OPTIMUM LOCATION AND SIZE OF CAPACITOR BANK IN

DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Suraj Somshetwar, Raman Rar, Khanderao Jadhav, Yogita Futane
Abstract: This project describes the reactive load components. Installing size and
optimum size and location of capacitor bank location of capacitor which is responsible for
in the Electrical distribution system using behavior of distribution system. With help of
ETAP software. Load requirements of utility optimum techniques, it is capable to reduce
are increasing day by day. It is essential to voltage drop and improve the system
meet the consumer demand .Most of the load performance.
in distribution is inductive in nature which
PROBLEM STATEMENT:
leads to poor power factor and gives more
losses. It is necessary to improve and
maintain power factor and voltage profile to The problem of optimal allocation of
give reliable and continuous power supply. capacitor involves determining the locations,
sizes and number of capacitor to install in a
So optimum location and size of capacitor is distribution system such that the maximum
required in distribution system. The optimum benefits are achieved while all operational
problem of capacitor placement is solved constraints are satisfied at a particular level.
using Genetic Algorithm which is already in-
n
Cost  K P PlossT   K C Ci
built in ETAP software. With ETAP software
load flow analysis is obtained, losses are
i 1
calculated for the real time data. The losses
are reduced by optimum capacitor location
and size, which improves power factor, K Is cost per kilowatt-hour (Rs/kwh)
p
maintains voltage profile, loss reduction,
billing charges reduction and increases the P Is total power loss reduction in
system capacity.
system (in kW)
INTRODUCTION
Kc Is cost per kvar (Rs/kvar)
The main aim of power system is the
economic and safe delivery of adequate Ci Is the value of shunt capacitor at
electric power to electrical equipment or ith BUS IN KVAR
consumer. Distribution system takes power
T Is time in hours
from generation system through transmission
and distribute power to the consumers.
• The first term in cost indicates saving
Distribution systems have low ratio,
due to power loss reduction i.e(rs/hr
significant voltage drop that could cause
saved)
power loss in the feeders. Distribution system
has 40% to 60 % out of total losses. These
• Second term stands for total capacitor
losses are mainly due to flow of reactive
cost.
currents in the network. The leading current
provided by a capacitor can effectively
cancel the lagging current demanded by
 LOAD FLOW:
Load flow study is the steady state analysis of
power system network.

LINE DATA
LOAD V

FLOW
BUS DATA
PL  jQL
LINDAT
A •
Basic Load flow
WHY? Load Flow!
Load flow study is one of the most important
aspects of power system planning and
operation. Through Load flow we can
calculate various data such as Voltage drop at
each feeder, Current, Active, Reactive power
flow and Losses in branch. The Load flow
data we can analyze the system in steady state
operation. Performing a load flow study on
an existing system provides
recommendations to the system operation
and optimization of control settings to obtain
maximum capacity while minimizing the
operating costs.
Load Flow Analysis for Radial
Distribution System:
Radial Distribution System:
A system whereby power is received at the
utility supply voltage level by a single,
incoming substation. Through a series of step
downs and splits, the power is converted for
individual end-use equipment. Radial feeders
are the simplest and least expensive, both to
construct and for their protection system.
 Features of RDN:
• Imperfection 0f network parameters.
Low X/R ratio.
• Extremely large number of nodes
and branches.
• Dynamic change in imposed load.
 Advantages:
• Simple construction.
• Cost Effective.
• Simple in Planning and control of
various equipment’s.
• Easier prediction and control of
power flow.
• Require less amount of cables.
 Disadvantages:
A fault would result in the loss of
supply to a number of customers until
the fault is located and cleared.
ETAP Software:
Founded in 1986, ETAP is headquartered in
Irvine, California, USA.
ETAP- Electrical Transient Analysis
Program
• ETAP software is analysis platform
for design, simulation and automation
of generation, distribution and
industrial system.
• ETAP has vast capabilities such as
load flow analysis, arc flash
protection, cable pulling, optimum
capacitor placement and much more.
• ETAP extends to real time intelligent
power management system and
 optimize the operation of power  Optimal Capacitor Placement in
system. ETAP consist:

LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS AND • Optimal location & bank size

VOLTAGE DROP USING ETAP • Minimize installation & operation
SOFTWARE: costs
• Individual source or average energy
ETAP load flow software performs power cost
flow analysis and voltage drop calculations • Voltage & power factor objectives
with accurate and reliable results. The load • Minimum, maximum, & average
flow software module calculates bus voltage, loading
• Branch capacity release & cost
branch power factors, currents and power
savings
flows throughout the electrical systems.
 ADVANTAGES:
 Key features :
• Placing a capacitor in a Electrical
• Voltage drop calculation & load flow distribution system involves
analysis various factors like maximizing
• Simultaneously solve three phase and energy.
single phase system load flow • To reduce Electricity Billing cost
• Load flow analyzer based on KVA Demand.
• Power factor correction • To improve bus-voltage
• Real and Reactive power losses regulation
• Extensive reporting • To reduce the lagging component
• Simulation using multiple loading. of the circuit current
• To increase the voltage of the load
OPTIMAL CAPACITOR PLACEMENT bus.
(OCP) USING ETAP:
LONAVALA CASE STUDY:
• The most effective method is to use
the Optimal Capacitor Placement
(OCP) program to optimize capacitor
sizes and locations with cost
considerations.

