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Rizal and the La Liga Filipina

Almost simultaneously with the introduction of Masonry in the Philippines, a civic


society called La Propaganda was established. It's members, composed mostly,
if not exclusively, of the middle class, contributed money to defray the expenses
of the Filipino reformers in Spain who were waging a campaign to obtain political
concessions from the Mother Country. The funds collected were forwarded to the
Hispano-Filipino Association. In time, however, the funds of the organization
were malversed, and the society passed out of existence.

At this juncture, Rizal stepped into the picture and proposed the founding of
another civic society. He had prepared a constitution for this society while in
Hong Kong and now he thought that the time had come for concrete action.
The meeting in the house of Doroteo Ongjunco was attended by at least 20
Filipinos, including Andres Bonifacio and Apolinario Mabini. Rizal explained the
aims of the ‘La Liga Filipina’ and officers were afterward elected. Elected were
Ambrosio Salvador, President; Augustine de ka Rosa, Fiscal; Bonifacio Arevalo,
Treasurer; and Deodato Arellano, Secretary.
- The attendees were:
o Pedro Serrano Laktaw (Panday Pira), a Mason and a school teacher
o Domingo Franco (Felipe Leal), Mason and tobacco shopkeeper
o Jose A. Ramos (Socorro), engraver, printer, owner of Bazar Gran Bretaña
and first Worshipful Masterv of Nilad, first Filipino masonic lodge
o Bonifacio Arevalo (Haarem), dentist and Mason
o Deodato Arellano, brother-in-law of M.H. del Pilar and civilian employee in
the army
o Ambrosio Flores (Musa), retired lieutenant of infantry
o Augustine de la Rosa, bookkeeper and Mason
o Moises Salvador (Araw), contaractor and Mason
o Luis Villareal, tailor and Mason
o Faustino Villaruel (Ilaw), pharmacist and Mason
o Mariano Crisostomo, landlord
o Numeriano Adriano (Ipil), notary public and Mason
o Estanislao Legaspi, artisan and Mason
o Teodoro Plata, court clerk and Mason
o Andres Bonifacio, warehouse employee
o Apolinario Mabini (Katabay), lawyer and Mason
o Juan Zulueta, playwright, poet and government employee
The aims of the Liga, as expressed in its constitution, were:

1. To unite the whole archipelago into one compact, vigorous, and homogenous
body;
2. Mutual protection in every want and necessity
3. Defense against all violence and injustice
4. Encouragement of instruction, agriculture, and commerce; and
5. Study and application of reforms.

The aims of the Liga were to be carried out through the creation of the governing
body composed of the Supreme Council, the Provincial Council, and the Popular
Council. The members were each to pay ten centavos as monthly dues. Each of
the members was free to choose a symbolic name for himself. The funds of the
Society were to be used in the following manner:
1. The member or his son who, while not having means shall show application
and great capacity, shall be sustained:
2. The poor shall be supported in his right against any powerful person;
3. The member who shall have suffered any lose shall be aided;
4. Capital shall be loaned to the member who shall need it for an industry or
agriculture.
5. The introduction of machines and industries, new or necessary in the country,
shall be flavored and
6. Shops, stores and establishments shall be opened, where the members may
be accommodated more economically than elsewhere.

Innocent as the society was, the Spanish authorities considered it dangerous and
on the night of July 6, 1892, Rizal was secretly arrested. The following day,
Governor General Eulogio Despujol oredered Rizal's deportation to Dapitan.

