The Energy Consumption and Carbon Emission of The Integrated Steel PDF

G Model
RECYCL-3062; No. of Pages 8 ARTICLE IN PRESS

Resources, Conservation and Recycling xxx (2015) xxx–xxx
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Resources, Conservation and Recycling

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/resconrec
Full length article
The energy consumption and carbon emission of the integrated steel

mill with oxygen blast furnace
Peng Jin, Zeyi Jiang ∗ , Cheng Bao, Shiyu Hao, Xinxin Zhang
School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: As an energy intensive industry, China’s iron and steel industry is faced with the challenges of energy
Received 27 February 2015 saving and carbon emission reduction. The oxygen blast furnace with top gas recycling (TGR-OBF), as a
Received in revised form 18 June 2015 new iron-making process, can significantly reduce CO2 emission. To obtain parameters on the material
Accepted 9 July 2015
and energy flows of this process, a TGR-OBF model was established, which comprises the oxygen blast
Available online xxx
furnace, the top gas removal process and the preheating units. The energy consumption and carbon emis-
sion of the integrated steel mill (ISM) with the TGR-OBF was analyzed based on the material and energy
Keywords:
flows. The analysis concluded that TGR-OBF significantly decreased the generation and consumption of
Oxygen blast furnace
Mathematical model
metallurgy gas. Due to the consumption of large amount of oxygen and the removal of CO2 , the ISMs with
Energy consumption the TGR-OBF purchased 2.8 times more electricity than the conventional ISM, while the energy consump-
Carbon emission tion of the ISM with the TGR-OBF was reduced to 14.4 GJ per ton crude steel, thanks to the reduction of
Integrated steel mill coking coal consumption. Compared with the conventional ISM, the direct CO2 emission from the ISM
with the TGR-OBF was reduced by 26.2%, and it could be reduced by 56.5% when CO2 capture and storage
realized. If the net CO2 emission from the ISM with the TGR-OBF is calculated based on the world average
CO2 emission factors, it would be 1.75 t/t crude steel (without CO2 capture and storage) and 1.17 t/t crude
steel (with CO2 capture and storage).
© 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction During the 20th century, the oxygen blast furnace with top
gas recycling (TGR-OBF) was proposed and developed to raise
The reduction of carbon consumption and carbon dioxide (CO2 ) productivity and reduce coke consumption, such as Lu and Kumar
emission has become a major issue for the mitigation of climate (1984), Fink, (1996), FOBF (Qin et al., 1987) and NKK (Ohno et al.,
change. The energy-intensive iron and steel industry has con- 1992), etc. TGR-OBF can significantly reduce CO2 emission and
tributed to approximately 6.7% of the total CO2 emission across the lower the cost for CO2 capture by top gas recycling after CO2
world according to the International Energy Agency (Steel, in press). removal (Ho et al., 2013). In 2004, 15 European countries initi-
The blast furnace is the main process of the iron and steel industry, ated and implemented the “Ultra-low CO2 Steelmaking” (ULCOS)
which emits over 70% of the CO2 (Xu, 2010). Since 1950s, in-depth plan, focusing on the TGR-OBF process. Researchers built an 8 m3
researches have been conducted around the world to improve experimental oxygen blast furnace (OBF), which reduced fuel con-
the energy efficiency of conventional blast furnaces (BF). After six sumption by 140 kg per ton hot metal and decreased the CO2
decades’ effort, the carbon consumption of conventional BFs has emission by 76% (Danloy et al., 2009).
been reduced by over 50% (Van der Stel et al., 2013). However, little Many researchers investigated the influence of the TGR-OBF on
progress has been made on reducing CO2 emission through modifi- the integrated steel mill (ISM) using the mathematical model. Yin
cation of conventional BF processes. So it is an urgent need for steel et al. (2003) investigated the relation between the blasting parame-
companies to develop new technologies to lower the CO2 emission ters and the output gas quantity based on mass and energy balance.
of the ironmaking process. They demonstrated that the OBF and combined cycle will be an effi-
cient ironmaking and power generation process with higher energy
efficiency and less pollution. Nogami et al. (2006) performed the
energy and material balance analyses of ironmaking systems, and
∗ Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 10 62334971; fax: +86 10 62334971. found that the CO2 emission from the TGR-OBF system becomes
E-mail address: zyjiang@ustb.edu.cn (Z. Jiang). smaller than the standard system after the scrubbed CO2 is stored.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2015.07.008
0921-3449/© 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Please cite this article in press as: Jin, P., et al., The energy consumption and carbon emission of the integrated steel mill with oxygen
blast furnace. Resour Conserv Recy (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2015.07.008
G Model
2 P. Jin et al. / Resources, Conservation and Recycling xxx (2015) xxx–xxx
gas (LDG), are the by-products of the manufacturing system. The

