Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 798 (2015) 121–126

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Nuclear Instruments and Methods in

Physics Research A
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/nima

A double pole-gap design for low spherical aberration in thin solenoids

Sona Chandran n, Bhaskar Biswas
FEL Laboratory, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore 452013, India

art ic l e i nf o a b s t r a c t

Article history: We here report a new design of a double air-slot or pole-gap type, axially thin, shielded solenoid with
Received 31 March 2015 lower spherical aberration than conventional single pole-gap type solenoids. The net on-axis field from
Received in revised form two optimally distanced pole gaps reduces the spherical aberration. The working principle of the model
16 July 2015
is also given by a pair of coaxial, in-air, identical current loops which can have lower spherical aberration
Accepted 19 July 2015
Available online 28 July 2015
than a single current loop. The new design is useful to achieve low spherical aberration in axially thin
shielded solenoids.
Keywords: & 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Pole gap
Shielded solenoid
Spherical aberration

1. Introduction
In this work we discuss the design of thin, shielded solenoid
magnets that are usually employed for focusing low energy, low
emittance and high bunch current electron beams from their sources
to their accelerators. For example, the injector system of the CUTE
FEL system developed at RRCAT, Indore, uses three solenoids after the
electron gun to compensate the space charge forces and r.f. defocus-
ing forces from prebuncher before injecting the bunches into the
linac [1]. The drift length in this injector system is 1.25 m, which
provides space for vacuum gate valves, beam viewing monitor, beam-
current diagnostics and beam steerers in addition to the three
solenoids. Using longer free drift lengths for the 90 keV, 1 nC, 1 A,
4 mm rms beam size non-relativistic electron bunches give larger
radial size r of beam. This causes large emittance growth which goes
as
r4 times the spherical aberration [2,3]. There can also be an
emittance growth due to skew and normal magnetic field errors
(dipole, quadrupole, etc.) in solenoids [4]. In CUTE FEL the beam from
the prebuncher has large energy spread from 60 keV to 120 keV. This
large energy spread couples to the spherical aberration of the third
solenoid tuned to 90 keV giving a large transverse beam size and
divergence at linac entrance. The PWT type linac developed in CUTE
FEL [1] has a small aperture diameter of 16 mm, which results in
injection and transmission loss of some off momentum particles in
the linac. Secondly, large beam size makes the operation less stable
by exciting transverse modes in the linac, subject to a little injection
error. The purpose of a lower spherical aberration solenoid is also to
lessen the beam size and divergence going into the small aperture
n
Corresponding author
E-mail address: sona@rrcat.gov.in (S. Chandran).
linac, thereby reducing beam loss and making the operation more
stable.
In Ref. [5] the spherical aberration of single pole gap shielded
solenoid has been shown to reduce with increasing aperture or
increasing slot-size/length of the solenoid with a maxima in
between. Typical thin single slot solenoids have high spherical
aberration due to small width of on-axis field. Therefore in thin
solenoids, increasing the aperture is a way to lengthen the on-axis
field and reduce the spherical aberration. We had initially
employed conventional thin shielded solenoids with one pole
gap, aperture radius 3 cm, length 7 cm and spherical aberration
0.07 cm  2 [5]. Then we chose to make a thinner, 5.1 cm long
solenoid and obtained 50% lower spherical aberration by increas-
ing the aperture radius to 4.75 cm [5].
We further explored the known methods to reduce the sphe-
rical aberration in conventional shielded solenoids. There are a few
designs reported in literature that reduce the spherical aberration
in shielded solenoids for ion focusing, with a pole gap (air-slot), by
choosing very small slot size or by tapering the slot [6,7]. But long
solenoids have lowest spherical aberration when they have a full
open air-slot at aperture, e.g., the spherical aberration in Ref. [6]
reduces as 0.163/ 0.127/0.116 cm  2 with single-slot/tapered-slot/
full-open-air-slot respectively. To further reduce the spherical
aberration in thin solenoids, the current study introduces a useful
and simple solenoid model with two optimally separated pole
gaps or air-slots having a wider on-axis superposed field profile
with lower spherical aberration than the conventional single slot
or tapered single slot design. We show that, the separation
between two coaxial, identical in air current loops can be varied
to obtain a minimum spherical aberration in order to explain the
principle of a two pole gap solenoids. The optimum gap has lower
spherical aberration than the helmholtz gap [8]. This has been

