Effect of Temperature to Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) Value in Treatment of Dye Waste

Liquid Screen Printing Industry Using Distillation Method

Khanifan Jaya Trinata1, Atika Nurkhotijah2, Nandita Ari Solikhatunisa 3 and Riyanto4*
1-4
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Science,
Universitas Islam Indonesia, Kaliurang Street km. 14.5, Sleman, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 55584
*e-mail: riyanto@uii.ac.id

Abstract
This study is effect of temperature to chemical oxygen demand (COD) value in treatment of dye waste
liquid screen printing industry using distillation method. Dye waste liquid screen printing industry has
been treatment using distillation method. Dye waste liquid screen printing from Yogyakarta as much as 5
L is included in the distillation apparatus, and then distillation is carried out at various temperature
variations of 70, 80, 90, 100 and 110 oC. The distillation was carried out for 2 h and the distillate was
collected and determined the value of COD with UV-Vis spectrophotometer. COD values on the result
distillation with temperature variations of 70, 80, 90, 100 and 110 oC were 134, 146, 246, 452 and 564 mg
O2/L, respectively. The results showed that the higher the temperature the more distillates produced and
higher COD value. Distillation temperature is very influential to the distillation time and value of COD.
Keywords: temperature, COD, Dye, Liquid, waste, distillation

Introduction
The printing industry covers a broad range of printing types. They all have potential environmental
impacts because of the raw materials and chemicals they use and the waste they generate (Department of
Environment and Conservation NSW, 2006). A shop that uses 20 gallons of ink per week, and mixes
most of their own colors, can generate between 5 to 50 gallons of true waste ink per year. True waste ink
is ink that must be disposed because it can no longer be used (Marci, 2011). Disposal of this waste ink has
a cost and an environmental impact. The following printing types are covered in this guide are
lithographic, gravure, flexographic, digital, letter press, screen printing, label printing, web and sheet fed.
The number of custom screen printer businesses in the US at 5,350, with 59,328 employees and revenues
of about $2 billion. Screen printers use aerosol cans for various reasons including film cleaning and
garment tacking. Spray cans may contain hazardous chemicals, such as 1,1,1-trichloroethane or toluene.
In some cases, the aerosol can be hazardous waste because of what it contains or did contain. It is
important to carefully manage this waste to protect human health and the environment. Heavy metals such
as are lead, chromium. silver, cadmium and barium are found in some ink pigments and, as wastes, are
regulated by law. When inks containing heavy metals go into landfills, the metals can leach into soils and
groundwater, contaminating them (Kiurski et al. 2012)
Heavy metals don't degrade and can be accidentally transferred to humans in food, air and water.
In general, inks used by textile printers don't contain lead or other heavy metals, but the solvent-based
inks used by sign, poster, label and electronic component printers may. Conductive inks contain silver.
Solvents commonly found in inks, such as ethanol, isopropanol, ethylene glycol, xylene, toluene,
cyclohexanone and petroleum distillates, can also make inks hazardous. Other chemicals found in inks
include formaldehyde and ammonium hydroxide. Many of these chemicals can be harmful to health.
Whether waste inks are hazardous waste depends on the amount of heavy metals, solvents and other
hazardous chemicals they contain. Inks that are hazardous can also make materials such as adhesive tape
hazardous, depending on the amount of ink on the material (Marci, 2011; Kiurski et al. 2012).
The printing industry's liquid waste comprises damaged inks, solvents, liquefiers and dryers. This
liquid waste contains many harmful chemicals such as alcohols or acetone and its esters and also contains
heavy metals such as chromium, cobalt (whitish ingredients in iron and nickel), and manganese and tin
that can dissolve into various binders. Liquid waste is easy to get into the soil and general sprinkling. The
mobilization of this waste is very fast with a wide reach because liquid waste is easily carried away by the
flow of existing flow. Given this nature, the control of liquid waste is more difficult to do than in the form
of solid. This rapid and widespread waste mobilization also makes it easy to get into the chain of food
webs, which will eventually enter the human body (Marci, 2011; Kiurski et al. 2012).
Many researchers has treatment of dye in textile and screen printing industry wastewater using
electrolysis (Chatzisymeon et al. 2006; Dewi et al. 2013; Ghalwa et al. 200; Nordin et al. 2013);
absorption (Ghaedi, et al. 2014, Gupta, et al. 2009) photocatalytic (Mohamed et al. 2014); ozone solution
(Johansson, et al. 2013); remediation (Robinson, et al. 2001), and hybrid processes of biological oxidation
and ozonation (Zhao et al. 2006). The method used to treat dyestuff waste requires high cost and unusable
outcomes. The adsorption method requires a filtration technique to separate solids and liquids. The
researchers proposed a cheap and environmentally friendly method of distillation. Distillation methods
require a lot of energy but this method is very good for separating dyes, solids and water. The distillation
method requires only one stage of the process. The resulting water can be directly discharged into the
environment or used in industrial processes (Silva et al. 2014; Jung 2011).
The success of dyestuff treatment process with distillation is greatly influenced by temperature. High
temperatures cause short-chain organic compounds to be involved in distillates thus affecting the value of
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and ammonia levels. Distillation carried out at low temperatures will
cause a very long processing time. Therefore it is necessary to optimize to determine the optimal
temperature in dye waste processing in screen printing industry.
Experimental section
Distillation apparatus used for treating dye waste liquid screen printing industry is shown in
Figure 1. Figure 1 shows that an important part in treating waste by distillation is heating source, boiler
and condenser. Heating source used in this research is using gas stove. Factors that are very influential in
processing dye waste liquid screen printing industry by using the distillation of the amount of fire
provided. If the fire is very large, there will be very clear water and few volatile materials. This is because
many volatile materials evaporate due to warming at high temperatures. If the heating is carried out with a
small fire, the distillation time is long and there are still many volatile components carried by water, so in
the distillate the composition of the volatile compound is still high.
Dye waste liquid screen printing industry from Yogyakarta as much as 5 L, is included in the
distiller. Distillation begins by turning on the stove with variation temperature until the waste runs out for
about 2 hours. Distillate has been collected in erlenmeyer. The resulting of distillates were analyzed for
COD values. Test method for chemical oxygen demand (COD) with closed reflux by UV-Vis
spectrophotometer. The standard solution used is potassium hydrogen phthalate (PHP),
HOOCC6H4COOK. PHP must be dry to constant weight at 110 °C using oven. Dissolve 425 mg of
HOOCC6H4COOK into distilled water, dilute to 1000 mL. In theory, PHP has a COD value of 1.176 mg
O2/mg COD and this solution has theoretical value of COD 500 mg O2/L. This solution is stable when
stored in cold conditions. Be careful of biological growth. Prepare and remove the solution in sterile
condition. We recommend this solution is prepared every 1 week. Digestion solution is K2Cr2O7, H2SO4
concentrated) and HgSO4. Sulfuric acid reagent solution is Ag2SO4 and H2SO4.
The sample preparation is homogenized sample. The reflux tubes and lids were washed with 20%
H2SO4 before use. The sample is added a digestion solution and sulfuric acid reactant solution. The tube
is closed and shacked until homogeneous. The tube is placed on a heated tube at 150 °C, reflux for 2
hours. The sample was cooled slowly to a refluxed sample to room temperature to prevent the formation
of the precipitate. The sample is left to settle and make sure the part to be measured is completely clear.
Samples and standard solutions are measured at defined wavelengths at 600 nm.
Figure 1. Distillation of equipment for treatment of dye waste liquid screen printing industry