Nomenclature energy substances, which include metallurgy gases, electricity,
oxygen and steam, are managed by the energy system. The power
a specific area (m2 /m3 ) system is the buffer that converts the remaining metallurgy gases
c specific heat of gas and solid particles (J/(kg K)) from the manufacturing system into electricity.
CE, CEd , CEi , CEc net CO2 emission, direct CO2 emission, indi-
rect CO2 emission and credit (t/t crude steel)
eiin , eiout energy substance i for input and output (kg/t crude 2.2. The TGR-OBF model
steel)
E comprehensive energy consumption (GJ/t crude In the TGR-OBF process, the hot air used in the conventional BF
steel) is replaced by room-temperature oxygen, and the top gas, which is
Dz inner diameter of furnace at z (m) preheated by the heater unit and from which CO2 has been removed
hgs heat transfer coefficient between gas and solid by vacuum pressure swing absorption (VPSA) unit, is re-injected
(W/(m2 K)) into the furnace through the main and stack tuyeres.
hw overall heat transfer coefficient based on inner sur- Mathematical models, including the stack and bosh model, the
face area (W/(m2 K)) combustion zone model and the gas recycling system model, were
H heat of reaction (J/kmol) developed for the main body of the furnace and the auxiliary sys-
M mole mass (kg/kmol) tem, as is presented in Fig. 2. The gas recycling system provides the
P total pressure of gas (Pa) boundaries for recycle gases from the stack and the main tuyeres.
pi Energy equivalent values of substance i (GJ/kg) The combustion zone model provides gas inlets for the stack and
R overall reaction rate (kmol/(m3 s)) bosh model. The stack and bosh model can show the processes of
u superficial velocity (m/s) heat transfer, iron reduction, coke gasification and ore melting.
T temperature (K)
Twe exit temperature of cooling water (K)
x mole fraction 2.2.1. The stack and bosh model
y mass fraction The computational domain of the stack and bosh model is from
z height from tuyere level (m) the main tuyere level to the stockline in the furnace, as is illustrated
in Fig. 2. To formulate the one-dimensional model of OBF with
Greek symbols counter-current gas and solid, the following assumptions were
ε fractional void in bed made:
viscosity of blast furnace gas (kg/(m s))
density (kg/m3 ) (a) Steady-state operation.
stoichiometric number (b) Radial and circumferential distributions of the process variables
CO2 emission factors of electricity (tCO2 /MW h) are disregarded, and the gas and solid flows are assumed to be
piston flow.
Subscripts (c) The volume rate of the solid phase remains unchanged.
g gas (d) The heat of the reactions is only released to solid particles.
s solid (e) The heat loss of the furnace only affects the gas phase.
(f) The pressure and velocity of the gas are determined by the
Ergun equation for porous medium and the state equation of
Helle et al. used thermo-chemical two zone models to optimize the ideal gas.
ISM with TGR-OBF. They reported that the energy inputs can be
reduced by 18.9%, and the CO2 emission can be reduced from 1.6
The governing equations for the stack and bosh model are
to 1.0–1.1 t/t crude steel (Helle et al., 2010a,b; Mitra et al., 2011;
expressed as follows:
Ghanbari et al., 2011). Nowadays, the mathematical models based
Mass conservation of the solid phase,
on heat transfer and reaction kinetics have not been used much to
analyze the influence of TGR-OBF on the ISM.
∂ (s us ) 7
The feasibility of TGR-OBF needs to be further analyzed with = Ri ij Mij (1)
mathematical models, as this new process is still under develop- ∂z
i=1
ment. In this paper, a TGR-OBF model based on heat transfer and
reaction kinetics was established to obtain the parameters of the where i = 1–7 represents indirect reduction by CO, indirect reduc-
process, including metallurgy gas, electricity, energy consumption tion by H2 , solution loss reaction, water gas reaction, decomposition
and CO2 emission. The influence of the TGR-OBF on the ISM was of limestone, direct reduction of molten wustite, and water gas shift
analyzed combing these parameters with the material and energy reaction, respectively. j represents Fe2 O3 , Fe3 O4 , FeO, Fe, C, CaCO3
flows. and CaO, respectively.
Chemical species conservation of the solid phase,
2. Models and methods