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2015.07.036
0168-9002/& 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
122 S. Chandran, B. Biswas / Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 798 (2015) 121–126
Fig. 1. Spherical aberration and terms of Eq. (5) versus coil to coil gap g for two co-
axial in-air identical current loops. The axial magnetic field profile for some
reference gaps a, b, c, d, e and f also shown at top.
Fig. 2. The axial field and trajectory of 90 keV electrons through two coaxial
current loops with fields referring to points b and c in Fig. 1, but having same
focusing strength. The zoom of focal region showing focus f0 without aberration
and fb and fc with aberration.
Fig. 3. Comparison of the double slot design (top left and top centre) with a single
slot (top right) for different gaps between slots (dimensions in cm) and the Bz and
B0z from POISSON with R¼ 4.75 cm and L ¼ 10 cm for double slot with g ¼ 5.64 cm
(bottom left) and single slot with g ¼ 0.26 cm (bottom right).
Fig. 4. Spherical aberration with (a) slot separation g for L ¼10 cm and apertures
R¼ 1.5 to 5.75 cm (shown above), (b) ratio g=L for model scaled to one aperture
R¼ 3.75 cm (shown below). The minimum x-axis data refers to a single slot
solenoid (g ¼s). There is a minimum in spherical aberration at optimum g or g=L
up to aperture for R¼ 4.75 cm. (a) L¼ 10 cm and (b) R¼ 3.75 cm.
 S. Chandran, B. Biswas / Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 798 (2015) 121–126 123

verified by obtaining the spherical aberration from third order The squared-field  axial-width integral in the denominator of
trajectory calculations. We also report field measurements and Eq. (5) is the focusing strength of the lens. The on-axis field
spherical aberration in two prototype solenoids, which are in good gradient dBz =dz contributes to the numerator. The spherical
agreement with magneto static simulations. aberration in a solenoid lens depends on the ratio of these two
We briefly report the role of flux shunt or flux straightening competing terms and is independent of the strength of a solenoid
washers proposed by Halbach in Ref. [9], used widely in photo cathode as discussed for various kinds of solenoids in Ref. [5].
gun solenoids [10]. The flux shunts do not affect the spherical
aberration in the photo cathode gun solenoids, as shown in Ref. [5].
3. Spherical aberration of a pair of co-axial identical current
loops
2. Spherical aberration in axially thin solenoids
The spherical aberration of a pair of coaxial circular current
The axial magnetic field of a solenoid magnet has a general loops, each carrying a current of 420 A–Turns, of radius Rc ¼0.01 m
form [11], separated by variable distance g is shown in Fig. 1. The numerator
r2 r4 and denominator terms of Eq. (5) are also plotted in Fig. 1. The
Bz ðr; zÞ ¼ BðzÞ  B″ðzÞ þ BIV ðzÞ  ⋯; ð1Þ zoom of x-axis up to 0.3 m is shown at top of Fig. 1. When the gap
4 64
g is large the field from two current loops do not overlap so that
where z represents the axial distance, r is the radial distance from the net spherical aberration is equal to their independent values
the solenoid axis, B(z) is the on-axis field as a function of axial (point f at g ¼9Rc). As the coils come closer as shown by points f, e,
distance z and the prime denotes the derivative with respect to z. d and c, there is a drop in the spherical aberration up to a
The higher order terms in Bz ðr; zÞ make the off-axis field non- minimum at g ¼1.384Rc. Thereafter, as shown by points c, b and
uniform and hence the off-axis particles see different fields than a, the spherical aberration rises due to a steeper rise of the field
paraxial particles. The origin of aberration in a solenoid magnet gradient in the numerator term than the axial field in the
can be understood by considering parallel to point focusing and denominator in Eq. (5) of spherical aberration. The point b
calculating the focal length as a function of the initial radial corresponds to the helmholtz coil pair [8], after which the
position of the particles. The focal length f for a particle of mass spherical aberration finally converges to an individual coil aberra-
m and energy eV is given by [12] tion shown by point a. It must be noted here that by proportion-
Z 1
1 e ally increasing the size of the coil radius by 6.5% (Rc ¼0.01065 m)
¼ B2 ðr; zÞ dz: ð2Þ 0
f 8mV  1 z the Cs of point b in Fig. 1 can be brought down to a point b having
same spherical aberration as point c in Fig. 1 (Rc ¼0.01 m).
Using Eq. (1) in Eq. (2) and simplifying we get
! Considering 3rd order solenoid transport from Ref. [14] we
Z 1 R 1 02
1 e r2 B ðzÞ dz obtained 90 keV electron trajectories as shown in Fig. 2, from
¼ B2 ðzÞ dz 1 þ R11 2 þ⋯ : ð3Þ r ¼0.08 mm (paraxial) to r ¼8 mm (most off-axis) for two coil
f 8mV  1 2 B ðzÞ dz
1

