots hybrids materials. master thesis,
university of Malaya. 2012; 1-120p
56. P. Cui, B. Xie, X. Li, M. Li, Y. Li, Y.
Wang, Z. Liu, X. Liu, J. Huang, D. Song,
J.M.M bengue. Anatase/TiO2-B hybrid
microspheres constructed from ultrathin
nanosheets: facile synthesis and
application for fast lithium ion storage.
Cryst Eng Comm 2015; 17: 7930–7937p.
57. T. Stephenson, Z. Li, B. Olsen, D. Mitlin.
Lithium ion battery applications
ofmolybdenum disulfide (MoS2)
nanocomposites. Energ. Environ. Sci.
2014; 7: 209–231p.
58. H. Hwang, H. Kim, J. Cho. MoS2
nanoplates consisting of disordered
graphene-like layers for high rate lithium
battery anode materials. Nano Lett. 2011;
11: 4826–4830p.
Page 46
Synthesis, Properties and Applications of Amorphous
59. R. Dominko, D. Arcon, A. Mrzel, A.
Zorko, P. Cevc, P. Venturini, M.
Gaberscek,M. Ramskar, D. Mihailovic.
Dichalcogenide nanotube electrodes for
Li-ionbatteries. ChemInform 2003; 34:
1531–1534p.
60. H. Li, W. Li, L. Ma, W. Chen, J. Wang.
Electrochemical lithiation/delithiation
performances of 3D flowerlike MoS2
powders prepared by ionic liquid assisted
hydrothermal route, J. Alloy Compd.
2009; 471: 442–447p.
61. Y. Kim, J.B. Goodenough. Lithium
insertion into transition-metal mono
sulfides: tuning the position of the metal
4s band. J. Phys. Chem. C 2008; 112:
15060–15064p.
62. X. Wang, Q. Xiang, B. Liu, L. Wang, T.
Luo, D. Chen, G. Shen. TiO2 modified
FeS nanostructures with enhanced
electrochemical performance for lithium-
ion batteries. Sci. Rep. 2013; 3: 10454–
10461p.
63. L. Ji, M. Rao, H. Zheng, L. Zhang, Y. Li,
W. Duan, J. Guo, E.J. Cairns, Y. Zhang.
Graphene oxide as a sulfur immobilizer in
high performance lithium/sulfur cells. J.
Am. Chem. Soc. 2011; 133: 18522–
18525p.
64. Q. Fan, P.J. Chupas, M.S. Whittingham.
Characterization of amorphous and
crystalline tin–cobalt anodes. Electro
chem. Solid State 2007; 10(12): A274-
A278p.
65. T. Matsuyama, A. Hayashi, T. Ozaki, S.
Mori, M. Tatsumisago. Electro chemical
properties of all-solid-state lithium
batteries with amorphous MoS3electrodes
prepared by mechanical milling. J. Mater.
Chem. A. 2015; 3: 14142–14147p.
66. E. Hüger, L. Dörrer, J. Rahn, T. Panzner,
J. Stahn, G. Lilienkamp, H. Schmidt.
Lithium transport through nanosized
amorphous silicon layers. Nano Lett.
2013: 13: 1237–1244p.
67. X. Li, X. Meng, J. Liu, D. Geng, Y.
Zhang, M.N. Banis, Y. Li, J. Yang, R. Li,
X. Sun,M. Cai, M.W. Verbrugge. Tin
oxide with controlled morphology and
crystallinity by atomic layer deposition
onto graphene nanosheets for enhanced
lithium storage. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2012;
22: 1647–1654p.
©NSTC (2019) 36-52 © STM Journals 2019. All Rights Reserved
Binoy Bera
68. H. Ghassemi, M. Au, N. Chen, P.A.
Heiden, R.S. Yassar. In situ electro
chemical lithiation/delithiation
observation of individual amorphous Si
nanorods, ACS Nano. 2011; 5: 7805–
7811p.
69. Y. Jiang, D. Zhang, Y. Li, T. Yuan, N.
Bahlawane, C. Liang, W. Sun, Y. Lu, M.