∂ s us ys,j
7

2.1. Integrated steel mill = ij Ri Mij (2)
∂z
i=1
The ISM is composed of the manufacturing system and the
energy system, as is presented in Fig. 1. The iron ore and car- Energy conservation of the solid phase,
bon reductant are made into steel products by the manufacturing
system, which includes coking, sintering, pelleting, ironmaking, ∂ (s us cs Ts ) 7
steelmaking and rolling processes. Metallurgy gases comprise of = hgs a Tg − Ts + (−Ri Hi ) (3)
∂z
coke oven gas (COG), blast furnace gas (BFG) and Linze–Donawitz i=1
G Model
P. Jin et al. / Resources, Conservation and Recycling xxx (2015) xxx–xxx 3
Fig. 1. The structure of integrated steel mill.
Ergun equation for the gas flow,
dP 150(1 − ε)2 g ug 1.75 (1 − ε) g ug 2

= + (7)
dz ε3 ϕp2 dp2 ε3 ϕp dp
Since the molten liquid phase is not considered in the model,

the method of equivalent heat capacity was adopted to describe
the melting process. The melting rate of the metal and the slag
at the cohesive zone was controlled by the heat transfer rate
(Kubo et al., 1982). Seven main chemical reactions are consid-
ered in the model, including indirect reduction by CO, indirect
reduction by H2 , solution loss reaction, water gas reaction, decom-
position of limestone, direct reduction and water gas shift reaction.
The reaction rate equations are summarized in the Supporting
information.
2.2.2. The combustion zone model

The flow rate, the composition and the temperature of the gas
out of the combustion zone are important boundary conditions
for the stack and bosh model. In the combustion zone model, the
incomplete combustion of carbon, the solution loss reaction and
the water gas reaction were considered.
Fig. 2. The model structure of TGR-OBF.
2.2.3. The gas recycling system model

Mass conservation of the gas phase, The gas recycling system model includes mass conversation of
the VPSA unit and heat conversation of the heater unit. In the VPSA
7
∂ g ug unit, the recovery rate of CO2 is set at 90% (Arasto et al., 2013), and
= Ri (ik Mik ) (4) the energy consumption is set at 645.7 kJ/kgCO2 (Liu et al., 2011). In
∂z
i=1 the heater unit, the recycled gas is heated to 900 ◦ C, and the thermal
efficiency is set at 86% (Danloy et al., 2008).
where k represents CO, CO2 , H2 , H2 O and N2 , respectively.
Chemical species conservation of the gas phase,
2.3. Methods to calculate energy consumption and carbon
∂ g ug yg,k
7
= (ik Ri Mik ) (5) emission