Rewriting Eq. (3) with the second term representing the

coefficient of spherical aberration Cs
1 1
¼ ð1 þC s r 2 þ ⋯Þ: ð4Þ
f f0
Here f0 is the paraxial focal length of the solenoid lens. From Eq.
(4), for paraxial rays near r
0 the focal length is f0, but as we
move off in r, the focal length will reduce from f0. Hence particles
farther away from the axis get focused nearer to the solenoid than
the particles near the axis, leading to a finite radial size at focal
point rather than a single point as in the ideal case for zero
spherical aberration. For uniform radial charge density beams, the
linearly rising defocusing space charge force is exactly compen-
sated by radially increasing focusing force (by electric or magnetic
lens) so that there is no spherical aberration, though the focal
length increases. However for realistic, radially falling charge
density beams, the spherical aberration occurs as the radially
outward particles have less space charge force and get focused
nearer to the lens than the core particles [13]. For CUTE FEL we
conclude that space charge forces can lead to longer focal lengths
without or with a lower spherical aberration, depending up on the
transverse current distribution and we neglect the space charge
forces here. We also mention that in CUTE FEL, the 90 keV electron
beam has a chromatic aberration due to o 1% energy spread in
the electron beam energy, causing an emittance growth from
5 mm-mrad to 5.9 mm-mrad . The coefficient of spherical aberra-
tion can be calculated from the on-axis solenoid magnetic field
profile as
1 R 1 02
 1 Bz dz
C s ¼ 2R 1 2 : ð5Þ
Fig. 5. Spherical aberration versus solenoid aperture to length aspect ratio (a) R=L
 1 Bz dz
from 0 to 1.2 and (b) R=L from 0 to 10.75.
124 S. Chandran, B. Biswas / Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 798 (2015) 121–126
loops corresponding to field type at points c and b in Fig. 1, given
by g ¼1.384Rc, NI ¼444.25 A–Turns and g ¼Rc, NI ¼420 A–Turns,
scaled to same focusing strength. Here Rc ¼0.01 m so that incom-
ing beam size is 80% of aperture. The two sets of trajectories are
almost identical. The zoomed focal region in Fig. 2 shows the
minor difference. Finding the focal distance f for the most off-axis
particle and fo for paraxial particle from Fig. 2 and using Eq. (4) we
find Cs ¼0.026 cm  2 for the helmholtz case b (g ¼Rc) and
Cs ¼ 0.022 cm  2 for optimum slot separation case c (g¼ 1.384Rc).
These agree very well with points b and c in Fig. 1 having
Cs ¼ 0.026 cm  2 and Cs ¼ 0.023 cm  2 respectively. Thus, the lowest
aberration case with a minor dip in peak field can be used
practically. But caution is needed if such a pair is repeated
contiguously. It is known that for bunched charged particle beams,
periodically modulated unidirectional solenoidal fields can give
rise to instabilities [15]. It is well known that a shielded solenoid
with a small ratio of slot-size s to aperture diameter Da is
equivalent to a current loop of diameter same as aperture
diameter for the slot [5]. Hence by using two air slots in a single
shielded solenoid it should be possible to overlap the fields from
the two air slots like a pair of current carrying loops and reduce
the spherical aberration.
4. The double air-slot shielded solenoid design
The new solenoid model is based on two pole gaps, which we
now call just air slots as shown in Fig. 3. The optimization of slot
separation g for this solenoid design has been done using the
POISSON code [16] for an aperture radius R¼1.1 cm, 1.5 cm and
1.75 cm to 9.75 cm in steps of 1 cm, solenoid length L ¼10 cm, air
slot size s¼ 0.26 cm each and radial width 7 cm. We chose the two
slot sizes to be half of the slot in prototype single slot solenoid
built earlier by us. Any practical solenoid for low energy electron
Fig. 6. (a) Photograph of single air slot solenoid without coil (left) and double air
slot solenoid without coil (right) and (b) the mapped on-axis field (Bz) and field
gradient (B0z ) of single and double slot solenoid.
beam can have length less than 10 cm. The separation between the
two slots g was varied within the available length L. We plot most
of these results in Fig. 4(a). The single slot case has slot width 2 s
when the two slots just touch each other with no iron in between
(at g ¼s¼ 0.26 cm).
We have chosen the above slot size after studying the effect of
slot size (s) on the slot to slot gap (g) optimization which we
briefly discuss. We have studied the effect of slot size from s¼ s/2
to 12 s. To study the effect of slot to slot gap, it was necessary not
to have a very large slot to get clear signature of overlapped fields
from the two slots. Also, too small a slot size would reduce the on-