Relationships
Emilio Aguinaldo
- Jose Rizal was the founder of La Liga Filipina, the organization that gave
birth to Bonifacio’s Katipunan, the society which launched the Philippine
Revolution against Spain that eventually laid the foundation of Emilio
Aguinaldo’s First Philippine Republic. This historical statement shows the
indirect but significant connection between the national hero and ‘El
Presidente’.
- On May 3, 1896, when Bonifacio convened a council meeting of
Katipunan leaders in Pasig, he (Bonifacio) wanted to launch the uprising
as soon as possible. But it was Emilio Aguinaldo who
categorically expressed reservations because of lack of firearms. It was
thus due to Aguinaldo’s reluctance that the consensus was made to
consult first Jose Rizal in Dapitan. It eventually turned out that Rizal shared
Aguinaldo’s stand, being against a premature revolution and suggesting
more prior preparation. (In fact, Aguinaldo’s group did not join Bonifacio’s
troops in the August 29 and 30, 1896 initial attack in Manila—a battle
which could have won by the Filipinos had Aguinaldo’s Cavite group
cooperated.)

Andre Bonifacio
- Bonifacio had read Jose Rizal’s Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo. On
July 3, 1892, he joined Rizal’s La Liga Filipina, being one of the 20
attendees in the meeting administered by Rizal at the house of Doroteo
Ongjunco at Ilaya Street, Tondo, Manila.When Rizal was exiled to
Mindanao, Bonifacio and others revived La Liga in Rizal’s absence,
recruiting members for it.
- Disagreements on how reform must be attained soon emerged however as
some members wanted armed revolution whereas others liked a peaceful
reform. The La Liga was thus dissolved before long and its membership
split into two groups: the ‘Cuerpo de Compromisarios’ which comprised
those who preferred peaceful reform, and the ‘Katipunan’ which consisted
of the radicals led by Bonifacio. The ‘Cuerpo’ ultimately died out while the
Katipunan attracted many Filipinos.
- Bonifacio and his compatriots officially founded the Katipunan on July 7,
1892 when Rizal was to be deported to Dapitan. Considerably inspired by
Jose Rizal, they elected him (Rizal) honorary president (without his
knowledge) and the Katipuneros used his name as one of their passwords.
Moreover, instead of using the old Spanish spelling of letter “c” for the
name of the society, Bonifacio preferred the Tagalog spelling of “k”, as
suggested by Rizal on his earlier La Solidaridad article as a way of
promoting nationalism.

Emilio Jacinto
- Jacinto was just 19 years old when news arrived that the Spanish had
arrested his hero, Jose Rizal. Galvanized, the young man left school and
joined with Andres Bonifacio and others to form the Katipunan, or "Highest
and Most Respected Society of the Children of the Country." When the
Spanish executed Rizal on trumped-up charges in December of 1896, the
Katipunan rallied its followers to war.
Revolution
Emilio Jacinto served as the spokesperson for the Katipunan, as well as handling
its finances. Andres Bonifacio was not well-educated, so he deferred to his
younger comrade on such matters. Jacinto wrote for the official Katipunan
newspaper, the Kalayaan. He also penned the official handbook of the
movement, called the Kartilya ng Katipunan. Despite his young age of just 21,
Jacinto became a general in the group's guerrilla army, taking an active role in
the fight against the Spanish near Manila.

Unfortunately, Jacinto's friend and sponsor, Andres Bonifacio, had gotten into a
heated rivalry with a Katipunan leader from a wealthy family called Emilio
Aguinaldo. Aguinaldo, who led the Magdalo faction of Katipunan, rigged an
election to have himself named president of the revolutionary government. He
then had Bonifacio arrested for treason. Aguinaldo ordered the May 10, 1897
execution of Bonifacio and his brother. The self-proclaimed president then
approached Emilio Jacinto, trying to recruit him to his branch of the organization,
but Jacinto refused.

Apolinario Mabini
- While at school, Mabini supported the Reform Movement. This
conservative group was mainly made up of middle- and upper-class
Filipinos calling for changes to Spanish colonial rule, rather than outright
Philippine independence. Intellectual, author, and physician José Rizal
was also active in this movement.

- In September 1894, Mabini helped establish the reformist Cuerpo de


Comprimisarios—the "Body of Compromisers"—which sought to negotiate
better treatment from Spanish officials. Pro-independence activists, mostly
from the lower classes, joined the more radical Katipunan Movement
instead. Established by Andrés Bonifacio, the Katipunan movement
advocated armed revolution against Spain.
THE EFFECTS OF THE PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT
- Peaceful crusade or campaign for reforms.
- It was organized and participated by the illustrados.
- Dr. Jose Rizal, Marcelo H. del Pilar and Graciano Lopez Jaena are the
leaders of the said movement.