∂z
i=1
2.3.1. The comprehensive energy consumption
Energy conservation of the gas phase, The energy equivalent values of each substance were employed
in the calculation (SAC, in press). The energy substances input into
∂ g ug cg Tg 4 the ISM are mainly coking coal, injection coal, electricity and steam,
= −hgs a Tg − Ts − hw Tg − Twe (6)
∂z Dz and the outputs are mainly metallurgy gas, electricity and steam,
G Model
Fig. 3. The flow rate (a), temperature (b), gas composition (c) and fractional reduction (d) as functions of the dimensionless distance from the tuyere level.
etc. The comprehensive energy consumption is calculated on the When the volume of the oxygen blast is 239 N m3 (xO2 = 90%,
basis of energy balance: xN2 = 10%) and the recycle gas through two rows of tuyeres is
300 N m3 , to produce one ton of hot metal, 190 kg coke and 170 kg

m

n

E= eiin × pi − eiout × pi (8) injection coal are needed, and 74 N m3 BFG can be outputted to
the other users. The calorific value of the BFG from the TGR-OBF is
i=1 i=1
6034 kJ/N m3 , which is approximately two times that of the con-
2.3.2. The CO2 emission ventional BF.
The net CO2 emission comprises the direct and the indirect Fig. 3 presents the flow rate (a), the temperature (b), the gas
CO2 emission as well as the CO2 credit according to the GHG composition (c) and the fractional reduction (d) as functions of the
(greenhouse gas) protocol (World Resources Institute and World dimensionless distance from the main tuyere level. At the lower
Business Council for Sustainable Development, 2013). The direct tuyere level, the gas flow of the TGR-OBF is much less than that
CO2 emission of the ISM is from fossil fuel combustion, metallurgy of the conventional BF. Although the recycled gas injected through
gas combustion and decomposing of carbonate, and can be calcu- the stack tuyeres effectively supplements the ascending gas, the
lated on the basis of carbon balance. The indirect CO2 emission gas flow rate at the upper zone of the OBF is only 67% of that of the
is from the electricity and steam consumed in the ISM. The CO2 conventional BF. The lowered gas flow rate results in lower temper-
credit is calculated based on the outputs of electricity and steam ature in the OBF, which helps reduce gasification of the coke. Due
from the ISM. The net and direct CO2 emissions are calculated as to the oxygen blast and the gas recycling, the CO concentration in
follows: the OBF is higher than that of the conventional BF, which facili-
tates the indirect reduction of iron oxide. The fractional reduction
CE = CEd + CEi − CEc (9) of iron ore (fs ) is the ratio of the oxygen actually removed from the
iron oxide against all the removable oxygen in it. Zero fs means the
Cin − Cp − Cbyp
CEd = (10) iron is fully oxidized as hematite and unity fs means the iron is fully
12 × 44 reduced. The dimensionless height for full reduction in the OBF is
higher than that of the conventional BF. It means that the reduction
3. Results and discussion
rate of iron oxide in the OBF is faster than that in the conventional
3.1. The study on the TGR-OBF process BF. The low temperature and high reductive environment in the
OBF is favorable to lower the coke gasification and raise the reac-
The process parameters of TGR-OBF calculated by the mathe- tion rate of iron oxide, and facilitate the process of iron ore heating,
matical model were presented in Fig. S1 (Supporting information). reduction and melting.
G Model
Fig. 4. The material flows of conventional ISM and ISM with TGR-OBF.
3.2. Analysis of the material and energy flows and ironmaking processes, which greatly influences the balance of
metallurgy gases. Fig. 6(a) presents the metallurgy gas balances
The material and energy flows of the ISM were developed on of the conventional ISM and the ISM with the TGR-OBF. The TGR-
the basis of the operation parameters. The effects of the TGR-OBF OBF reduces the generation of metallurgy gas by 53.4% and cuts
on the material and energy flows were studied based on the data the consumption of metallurgy gas by 26.2% for the ISM. In the
from the mathematical model. Fig. 4 presents the comparison first half of 2014, the emission rates of BFG and COG of China’s key
between the material flows of the conventional ISM and that of the steel enterprises are 2.32% and 0.72% respectively (Wang, 2014).