Yan. Amorphous Fe2O3 as a high-
capacity, high-rate and long-life anode
materialfor lithium ion batteries. Nano
Energy. 2014; 4: 23–30p.
70. J. Guo, Q. Liu, C. Wang, M.R. Zachariah.
Interdispersed amorphousMnOx–carbon
nanocomposites with superior
electrochemical performance aslithium-
storage material. Adv. Funct. Mater.
2012; 22: 803–811p.
71. J.H. Ku, J.H. Ryu, S.H. Kim, O.H. Han,
S.M. Oh. Reversible lithium storage with
high mobility at structural defects in
amorphous molybdenum dioxide
electrode. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2012; 22:
3658–3664p.
72. F. Zhou, S. Xin, H.-W. Liang, L.-T. Song,
S.-H. Yu. Carbon nanofibers decorated
with molybdenum disulfide nanosheets:
synergistic lithium storage and enhanced
electrochemical performance. Angew.
Chem. Int. Ed. 2014; 53: 11552–11556p.
73. D. Shujiang, C. Jun Song, X.W.D. Lou.
Glucose-assisted growth of
MoS2nanosheets on CNT backbone for
improved lithium storage properties,
Chemistry. Weinheim an der Bergstrasse,
Germany. 2011; 17: 13142–13145p.
74. K. Chang, W. Chen. L-Cysteine-assisted
synthesis of layered MoS2/graphene
composites with excellent
electrochemical performances for lithium
ion batteries, ACS Nano. 2011; 5: 4720–
4728p.
75. X. Zhou, Z. Wang, W. Chen, L. Ma, D.
Chen, J.Y. Lee. Facile synthesis and
electrochemical properties of two
dimensional layered MoS2/graphene
composite for reversible lithium storage.
J. Power Sources 2014; 251: 264–268p.
76. P. Seung-Keun, Y. Seung-Ho, W.
Seunghee, Q. Bo, L. Dong-Chan, K.M.
Kun, S.Yung-Eun, P. Yuanzhe. A simple
L-cysteine-assisted method for the growth
Page 47
 Nano Trends: A Journal of Nanotechnology and Its Applications
Volume 21, Issue 1, ISSN: 0973-418X (Online)
of MoS2 nanosheets on carbon nanotubes
for high-performance lithium ion
batteries. Dalton Trans. 2012; 42: 2399– 86.
2405p.
77. Y. Shi, Y. Wang, J.I. Wong, A.Y.S. Tan,
C.-L. Hsu, L.-J. Li, Y.-C. Lu, H.Y. Yang.
Self-assembly of hierarchical MoSx/CNT
nanocomposites (2<x<3):towards
high performance anode materials for 87.
lithium ion batteries. Sci. Rep. 2013; 3:
2169p
78. Z. Hu, L. Wang, K. Zhang, J. Wang, F.
Cheng, Z. Tao, J. Chen. MoS2 nano 88.
flowers with expanded interlayers as
high-performance anodes for sodium-Ion
batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2014;
53: 12794–12798p.
79. R. R. Chianelli, E. B. Prestridge, T. A.
Pecoraro, and J. P. DeNeufville. Science 89.
1979; 203: 1105–1107p.
80. J. L. Verble, T. J. Wietling, and P. R.
Reed. Rigid-layer lattice vibrations and
van der waals bonding in hexagonal
MoS2. Solid State Comm. 1972; 11: 941- 90.
944p.
81. V. R. Surisetty, A. Tavasoli, and A. K.
Dalai. Synthesis of higher alcohols from
syngas over alkali promoted MoS2
catalysts supported on multi-walled 91.
carbon nanotubes. Appl. Catal. A-Gen.
2009: 365: 243–251p.
82. Y. Ye, J. Chen, and H. Zhou. An
investigation of friction and wear 92.
performances of bonded molybdenum
disulfide solid film lubricants in fretting
conditions. Wear 2009; 266: 859–864p.
83. J. Yan, H. Zhou, P. Yu, L. Su, and L.
Mao. A general electrochemical approach 93.
to deposition of metal hydroxide/oxide
nanostructures onto carbon nanotubes.
