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Magnetic potential
Hf - Vr 1/J dv= ff
R,
2
a
(I/J~ ! -! al/J) da
an r r an
Since the direction of n is opposite to the radius vector £ from Q
to da, a/an = -alae. Furthennore r = £ on a, so that
cp = _ - I [ I- M dv + I -
div- M dv + f -
div- div-
M d V]
41T R, r I1T r R. r
J ~Mx ~
R,
(.!.) dv - f
ax r I1T
~Mx ~
ax
(.!.)r dv
f
R.
~Mx ~
ax
(.!.)r dV] (A 1.4)
fv dlV. (M)
-
r
dv = JIMx + mMy + nMz dS
s r
(A 1.5)
Fig. 99.
<P=~JJf[Mx
41T R
~
ax
(!)r +M Y
~
ay
(!)r +M Z
-aza
(A 1.6)
It should be noted that the integral is to be taken over all space
and not merely throughout the bounded volume R 1. Only if the
subspace outside R 1 is non-magnetic (M = 0 outside R 1 ) does the
integral reduce to one over R 1 alone.
APPENDIX 2
where m is half-integral.
Also, in the presence of a weak magnetic field the effective
atomic magnetic moment ma is in the direction of Ja .
The energy of a magnetic dipole that makes an angle () with a
magnetic field B is maB cos () or, for the alkali atom, maB(mh/
2rrJa ). If a transition takes place from a state with m = Y2 to one
with m = - V2 the energy change involved is
ma Bh
2rrJa
v= maB
2rrJa
But from the theory of the gyroscope this is also the frequency of
precession of the atomic spin Ja around B. (It must be remarked
that the above demonstration is incomplete for a variety of
reasons, chiefly because it does not take account of the so-called
Lande factor.)
247
APPENDIX 3
(A 3.1)
IIf
sphere
~
aX
(.!.)r du, IfI ~ (.!.) du, IfI aZ~ (.!.)r du
ay r sphere sphere
248
Appendix 3 / 249
or
H· = - -Hox
'=--
IX I + K/3
By symmetry
Hoy Hoz
H --- H· = - -
iy - 1 + K/3' IZ 1 + K/3
It will be obvious on a moment's reflection that if these values of
Hix , Hiy , Hiz are used as the next guess in Equation (A 3.2) the
new values will again be the same. Hence it follows that the
internal field in the sphere is uniform, as also is its magnetization
intensity
KHO
M =---=-- (A 3.3)
1 + K/3
1> = -
47T
M
Jff -axa (-·1) dv
r
250 / Principles of Applied Geophysics
act> m 2
- - : : : - - cos()
a, 41T,3
and
I act> m i .
---=--sm()
, ae 41T,3
for the magnetizing forces in the direction of and perpendicular to
the radius vector, from the dipole. Each of these can be resolved
in the direction parallel and perpendicular to the dipole and it is
quite easily shown that the magnetizing forces parallel and
perpendicular to the dipole are
m 1
Ho =--(3 cos 2 () - 1) (A 3.4a)
41T ,3
m 3 sin () cos ()
H1 :::----- (A 3.4b)
41T ,3
APPENDIX 4
I
rjJ=-M ua - f y 2 dy I
+-M u y f a(I)
2
-
41f x ax y, (x 2 + y2 + Z2 )1/2 41f Y y, r
I
+-M u -
a f y. dy
41f z az y, (x2 + y2 + Z2 )1/2
(A 4.1)
(A 6.1)
(A 6.3a)
(A 6.3b)
I hn- 1
-----"'-----+------ z =d n- 1
9n (sub-stratum)
Fig. 101. Point electrode on a stratified earth and the cylindrical coordinate
system.
Vd = r
o
A I (A)(e -AZ + e AZ )Jo (AR)dA
I - kn _ 1 Un - 1
Tn - 1 (X) = Pn - 1 -------'''--''-----
+
I k n _ 1 Un - 1
where
Un - l =exp(-2h n _ l X)
kn - 1 = (Pn - 1 - Pn )/(Pn - 1 + Pn)
For the transform Tj for a layer (p;, dj ) on top of the sequence
(Pj+ l, . . . Pn ; hj + 1 •.• h n ) with the transform T;+ 1 , we have
_ Wj(X) + Tj + 1 (X) .. _
Tj(X) - / 2 ,J - n - 2, n - 3, ... 2, I
1+ W/X)Tj +1 (X) Pj
where
I - u·
W.(X)=p·~
I I 1+ u.
I
f(t) = i
m=O
{am ei (21rm/T)t + b m e- i (21rm/T)t}
am = (lID f TI2 ,
f(t') e- i(21rmJT)t dt'
- TI2
bm = (lID f TI2
-T12
,
f(t') e i(2rrmJT)t dt'
Hence
f(t) = (liD ~
00
J"T12 fCt') { i 2rrm
e ( lT)(t - t') + e- i(21rm lT)(t - t')
}
dt'
m=O -T12
257
258 / Principles of Applied Geophysics
oo
fTI2 {
-T12 f(t') e i(21rm/T)(t- t') +
J:
Hence
f(t) = oo
dv [ ei21rvt {f:oo f(t')e-i21rvt' dt' } ]
Let
(A 7.1)
F(v) = T sin(1rvT)
(1rVT)
A7.2 Convolution
Let f(t) represent the response of a linear system to a unit impulse,
t seconds after the impulse has been applied. A continuous signal,
whose strength at a time "A is g("A), may be considered to consist of
an infinite number of successive very closely spaced impulses, each
of strength g("A)d"A. At a time t, the system's response to the
impulse g("A)d"A is evidently g("A)f(t - "A)d"A since t - "A is the time
elapsed after the impulse g("A)d"A. The total response of the system
at time t is then
= Coo [G(v)lf(A)e-i21TVA dA
=G(v)F(v) (A 7.5)
(A 7.6)
Now, g(x, y, 0) being the given function, G(v, p.) can be obtained
by the numerical evaluation of two double integrals, namely,
f ~
-0<>
f~
-00
os
g(x,y, 0) c.
SIn
(vx + I-lY)dx dy
for various values of v and p.. Then g(xo, Yo, z) is obtained as the
inverse Fourier transform of Go (v, I-l). Towards this end we must
numerically evaluate the two double integrals