ISM with the TGR-OBF. Compared with the conventional ISM, the Therefore, while meeting the need of gas balance, the TGR-OBF can
coal input of the ISM with the TGR-OBF is reduced by 26.1% due to realize zero emission of metallurgy gas.
the decrease of coke consumption. The oxygen consumption of the
ISM with the TGR-OBF is 2.7 times higher than that of the conven-
3.3.2. Electricity
tional ISM. In the ISM with the TGR-OBF, most of the blast furnace
Fig. 6(b) presents the electricity balance of the conventional ISM
gas (BFG) is recycled as reductant, and only a small amount of the
and the ISM with the TGR-OBF. The CO2 removal at the VPSA unit
BFG is output as by-product. Approximately 295.6 m3 pure CO2 is
will raise the electricity demand in the ironmaking process by 89%.
captured for every ton of crude steel from the TGR-OBF, which can
The electricity consumption of the oxygen plant increases by 1.7
be used to produce methanol or be stored underground.
times with increasing demand for oxygen from the TGR-OBF. In
Fig. 5 presents the comparison between the energy flows of the
general, the electricity demand of the ISM with the TGR-OBF is
conventional ISM and that of the ISM with the TGR-OBF. As the met-
50.9% higher than that of the conventional operation. The electric-
allurgy gas generated from the coking and iron-making processes
ity output of the energy system decreases from 265.6 kW h/t steel
is reduced in the ISM with the TGR-OBF, the outputs of electricity
to 2.5 kW h/t steel with less metallurgy gas output into the power
and steam of the energy system are reduced by 88.2% and 10.7%
plant. Compared with the conventional ISM, the electricity pur-
respectively. Compared with the conventional ISM, the electricity
chased for the ISM with the TGR-OBF increases from 185.7 kW h/t
purchased for the ISM with the TGR-OBF is significantly increased
steel to 698.5 kW h/t steel.
due to the increase of electricity consumption of the ironmaking
process and the oxygen plant.
3.3.3. Energy consumption
Fig. 6(c) presents the energy balances of the conventional ISM
3.3. The energy consumption and carbon emission and the ISM with the TGR-OBF. Although the purchased electricity
of the ISM with the TGR-OBF increases from 0.66 GJ to 2.52 GJ for
3.3.1. Metallurgy gas one ton of crude steel, the energy input decreases from 17.89 GJ/t
The oxygen blast and top gas recycling can significantly reduce to 14.67 GJ/t due to the sharp decrease of coking coal consump-
the generation and consumption of metallurgy gas in the coking tion. Compared with the conventional ISM, the comprehensive
G Model
Fig. 5. The energy flows of conventional ISM and ISM with TGR-OBF.
energy consumption of the ISM with the TGR-OBF is reduced from which realized a reduction of 37.5% in direct CO2 emissions by
17.49 GJ/t to 14.40 GJ/t, saving energy by 17.7%. TGR-OBF (Helle et al., 2010a). The indirect CO2 emission and credit
are affected by the CO2 emission factors of the steam and the
3.3.4. CO2 emission electricity. As for the CO2 emission factors of the electricity, the
The CO2 emissions of the conventional ISM and the ISM with the factors of North China Grid ( = 1.0302) and the world average
TGR-OBF are listed in Table 1, in which Case 0 represents the con- ( = 0.504) are referred to respectively (Worldsteel Association,
ventional ISM, Case 1-1 represents the ISM with the TGR-OBF, Case 2013). The indirect emission of the ISM with the TGR-OBF is 3.8
1–2 represents the ISM with the TGR-OBF considering CO2 capture times that of the conventional ISM, due to its large amount of elec-
and storage. Compared with the conventional ISM, the direct CO2 tricity consumption. The net CO2 emission rate of the ISM with the
emission of the ISM with the TGR-OBF is reduced by 26.2%, and it TGR-OBF is 2.12 t/t steel ( = 1.0302) and 1.54 t/t steel ( = 0.504).
could be further reduced by 56.5% were storage of the captured CO2 When the captured CO2 is stored, the net CO2 emission rate of
realized. The result has the same trend with the previous research the ISM with the TGR-OBF would be 1.75 t/t steel ( = 1.0302)
G Model
Table 1
The CO2 emissions for conventional ISM and ISM with TGR-OBF.
Cases Net emission Direct emission Indirect emission Credit
Case 0a 2.08 1.91 0.19 0.02