Rise of the Propaganda Movement


- It began in 1872, when Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos and Jacinto
Zamora were executed at the Luneta.
- The Filipino exiles of 1872 and many patriotic students abroad met in Hong
Kong, Singapore, Barcrlona, Madrid, Paris, London and other foreign
cities.
- Work of promoting the welfare and happiness of the fatherland.
- Aggressively but peacefully, by means of writing and speeches, they
crusaded for reforms to rectify the evils of the Spanish colonial system.

Reforms Desired by the Propaganda Movement


1. Equality of the Filipinos and Spaniards before the laws.as a regular
province of Spain
2. Assimilation of the Philippines as a regular province of Spain.
3. Restoration of the Philippine representation in the Spanish Cortes.
4. Filipinization of the Philippine parishes and expulsion of the friars.
5. Human rights for Filipinos, such as freedom of speech, freedom of the
press, and freedom to meet and petition for redress of grievances.

The Propagandists
- Were patriots who waged their movement by means of pen and tongue to
expose the defects of Spanish rule in the Philippine and the urgency of
reforms to remedy them.
- Were scions of good families, highly intelligent, educated, patriotic and
courageous, who symbolized the flower of Filipino manhood.

Marcelo H. Del Pilar


- Lawyer and journalist
- Beloved by masses for his eloquent Tagalog and fearless defense of the
poor against friar abuses.
Jose Rizal
- Physician-novelist and a many splendored genius
Lopez Jaena
- The greatest orator of the Propaganda Movement
Mariano Ponce
- Medical student and a biographical writer.
Foreign Friends of the Propaganda Movement
- Foreigners who were lovers of freedom and justice supported the Filipinos’
campaign for reforms.

The Anti- Friar Manifesto of 1888


- Happened March 1, 188i
- Anti+friar demonstration of hundred Filipinos
- Led by: Doroteo Cortes, assisted by M.H. Del Pilar and Jose Ramos
- Requested expulsion of the friars from the Philippines,
- It denounce the anti-Filipino Archibishop Pedro Payo, and the bad friars
for:
o Meddling in the movement
o Enriching themselves contrary to their masonic vow of poverty
o Opposing the teaching of the Spanish language to the Filipinos
o Keeping the Philippines obscuranism
Result
- The powerful friars avenged themselves by persecuting the leaders and
signers for the manifesto, having them arrested and thrown into prison.
- But the patriotic demonstrators were pardoned in 1889 as an amnesty was
issued by the Spanish Queen Regent.

La Solidaridad, Organ of the Propaganda Movement


- A newspaper founded by Graciano Lopez-Jaena in Barcelona on February
15, 1889.
- It was created due to the reality that mass media is important in
propagating the Propaganda objectives.
Aims of La Solidaridad
1. To portray vividly and deplorable condition of the Philippines
2. To work peacefully for the political and social reforms
3. To combat the evil forces of medievalism and reaction
4. To advocate liberal ideas and progress
5. To champion the legitimate aspirations of the Filipino people for
democracy and happiness.

Effects: The propagandists themselves were considered to be rebels at home in


the Philippines, and many were exiled. Despite its overall failure, the movement
generated a political consciousness that fed into the nationalist revolution of 1896
and the struggle for independence that followed.
The propaganda movement failed, but the ideal of freedom and justice which it
sowed paved the ground for the Philippines revolution that the katipunan and
Andres Bonifacio began in the hills of balintawak in August 1896.
Why did the propaganda fail?
1. The spanish government did not agree to any of its demands.
2. The Friars were busy collecting money and making themselves rich.
3. Many of the members wanted true change but were cautions of their wealth.
4. There was a quarrel between Rizal and Del Pilar.
5. No strong leader aside from Rizal.

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