Electrochem. Commun. 2018; 10: 761– 94.
765p.
84. C. Feng, J. Ma, H. Li, R. Zeng, Z. Guo,
and H. Liu. Synthesis of molybdenum
disulfide (MoS2) for lithium ion battery 95.
applications. Mater. Res. Bull. 2009; 44:
1811–1815p.
85. N. Elizondo-Villarreal, R. Vel´azquez-
Castillo, D. H. Galv´an, A. Camacho,
andM. Jos´e Yacam´an. Structure and
catalytic properties of molybdenum 96.
©NSTC (2019) 36-52 © STM Journals 2019. All Rights Reserved
sulfide nanoplatelets. Appl. Catal. A-Gen.
2017; 328: 88–97p.
X. Zhang, B. Luster, A. Church, C.
Muratore, A. A. Voevodin, P. Kohli, S.
Aouadi, and S. Talapatra. Carbon
Nanotube-MoS2 Composites as Solid
Lubricants. Appl. Mater. Inter. 2009:3:
735–739p.
W. Li, E. Shi, J. Ko, Z. Chen, H. Ogino,
and T. Fukuda. Hydrothermal synthesis of
MoS2 nanowires. J. Cryst. Growth 2013;
250: 418–422p.
K. P. Loh, H. Zhang, W. Z. Chen, and W.
Ji. Templated deposition of MoS2
nanotubules using single source precursor
and studies of their optical limiting
properties. J. Phys. Chem. B. 2016; 110:
1235–1239p.
L. Ma, L. M. Xu, X. Y. Xu, Y. L. Luo,
andW. X. Chen. Synthesis and
characterization of flowerlike MoS2
microspheres by a facile hydrothermal
route. Mater. Lett. 2009; 63: 2022–2024p.
G. Chu, G. Bian, Y. Fu, and Z. Zhang.
Preparation and structural
characterization of nano-sized amorphous
powders of MoS by γ -irradiation method.
Mater. Lett. 2000; 43: 81–86p.
Z. Wu, D. Wang, and A. Sun.
PreparationofMoS2 nanoflakes by a novel
mechanical activation method. J. Cryst.
Growth. 2010; 312: 340–343p.
M. Virˇsek, A. Jesih, I. Miloˇsevi´c, M.
Damnjanovi´c, and M. Remˇskar. Raman
scattering of the MoS2 and WS2 single
nanotubes. Surf. Sci. 2007; 601: 2868–
2872p.
X. Feng, Q. Tang, J. Zhou, J. Fang, P.
Ding, L. Sun and L. Shi, Cryst. Res.
Technol. 2013; 48: 363–368p.
C. Muratore, V. Varshney, J. J. Gengler,
J. Hu, J. E. Bultman, A. K. Roy, B. L.
Farmer and A. A. Voevodin. Phys. Chem.
2014; 16: 1008–1014p.
Wang, Q. H., Kalantar-Zadeh, K., Kis, A.,
Coleman, J. N. & Strano, M. S.
Electronics and optoelectronics of two-
dimensional transition metal
dichalcogenides. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2012;
7: 699–712p.
Kim, S. et al. High-mobility and low-
power thin-film transistors based on
Page 48
Synthesis, Properties and Applications of Amorphous
multilayer MoS2 crystals. Nat.
Commun. 2012; 3: 1011p.
97. Matte, H. S. S. R. et al. MoS2 and WS2
Analogues of Graphene. Angew. Chem.
2010; 122: 4153–4156p.
98. Novoselov, K. S. et al. Two-dimensional
atomic crystals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
USA. 2005; 102: 10451–10453p.
99. Li, H. et al. Fabrication of single- and
multilayer MoS2 film-based field-effect
transistors for sensing NO at room
temperature. Small 2012; 8: 63–67p.
100. Huang, X., Zeng, Z. & Zhang, H. Metal
dichalcogenide nanosheets: preparation,
properties and applications. Chem. Soc.
Rev. 2013; 42: 1934–1946p.