Case 1-1a 2.12 1.41 0.72 0.01
Case 1-2a 1.54 0.83
Case 0b 1.98 1.91 0.09 0.02
Case 1-1b 1.75 1.41 0.35 0.01
Case 1-2b 1.17 0.83
a
CO2 emission factor refers to the North China Grid ( = 1.0302).
b
CO2 emission factor refers to the world average ( = 0.504).
4. Conclusion
In this paper, a comprehensive model of the TGR-OBF was estab-

lished to obtain the parameters related to the material and energy
flows for the new ironmaking process. The effects of the TGR-OBF
on the energy consumption and carbon emission of the ISM were
investigated on the basis of the material and energy flows. The
application of the TGR-OBF in the ISM will lead to the decrease of
metallurgy gas generation by 53.4% and the increase of electricity
consumption by 1.7 times. Compared with the conventional ISM,
the ISM with the TGR-OBF can reduce the comprehensive energy
consumption by 17.7% and the consumption of the coking coal by
39.6% due to the decrease of coke consumption in the ironmaking
process. Compared with the conventional ISM, the direct CO2 emis-
sion of the ISM with the TGR-OBF is reduced by 26.2% and by 56.5%
with CO2 capture and storage. Without CO2 capture and storage,
the net CO2 emission rate of the ISM with the TGR-OBF is 2.12 t/t
crude steel ( = 1.0302) and 1.54 t/t crude steel ( = 0.504). With CO2
capture and storage, the net CO2 emission rate of the ISM with the
TGR-OBF is 1.75 t/t crude steel ( = 1.0302) and 1.17 t/t crude steel
( = 0.504).
Acknowledgements
This work is financially supported by the National Natural Sci-

ence Foundation of China (51134008) and the National Key Basic
Research Program of China (2012CB720405).
Appendix A. Supplementary data
Supplementary data associated with this article can be found,