axis field and hence focusing strength. We found that choosing the
slot size anywhere from s/2 (0.13 cm) to 6s (1.56 cm) there is
insignificant change in the profile of the Fig. 4(b) plots. By
choosing a larger slot one can increase the focusing strength of
the solenoid.
We now show the effect of slot to slot gap on the two solenoid
design. For apertures up to 4.75 cm, Fig. 4(a) shows a minimum in
spherical aberration Cs with slot separation, like point c in Fig. 1 for in
air current loops. For larger aperture R¼5.75 cm, the minimum Cs
achieved refers to a point between b and c (from Fig. 1) as the
solenoid length is insufficient to capture point c. For further large
apertures there is a significant drop in field strength and large fringe
field, which outweigh the advantage of low spherical aberration and
hence have not been shown in Fig. 4(a). As shown in Fig. 4(a),
keeping the length constant, the minimum in spherical aberration is
given by g=R around 1.25 for all apertures up to 4.75 cm. This ratio is
less than 1.384 at point c in Fig. 1 for in-air current loops, because due
to high permeability iron around the slot(s), the on-axis field from a
Fig. 7. Magnetic flux plot using POISSON for (a) single slot and (b) double slot
solenoid magnets with same focal length; magnetic field (T) contour plot using
ANSYS/EMAG inside iron core for (c) single slot and (d) double slot solenoid
magnets.
 S. Chandran, B. Biswas / Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 798 (2015) 121–126
Table 1
The parameters of the single air slot and double air slot prototype solenoids.
Solenoid parameters Solenoid type
Single air Double air
slot slot
Focal length (cm) 25 25
Magnetic length (cm) 4.8 6.5
Spherical aberration Cs (cm  2) using POISSON 0.0300 0.0189
field and Eq. (5)
Spherical aberration Cs (cm  2) using mapped field 0.0320 0.0193
and Eq. (5)
Spherical aberration C s ðn; aÞ (cm  2) using [5] and 0.0321 0.0193
mapped field
Hard edge order n 2.7 2.8
Half width a (cm) 3.10 4.05
single/double slot shielded solenoid has shorter fringe field than that
of a single current loop in air.
To eliminate the effect of aperture, we again plot in Fig. 4(b) the
spherical aberration normalized to R¼3.75 cm by proportional scal-
ing of the models in Fig. 4(a), with the ratio g=L, to normalize the
length also. From the minimum x-axis data points in Fig. 4(b), we
find that the single slot aberration is weakly correlated to the length
of the solenoid for the practical range of R=L shown. At large slot to
slot gaps, the spherical aberration rises again to the value of
individual single slots, as points f and a in Fig. 1. As compared to
the single slot solenoid spherical aberration, the double slot design
can be optimized to reduce the spherical aberration by 40% for a
helmholtz like gap (b in Fig. 1) between the slots or up to 50% for a
little more than helmholtz like gap (c in Fig. 1) at the same aperture
radius. The little higher spherical aberration at helmholtz like gap can
0
be offset by further increasing the aperture a little (b in Fig. 1). The
user can choose to design the double slot solenoid at any point in this
range as mentioned in Section 3. We discuss this with some more
details in the section on measurements.
In Fig. 5(a) we depict the dependence of spherical aberration of
the three solenoid designs (single slot, double slot and full open slot)
on the aperture to length aspect ratio R=L of the solenoid by varying
R from 1.1 cm to 100.75 cm for L¼ 10 cm and then normalizing all to
a scaled aperture R¼ 3.75 cm. R=L values from 0 cm to 1.2 cm are
shown in Fig. 5(a). From Fig. 5(a), for thin solenoids with R=L 4 0:46
the double slot design has minimum spherical aberration. We also
find that the full open slot design has lowest aberration for long
solenoids with R=L o 0:46. It was mentioned above that the tapered
slot design has higher spherical aberration than the full open air slot
design [7]. Similarly the spherical aberration in Ref. [6] solenoid
reduces as 0.042/0.033/0.002/0.0083 cm  2 for single-slot/tapered-
slot/two-slot/full-open-air-slot respectively. This agrees with the
trend shown in Fig. 5(a) for long solenoids. For unpractical, very
thin, large aperture shielded solenoids with R=L⪢1 the three models
tend to converge as the slot(s) would be far off from the axis and
behave like a single point source of field to an on-axis point (the
maximum x-axis data in Fig. 5(b)).
We find that for still longer solenoids (R=L o 0:15) with one or
two slots, the axial field gets narrowed down to a region just
around the slot(s). The optimum separation between the slots also
shrinks with no further reduction in spherical aberration. This