Result and Discussion

The distilled water result from the distillation is collected in the erlenmeyer. The distilled water as shown
in Figure 2 is colorless (clear) and odorless. The volume of the distillate obtained is almost equal to the
volume of dye waste liquid screen printing industry waste that is inserted in the boiler or distillation site.
This is caused almost 98% of dye waste liquid screen printing industry main composition is water.
Observation with the eye then found that the dye waste liquid screen printing industry treatment is
feasible to be discarded.

Figure 2 Distillate result from distillation of dye waste liquid screen printing industry

Table 1. Characterization of dyes wastewater from industry

Dyes source
Parameters
Textile industry Dyeing industry Printing industry
Temperature (oC) 40-50 60-75 60-75
COD (mg O2/L) 6000-25000 1500-4000 3000-15000
 Table 1 shows that the characterization of dyes wastewater from industry. Standard solution data
for COD analysis with concentration ranges between 0-1000 mg/L. The solution is measured at a 600 nm
wavelength. The concentration of COD in the distillate at 70 oC was repeated twice and averaged at 134
mg/L. Figure 3 shows that the concentration or COD value in distillate water results from
spectrophotometer analysis with two repeat averages at range of 134-564 mg/L. The data is obtained by
using the calibration curve has a linear regression equation of y = 0,0003x + 0.0038 and the coefficient of
determination R2 = 0.9978 (not shown this paper). Based on these data, the calibration curve is feasible to
be used to determine the concentration or value of the COD value in the distillate. Figure 3 showed that
the higher the temperature the more distillates produced and higher COD value.

Figure3. Effect of distillation temperature on COD value at distillation of dye waste liquid screen printing
industry

Conclusion
The distillation method is a good technique for treatment of dye waste liquid screen printing industry. The
results showed that the higher the temperature the more distillates produced and higher COD value.
Distillation temperature is very influential to the distillation time and value of COD.

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