• OCP employs a genetic algorithm,

which is an optimization technique
based on the theory of nature
selection.

• OCP considers initial installation and

operating costs, which includes
maintenance, depreciation, and
interest rate.
 REAL TIME DATA (LONAVALA)

Feeders Kwh Kvarh Kvah Kw Kvar Kva

Incomer-1 23810 901 23844 6.61 0.250 6.623

Incomer-2 487434 34203 490250 135.39 9.50 136.18

Valawan 4052 789 4137 1.12 0.219 1.14

Waterwork 245675 38811 249517 68.24 10.78 69.31

Barabungalow 6254 874 6314 1.73 0.24 1.75

Bazarpeth 374 - 374 0.103 0 0.103

Industrial Estate 8044 745 8078 2.23 0.206 2.24

Kurwande 10502 479 10524 2.91 0.13 2.92

Aundhe 2492 31 2492.19 0.69 0.086 0.692

Lonavala- Industrial Estate Feeder: R/km=0.252, X/km=0.0928,Area of ACSR=150mm2

Branch Start End Bus Length(km) Resistance(ohm) Reactance(ohm) Load at end
No Bus Bus (KVA)
1 1 5 0.6 0.0756 0.027 315

5 5 6 0.4 0.0504 0.018 100

6 6 7 0.2 0.0252 0.009 100

7 7 8 0.5 0.037 0.013 100

7 7 9 0.4 0.0504 0.018 100

9 9 10 0.5 0.063 0.023 200

1 1 2 0.9 0.1134 0.041 100

2 2 3 0.6 0.075 0.0278 100

3 3 4 0.54 0.068 0.025 200

 LOAD FLOW WITHOUT CAPACITOR:

Result of Load flow without capacitor:

% Voltage
ID From Bus To Bus Amp Flow % PF kW Losses kvar Losses
Drop
A.K. engg. Bus6 Bus13 2.677 95.23 3.16 2.31 3.46
Alex grinder Bus2 Bus18 2.676 95.23 3.16 2.31 3.46
Amay Bus7 Bus14 2.677 95.23 3.16 2.31 3.46
Baba
Bus9 Bus15 2.677 95.23 3.16 2.31 3.46
Batteries
Balaji
Bus8 Bus17 2.677 95.23 3.16 2.31 3.46
Enterprizes
Lonavala
Bus10 Bus16 5.354 95.23 3.16 4.62 6.93
bazzar
Asmi Metal Bus5 Bus21 8.431 95.23 3.16 7.27 10.91
I.T.I. Bus3 Bus19 2.677 95.23 3.16 2.31 3.46
 Uday
Bus4 Bus20 5.353 95.23 3.16 4.62 6.92
Pyrocables
Z1 Bus1 Bus2 10.8 95.23 0.02 0.0790 0.0285
Z2 Bus2 Bus3 8.4 95.23 0.01 0.0319 0.0104
Z3 Bus3 Bus4 5.45 95.23 0.01 0.0121 0.0043
Z4 Bus1 Bus5 25.51 95.23 0.03 0.2721 0.099
Z5 Bus5 Bus6 16.10 95.23 0.01 0.0777 0.0286
Z6 Bus6 Bus7 13.6 95.23 0.01 0.0277 0.0097
Z7 Bus7 Bus9 8. 95.23 0.01 0.0196 0.0072
Z8 Bus7 Bus8 2.68 95.23 0 0.00271 0.001
Z9 Bus9 Bus10 5.4 95.23 0.01 0.0110 0.004

Load flow with capacitor:

Result of Load flow with capacitor:

% Voltage
ID From Bus To Bus Voltage Amp Flow % PF kW Losses kvar Losses
Drop

A.K
Bus6 Bus13 21995.8 2.677 95.23 3.16 2.31 3.46
Engineering

Alex Grinder Bus2 Bus18 21993.7 2.676 95.23 3.16 2.31 3.46

Amay
Bus7 Bus14 21992.5 2.677 95.23 3.16 2.31 3.46
Engineering

Baba
Bus9 Bus15 21993.3 2.677 95.23 3.16 2.31 3.46
batteries

Balaji
Bus8 Bus17 21990.5 2.677 95.23 3.16 2.31 3.46
Enterprices

Lonavala
Bus10 Bus16 21989.3 5.354 95.23 3.16 4.62 6.93
bazar

Asmi Metal Bus5 Bus21 21988.7 8.431 95.23 3.16 7.27 10.91

I.T.I Bus3 Bus19 21987.9 2.677 95.23 3.16 2.31 3.46

Uday
Bus4 Bus20 21986.8 5.353 95.23 3.16 4.62 6.92
pyrocables

Z1 Bus1 Bus2 425.9 10.34 98.65 0.02 0.0724 0.0266

Z2 Bus2 Bus3 425.9 7.697 99.35 0.01 0.0268 0.0096

Z3 Bus3 Bus4 425.9 5.098 99.99 0.01 0.0106 0.0039

Z4 Bus1 Bus5 425.8 24.06 96.95 0.03 0.262 0.0955

Z5 Bus5 Bus6 425.9 15.65 97.72 0.01 0.0735 0.0272

Z6 Bus6 Bus7 426 12.99 98.12 0.01 0.0253 0.0091

Z7 Bus7 Bus9 426 7.698 99.35 0.01 0.0178 0.0066

Z8 Bus7 Bus8 426 2.677 95.23 0 0.0027 0.001

Z9 Bus9 Bus10 426 5.099 99.99 0.01 0.0098 0.0036

Result:

Bus Location Losses in Watt (I2R) Total Losses

Without ---- 533.8 533.8

capacitor

With capacitor Capacitor at End of Line

C1( C2( Bus Bus

Kvar) Kvar)

40 40 4 10 508.1 533.8-508.1=25.7

50 50 4 10 504.9 533.8-504.9=28.9

60 60 4 10 500.9 533.8-500.9=32.9

Capacitor at Mid-point

40 40 3 7 511.2 533.8-511.2=22.6

50 50 3 7 508.4 533.8-508.4=25.4

60 60 3 7 504.6 533.8-504.6=29.2

COST CALCULATION • Total Losses per day = 33w *15 hours

= 495 Whr = 500 (Approx.)
Difference in losses= Total losses without
capacitor – Total losses with capacitor • Total Losses Per year = 500 whr * No
of working days = 500 * 310=
= 533.8w – 500.9w 1,55,000 whr
= 32.9w losses per hour • Units consumed per year=
= 33 (Approx.) 155000/1000=155 units

• Working average hours of industry = • Total Losses for 20 years = 155*20 =

15 hours 3,100 units
 • Cost per unit = 6 Rs
• Cost for total losses=
3,100*6=18,600 Rs
CAPACITOR DESCRIPTION
3-phase, 22kv, 60kvar, 50 Hz, 0.395
microfarad,
• Heavy duty type capacitor
• Cost of 60 kvar each capacitor
bank=6,500 Rs
• Maintenance cost of each capacitor
bank= 2000 Rs (Life increases by 2
years)
• Total working hours (Life ) =
1,75,000 hrs.
• Total working years = [5] K.S. Swarup , “Genetic algorithm for
(1,75,000)/(24*365) = 19.97= 19 yrs
(Approx.)
• Total life of capacitor = 20 yrs.
(Approx.)
• Total cost for 2 capacitors =
2*6,500+2*2,000= 17,000 Rs
• Total savings = 18,600 – 17,000 =
1,600 Rs (Approx.) (For 1 Feeder)
Total savings for 7 feeders = 1,600*7=
11,200 Rs (Approx)
CONCLUSION :
After the study of radial distribution system,
the power flow analysis for this feeder was
carried out by ETAP software. After
analyzing the system, the capacitor banks are
installed at optimum location to increase the
power factor and maintain voltage profile.
REFERENCES:
[1] Mendes, A.; Franca, P.M.; Lyra, C.;
Pissarra,and Cavellucci “Capacitor
placement in large-sized radial distribution
networks. IEEE Proc.-Gener. Trans.
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“Capacitor placement, replacement and
control in large-scale distribution systems by
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Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 12, No.
3, August 1997.
[3] J.A.Michline Rupa,S.Ganesh, “ Power
Flow Analysis or Radial Distribution System
using backward – forward sweep method,”
Electrical Power and Energy System.
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Optimal capacitors placement in distribution
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dimension Reducing approach” Vol. 30 No.1
,15 th aug 2011.
optimal capacitor allocation in radial
distribution systems”, June 16-18, 2005,
pp152-159
[6] Electrical Transient Analyzer Program
(ETAP), www.etap.com
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“Minimizing Cost and Power loss by Optimal
Placement of Capacitor using ETAP”.
[8] C.J.Soni, P.R.Gandhi, S.M. Takalkar
“Design and analysis of 11 KV Distribution
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[12]