101. Wilcoxon, J. P., Thurston T. R. & Martin
J. E. Applications of metal and
semiconductor nanoclusters as thermal
and photocatalysts. Nanostruct. Mater.
1999; 12: 993–997p.
102. Thurston, T. R. & Wilcoxon, J. P.
Photooxidation of organic chemicals
catalyzed by nanoscale MoS2. J. Phys.
Chem. B 1999; 103: 11–17p.
103. Tan, Y. et al. The combinations of hollow
MoS2 micro@nanospheres: one-step
synthesis, excellent photocatalytic and
humidity sensing properties. J. Mater.
Chem. C. 2014; 2: 5422–5430p.
104. Liu, K. K. et al. Growth of large-area and
highly crystalline MoS2 thin layers on
insulating substrates. Nano Lett. 2012; 12:
1538–1544p.
105. Lee, Y. H. et al. Synthesis of large-area
MoS2 atomic layers with chemical vapor
deposition. Adv. Mater. 2012; 24: 2320–
2325p.
106. Backes, C. et al. Edge and confinement
effects allow in situ measurement of size
and thickness of liquid-exfoliated
nanosheets. Nat. Commun. 2014; 5:
4576p.
107. Peimyoo, N. et al. Thermal conductivity
determination of suspended mono- and
bilayer WS2 by Raman spectroscopy.
Nano Res. 2014; 8(4): 1210-1221p. doi:
10.1007/s12274-014-0602-0.
108. Yan, R. et al. Thermal conductivity of
monolayer molybdenum disulfide
obtained from temperature-dependent
©NSTC (2019) 36-52 © STM Journals 2019. All Rights Reserved
Binoy Bera
Raman spectroscopy. ACS Nano. 2014; 8:
986–993p.
109. Kuc, A., Zibouche, N. & Heine, T.
Influence of quantum confinement on the
electronic structure of the transition metal
sulfideTS2. Phys. Rev. B 2011; 83(24):
245213p.
110. Mak, K. F., Lee, C., Hone, J., Shan, J. &
Heinz, T. F. Atomically ThinMoS2: A
New Direct-Gap Semiconductor. Phys.
Rev. Lett. 2010; 105: 136805p.
111. Ramakrishna Matte, H. S. S. et al. MoS2
and WS2 Analogues of Graphene. Angew.
Chem. 2010; 122: 4153–4156p.
112. Cui, X. et al. Multi-terminal transport
measurements of MoS2 using a van der
Waals heterostructure device platform.
Nat. Nanotechnol. 2015; 10: 534–540p.
113. Splendiani, A. et al. Emerging
photoluminescence in monolayer MoS2.
Nano Lett. 2010; 10: 1271–1275p.
114. J.M. Tarascon, M. Armand. Issues and
challenges facing rechargeable lithium
batteries. Nature. 2001; 414: 359–367p.
115. A.S. Arico, P. Bruce, B. Scrosati, J.M.
Tarascon, W. van Schalkwijk.
Nanostructured materials for advanced
energy conversion and storage devices.
Nat. Mater. 2005; 4: 366–377p.
116. X. Li, Y. Feng, M. Li, W. Li, H. Wei, D.
Song. Smart hybrids of
Zn2GeO4nanoparticles and ultrathin g-
C3N4 layers: synergistic lithium storage
and excellent electrochemical
performance. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2015;
25: 6858–6866p.
117. M. Armand, J.M. Tarascon. Building
better batteries. Nature. 2008; 451: 652–
657p.
118. B. Kang, G. Ceder. Battery materials for
ultrafast charging and discharging.
Nature. 2009; 458: 190–193p.
119. X. Li, W. Li, M. Li, P. Cui, D. Chen, T.
Gengenbach, L. Chu, H. Liu, G. Song.
Glucose-assisted synthesis of the
hierarchical TiO2
nanowire@MoS2nanosheet
nanocomposite and its synergistic lithium
storage performance. J.Mater. Chem. A
2015; 3: 2762–2769p.