in the online version, at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2015.
07.008
References
Arasto, A., Tsupari, E., Kärki, J., Pisilä, E., Sorsamäki, L., 2013. Post-combustion
capture of CO2 at an integrated steel mill—Part I: Technical concept analysis.
Int. J. Greenhouse Gas Control 16 (0), 271–277.
Danloy, G., Van der Stel, J., Schmole, P., 2008. Heat and mass balances in the ULCOS
blast furnace. In: Proceedings of the 4th Ulcos seminar, Duisburg, Germany, pp.
1–3.
Danloy, G., Berthelemot, A., Borlee, J., Van der Stel, J., Dimastromatteo, V., Hallin,
M., et al., 2009. ULCOS—pilot testing of the low-CO2 blast furnace process at
the experimental BF in Luleå. Rev. Metall. 106 (1), 1–8.
Fink, F., 1996. Suspension smelting reduction-a new method of hot iron
production. Steel Times 36, 398.
Fig. 6. The metallurgy gas balances (a), electricity balances (b) and energy balances Ghanbari, H., Helle, M., Pettersson, F., Saxén, H., 2011. Optimization study of
(c) for conventional ISM and ISM with TGR-OBF. steelmaking under novel blast furnace operation combined with methanol
production. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 50 (21), 12103–12112.
Helle, H., Helle, M., Saxen, H., Pettersson, F., 2010a. Optimization of top gas
recycling conditions under high oxygen enrichment in the blast furnace. ISIJ
and 1.17 t/t steel ( = 0.504). Therefore, the net and indirect CO2 Int. 50 (10), 931–938.
emissions are affected by the energy structure and power gener- Helle, H., Helle, M., Pettersson, F., Saxen, H., 2010b. Multi-objective optimization of
ation efficiency in China. Compared with the conventional BF, the ironmaking in the blast furnace with top gas recycling. ISIJ Int. 50 (10),
1380–1387.
low-carbon advantage of the TGR-OBF will be more revealed with Ho, M., Bustamante, A., Wiley, D., 2013. Comparison of CO2 capture economics for
the increasing electricity generation efficiency in China. iron and steel mills. Int. J. Greenhouse Gas Control 19, 145–159.
G Model
Yin, J., Sun, G., Kuang, C., Yang, T., 2003. Oxygen blast furnace and combined cycle Standardization Administration of China. General principles for calculation of the
(OBF-CC)—an efficient iron-making and power generation process. Energy 28 comprehensive energy consumption. China GB/T 2589-2008. Available from
(8), 825–835. http://www.cssn.net.cn/templateHtml/CN-GB/5633108.html?drm flag=
Kubo, H., Nishiyama, T., Kyoguchi, G., Yasuno, M., Taguchi, S., Kurihara, J., 1982. A &HasElec=1.
dynamic one-dimensional simulation model of the blast furnace process. World Steel Association, 2014. Steel’s Contribution to a Low Carbon Future. World
Kawasaki Steel Giho 14 (2), 134–144. Steel Association, Available at https://www.worldsteel.org [accessed
Liu, Z., Grande, C., Li, P., Yu, J., Eodrigues, A., 2011. Multi-bed vacuum pressure 6.2014].
swing adsorption for carbon dioxide capture from flue gas. Sep. Purif. Technol. Van der Stel, J., Louwerse, G., Sert, D., Hirsch, A., Eklund, N., Pettersson, M., 2013.
81 (2), 307–317. Top gas recycling blast furnace developments for green and sustainable
Lu, W.K., Kumar, R.V., 1984. The feasibility of nitrogen-free blast furnace ironmaking. Ironmak. Steelmak. 40 (7), 483–489.
operations. Iron. Steel Soc. AIME Trans. 5, 25–31. Wang, W., October 9, 2014. The development of ironmaking technology for key
Mitra, T., Helle, M., Pettersson, F., Henrik, Saxén, Chakraborti, N., 2011. steel companies in the first half of the year—a review (in Chinese). China
Multiobjective optimization of top gas recycling conditions in the blast furnace Metall. News, 6th ed.
by genetic algorithms. Mater. Manuf. Process. 26 (3), 475–480. World Resources Institute and World Business Council for Sustainable
Nogami, H., Yagi, J., Kitamura, S., Austin, P., 2006. Analysis on material and energy Development, 2013. The Greenhouse Gas Protocol, Available from
balances of ironmaking systems on blast furnace operations with metallic http://www.ghgprotocol.org.
charging, top gas recycling and natural gas injection. ISIJ Int. 46 (12), Worldsteel Association, 2013. CO2 Emissions Data Collection. User Guide Version
1759–1766. 6, Available from https://www.worldsteel.org/steel-by-topic/climate-
Ohno, Y., Matsuura, M., Mitsufuji, H., Furukawa, T., 1992. Process characteristics of change/data-collection.html.
a commercial-scale oxygen blast furnace process with shaft gas injection. ISIJ Xu, K., 2010. Low carbon economy and iron and steel industry. Iron Steel 45 (3),
Int. 32 (7), 838–847. 1–12.
Qin, M., Gao, Z., Wang, G., 1987. Study on blast furnace operation with all oxygen
blast. Iron Steel 22 (12), 2–7.

The Energy Consumption and Carbon Emission of The Integrated Steel PDF

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

The Energy Consumption and Carbon Emission of The Integrated Steel PDF

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

G Model

RECYCL-3062; No. of Pages 8 ARTICLE IN PRESS

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Resources, Conservation and Recycling

Full length article