occurs because the long iron pipe (at aperture) before and after the
slot(s) acts like a zero gauss chamber (shield). We verified this for
the long solenoid of R/L¼ 0.11, L/R¼ 9.1 (L ¼256 mm, R ¼28 mm)
from Ref. [7] mentioned above. Hence for very long solenoids, the
two slot design is unpractical, though it is better than a single slot
125
Fig. 8. Cross sectional view of photo cathode gun solenoid with and without flux
shunt washers.
design. A large air slot or full open air slot design is best for long
solenoids, as are the photo cathode gun solenoids [9,10].
5. Measurements on single slot and double slot solenoid
prototypes
We have tried to experimentally compare the spherical aberra-
tion of single versus double air slot solenoids. We had a prototype
single air slot solenoid with an aperture radius R¼4.75 cm, axial
length L ¼5.1 cm mentioned as SOL1 in Ref. [5]. We made another
identical solenoid with an aperture radius of 4.75 cm, axial length
5.1 cm and having two air-slots or pole gaps as shown in Fig. 6(a).
The double air slot prototype has maximum slot separation
possible in length 5.1 cm. In Fig. 6(b) we show the mapped on-
axis magnetic field and the computed on-axis field gradient of the
two solenoids. The field was mapped using a Group-3 Hall probe
LPT-141 with DTM-151 teslameter [17]. The two slot solenoid has
lower field gradient and flatter field than the single slot solenoid.
The measured spherical aberration of the single and double slot
prototype is shown by hollow and filled triangles respectively in
Fig. 4(a) close to the R¼ 4.75 cm, L ¼10 cm curve.
Fig. 7(a) and (b) shows the magnetic flux using the POISSON
code for the single slot solenoid and double slot solenoid respec-
tively. Both designs have the same focal length. It is clearly seen
that the flux lines are more uniform near the axis in the case of
double slot design compared to single slot. This reduces the on-
axis field gradient and makes the field flatter. We compare the
magnetic field in the iron cores of the two models in Fig. 7(c) and
(d) using ANSYS/EMAG [18]. The iron near the slot has less peak
magnetic field in the double slot design.
As shown in Table 1, the spherical aberration from magnetic
field using POISSON is in good agreement with that calculated
from the mapped field (Fig. 6(b)) for the double and single slot
solenoid prototypes respectively. The spherical aberration given by
the model in Ref. [5] using hard edge order n and axial field half
width a is also in good agreement. We conclude that at same
apertures, the double air slot shielded solenoid design presented
in this work reduces the spherical aberration by about 40% of that
in the conventional single air slot shielded solenoid design, in the
compact solenoid length
5 cm of our interest for the 90 keV
electron injector beam line.
6. Role of flux shunts proposed by Halbach
We show in Fig. 8 the arrangement of iron washers called flux
shunts as proposed by Halbach in Ref. [9], in the bore of the
photocathode gun solenoid made by our laboratory. The photo
126 S. Chandran, B. Biswas / Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 798 (2015) 121–126
cathode gun solenoids are typically long solenoids (typically n¼5,
R
3:51 cm and L
23 cm). This photo cathode gun solenoid has
spherical aberration Cs ¼ 0.0070 cm  2 without, and Cs ¼0.0069 cm  2
with the flux shunts [5]. In this solenoid, the role of flux shunts is to
control the linearity of the magnetic axis by offsetting the errors in
pancake positioning and winding. In long solenoids, flux shunts
outside bore of magnet have little effect on spherical aberration.
7. Conclusions
We have presented a new thin shielded solenoid design with
two pole gaps or air-slots with significantly lower spherical
aberration than conventional single air slot designs. The principle
is shown by two in-air identical, coaxial current loops. In thin, two
slot shielded solenoids, the optimum axial separation between the
slots can be between 1 and 1.25 times the aperture radius to get
minimum spherical aberration. However the double slot design
always helps to reduce the spherical aberration, even in non-
optimal slot to slot separation. In the prototype solenoids we
tested, the double slot design had decreased the spherical aberra-
tion by about 40% than in the conventional single air slot design.
The double air slot design has less peak field inside the iron (near
air slots). We are ready to replace the third solenoid before linac in
CUTE FEL. We may also use such designs in the upcoming infra red
FEL at RRCAT.
Acknowledgments
We are greatly thankful to K. K. Pant and S. B. Roy for their
constant encouragement and support.
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