120. D. Larcher, S. Beattie, M. Morcrette, K.
Edstrom, J.-C. Jumas, J.-M. Tarascon.
Page 49
 Nano Trends: A Journal of Nanotechnology and Its Applications
Volume 21, Issue 1, ISSN: 0973-418X (Online)
Recent findings and prospects in the field
of pure metals as negativeelectrodes for
Li-ion batteries. J. Mater. Chem. 2007;
17: 3759–3772p.
121. Y. Feng, X. Li, Z. Shao, H. Wang.
Morphology-dependent performance of
Zn2GeO4 as a high-performance anode
material for rechargeable lithium ion
batteries. J. Mater. Chem. A 3 2015; 3:
15274–15279p.
122. L. Chu, M. Li, X. Li, Y. Wang, Z. Wan,
S. Dou, D. Song, Y. Li, B. Jiang. High
performance NiO microsphere anode
assembled from porous nanosheets for
lithium-ion batteries. RSC Adv. 2015; 5:
49765–49770p.
123. P. Cui, B. Xie, X. Li, M. Li, Y. Li, Y.
Wang, Z. Liu, X. Liu, J. Huang, D. Song,
J.M.M bengue. Anatase/TiO2-B hybrid
microspheres constructed from ultrathin
nanosheets: facile synthesis and
application for fast lithium ion storage.
Cryst Eng Comm. 2015; 17: 7930–
7937p.
124. T. Stephenson, Z. Li, B. Olsen, D. Mitlin.
Lithium ion battery applications of
molybdenum disulfide (MoS2)
nanocomposites. Energ. Environ. Sci.
2014; 7: 209–231p.
125. H. Hwang, H. Kim, J. Cho. MoS2
nanoplates consisting of disordered
graphene-like layers for high rate lithium
battery anode materials. Nano Lett. 2011;
11: 4826–4830p.
126. R. Dominko, D. Arcon, A. Mrzel, A.
Zorko, P. Cevc, P. Venturini, M.
Gaberscek,M. Ramskar, D. Mihailovic.
Dichalcogenide nanotube electrodes for
Li-ion batteries. Chem Inform. 2003; 34:
1531–1534p.
127. H. Li, W. Li, L. Ma, W. Chen, J. Wang.
Electrochemical lithiation/delithiation
performances of 3D flowerlike MoS2
powders prepared by ionic liquidassisted
hydrothermal route. J. Alloy Compd.
2009; 471: 442–447p.
128. Y. Kim, J.B. Goodenough. Lithium
insertion into transition-
metalmonosulfides: tuning the position of
the metal 4s band. J. Phys. Chem. C.
2008; 112: 15060–15064p.
©NSTC (2019) 36-52 © STM Journals 2019. All Rights Reserved
129. X. Wang, Q. Xiang, B. Liu, L. Wang, T.
Luo, D. Chen, G. Shen. TiO2 modified
FeSnanostructures with enhanced
electrochemical performance for lithium-
ion batteries. Sci. Rep. 2013; 3: 10454–
10461p.
130. L. Ji, M. Rao, H. Zheng, L. Zhang, Y. Li,
W. Duan, J. Guo, E.J. Cairns, Y. Zhang.
Graphene oxide as a sulfur immobilizer in
high performance lithium/sulfurcells. J.
Am. Chem. Soc. 2011; 133: 18522–
18525p.
131. Q. Fan, P.J. Chupas, M.S. Whittingham.
Characterization of amorphous
andcrystalline tin–cobalt anodes,
Electrochem. Solid State 2007; 10: A24p.
132. T. Matsuyama, A. Hayashi, T. Ozaki, S.
Mori, M. Tatsumisago. Electro chemical
properties of all-solid-state lithium
batteries with amorphous MoS3electrodes
prepared by mechanical milling. J. Mater.
Chem. A. 2015; 3: 14142–14147p.
133. E. Hüger, L. Dörrer, J. Rahn, T. Panzner,
J. Stahn, G. Lilienkamp, H. Schmidt.
Lithium transport through nanosized
amorphous silicon layers. Nano Lett.
2013; 13: 1237–1244p.
134. X. Li, X. Meng, J. Liu, D. Geng, Y.
Zhang, M.N. Banis, Y. Li, J. Yang, R. Li,
X. Sun,M. Cai, M.W. Verbrugge. Tin
oxide with controlled morphology
andcrystallinity by atomic layer
deposition onto graphene nanosheets
forenhanced lithium storage. Adv. Funct.
Mater. 2012; 22: 1647–1654p.
135. H. Ghassemi, M. Au, N. Chen, P.A.
Heiden, R.S. Yassar. In situ electro
chemical lithiation/delithiation
observation of individual amorphous Si
nanorods. ACS Nano. 2011; 5: 7805–
7811p.
136. Y. Jiang, D. Zhang, Y. Li, T. Yuan, N.
Bahlawane, C. Liang, W. Sun, Y. Lu, M.
Yan. Amorphous Fe2O3 as a high-
capacity, high-rate and long-life anode
materialfor lithium ion batteries. Nano
Energy. 2014; 4: 23–30p.
137. J. Guo, Q. Liu, C. Wang, M.R. Zachariah.
Interdispersed amorphousMnOx–carbon
nanocomposites with superior
electrochemical performance aslithium-
Page 50
Synthesis, Properties and Applications of Amorphous
storage material. Adv. Funct. Mater.
2012; 22: 803–811p.
138. J.H. Ku, J.H. Ryu, S.H. Kim, O.H. Han,
S.M. Oh. Reversible lithium storage
withhigh mobility at structural defects in
amorphous molybdenum dioxide
electrode. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2012; 22:
3658–3664p.
139. F. Zhou, S. Xin, H.-W. Liang, L.-T. Song,
S.-H. Yu. Carbon nanofibers
decoratedwith molybdenum disulfide
nanosheets: synergistic lithium storage
andenhanced electrochemical
performance. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.
2014; 53: 11552–11556p.
140. D. Shujiang, C. Jun Song, X.W.D. Lou.
Glucose-assisted growth of
MoS2nanosheets on CNT backbone for
improved lithium storage properties.
Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse,
Germany). 2011; 17: 13142–13145p.
141. K. Chang, W. Chen. L-Cysteine-assisted
synthesis of layered MoS2/
graphenecomposites with excellent
electrochemical performances for lithium
ionbatteries. ACS Nano. 2011; 5: 4720–
4728p.
142. X. Zhou, Z. Wang, W. Chen, L. Ma, D.
Chen, J.Y. Lee. Facile synthesis and
electrochemical properties of two
dimensional layered MoS2/
graphene composite for reversible lithium
storage. J. Power Sources. 2014; 251:
264–268p
143. P. Seung-Keun, Y. Seung-Ho, W.
Seunghee, Q. Bo, L. Dong-Chan, K.M.
Kun, S.Yung-Eun, P. Yuanzhe. A simple
L-cysteine-assisted method for the growth
of MoS2 nanosheets on carbon nanotubes
for high-performance lithium ion
batteries. Dalton Trans. 2012; 42(7):
2399–2405p.
144. Shi Y, Wang Y, Wong JI, Tan AYS, Hsu
CL, Li LJ, Lu YC, Yang HY. Self-
assembly of hierarchical MoSx/CNT
nanocomposites (2<x<3):towards
high performance anode materials for
lithium ion batteries, Sci. Rep. 2013; 3:
2169p.
145. Hu Z, Wang L, Zhang K, Wang J, Cheng
F, Tao Z, Chen J. MoS2 nanoflowerswith
expanded interlayers as high-performance
©NSTC (2019) 36-52 © STM Journals 2019. All Rights Reserved
Binoy Bera
anodes for sodium-Ionbatteries. Angew.
Chem. Int. 2014; 53: 12794–12798p.
146. Chianelli RR, Prestridge EB, Pecoraro
TA, DeNeufville JP. Science 1979; 203:
1105–1107p.
147. Verble JL, Wietling TJ, Reed PR. Rigid-
layer lattice vibrations and van der waals
bonding in hexagonal MoS2. Solid State
Comm. 1972; 11: 941–944p.
148. Surisetty VR, Tavasoli A, Dalai AK.
Synthesis of higher alcohols from syngas
over alkali promoted MoS2 catalysts
supported on multi-walled carbon
nanotubes. Appl. Catal. A-Gen. 2009;
365: 243–251p.
149. Ye Y, Chen J, Zhou H. An investigation
of friction and wear performances of
bonded molybdenum disulfide solid film
lubricants in fretting conditions. Wear.
2009; 266: 859–864p.
150. Yan J, Zhou H, Yu P, Su L, Mao L. A
general electrochemical approach to
deposition of metal hydroxide/oxide
nanostructures onto carbon nanotubes.
Electrochem. Commun. 2008; 10: 761–
765p.
151. Feng C, Ma J, Li H, Zeng R, Guo Z, Liu
H. Synthesis of molybdenum disulfide
(MoS2) for lithium ion battery
applications. Mater. Res. Bull. 2009; 44:
1811–1815p.
152. Elizondo-Villarreal N, Vel´azquez-
Castillo R, Galv´an DH, Camacho A,
Yacaman MJ. Structure and catalytic
properties of molybdenum sulfide
nanoplatelets. Appl. Catal. A-Gen. 2007;
328: 88–97p.
153. Zhang X, Luster B, Church A, Muratore
C, Voevodin AA, Kohli P, Aouadi S,
Talapatra S. Carbon Nanotube-MoS2
Composites as Solid Lubricants. Appl.
Mater. Inter. 2009; 3: 735–739p.
154. Li W, Shi E, Ko J, Chen Z, Ogino H,
Fukuda T. Hydrothermal synthesis of
MoS2 nanowires. J. Cryst. Growth. 2003;
250: 418–422p.
155. Loh KP, Zhang H, Chen WZ, Ji W.
Templated deposition of MoS2
nanotubules using single source precursor
and studies of their optical limiting
Page 51
 Nano Trends: A Journal of Nanotechnology and Its Applications
Volume 21, Issue 1, ISSN: 0973-418X (Online)

properties. J. Phys. Chem. B. 2006; 110:

1235–1239p. Authors Profile
156. Ma L, Xu LM, Xu XY, Luo YL, Chen
WX. Synthesis and characterization of
flowerlike MoS2 microspheres by a facile
hydrothermal route. Mater. Lett. 2009;
63: 2022–2024p.
157. Chu G, Bian G, Fu Y, Zhang Z.
Preparation and structural
characterization of nano-sized amorphous Binoy Bera was born in Kolaghat, East
powders of MoS by γ -irradiation method. Midnapore, West Bengal, India. Binoy
Mater. Lett. 2000; 43: 81–86p. completed B. Tech. in Applied Electronics and
158. Wu Z, Wang D, Sun A. Instrumentation Engineering from Haldia
PreparationofMoS2 nanoflakes by a novel Institute of Technology in the year of 2012. He
mechanical activation method. J. Cryst. also completed M. Tech. from West Bengal
Growth. 2010; 312: 340–343p. University of Technology University in the
159. Virˇsek M, Jesih A, Miloˇsevi´c I, year of 2015. He worked as teaching assistant
Damnjanovi´c M, Remˇskar M. Raman and research assistant in West Bengal
scattering of the MoS2 and WS2 single University of Technology, BF-142, Salt Lake
nanotubes. Surf. Sci. 2007; 601: 2868– City, Kolkata, West Bengal, India. His
2872p. research are mainly focused on electrospinning
produced nanofiber, semiconductor device
fabrication, two dimensional metal
Cite this Article
chalcogenides, amorphous CNT and its
Binoy Bera. Synthesis, Properties and
nanohybrids, porous silicon, piezoelectric
Applications of Amorphous Carbon
nanogenerator.
Nanotube and MoS2 Nanosheets: A
Review. Nano Trends: A Journal of
Nanotechnology and Its Applications.
2019; 21(1): 36–52p.

©NSTC (2019) 36-52 © STM Journals 2019. All Rights Reserved Page 52