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❖ Rituals and ceremonies: Series of actions and beliefs that took place
➢ Understanding/link to the supernatural
❖ Sacred sites
➢ Natural land formations where Ancestral Beings rested after
interactions with creation
■ Reminders of associations with the land
■ Beings are still present in the forms they changed into at
the end of the dreaming
➢ Belief that the past is alive
➢ Responsibilities were linked to the land
■ Totemic relationships
■ Custodial maintenance of sacred sites
■ Rituals and ceremonies held at certain times each year
➢ Custodians/Elders were responsible for sacred sites and objects
■ Encouraged Spirits to continue living there
■ Passed on history and cultural details
Origins
Conservative
❖ More traditional than progressive
❖ Prayers in English, while rest of the service is in Hebrew
❖ Believe the Torah and Talmud are of divine origin
❖ Believe the laws are constantly evolving and can be changed to suit
today’s needs
❖ Allows men + women to worship together
❖ Belief in zionism
➢ A movement towards to development and protection of a Jewish
state in Palestine
■ State of Israel - resulted in conflict between Israel and
Palestine.
Orthodox
❖ Believe the mitzvot are the will of God
❖ Worship in Hebrew
❖ Men and women separated during worship
❖ Strict dietary rules
❖ Strictly observe Sabbath
❖ Two groups:
➢ Ultra-Orthodox
■ Hasidic
■ Distinguishable dress - ghetto clothing
● long black coats, black hats and beards
■ Rejects modern world
● Maintain traditional beliefs
➢ Modern Orthodox
■ Immersed in today’s culture
■ Maintain observations of the Torah
Principal beliefs
The idea of the ❖ Covenant: agreements between God and the Israelites
Covenant ➢ Cornerstone of Judaism
➢ Signifies relationship between God and his people
■ Proves God’s love for the chosen people
■ Proves his intervention in human history
❖ An obligation:
➢ Social responsibility - light to the rest of the world and Jews
➢ To show devotion and obedience to God
➢ To keep the Torah - fulfills requirements of the Covenant
➢ To act in God’s image
❖ Allows Jews the freedom to choose their destiny under the law, in
exchange for their obedience
❖ Unites the Jewish population and provides sense of identity
❖ Circumcision - sign of the covenant
➢ Nevi’im
■ The prophets
■ 8 books
■ Instructions regarding conduct and goals
■ Reminder of duties under the Covenant
➢ Ketuvim
■ Book of proverbs and other writings
■ 11 books
■ Moral and philosophical sayings
● Covers various subjects
■ Teaches and provokes thought
■ Used for festive or commemorative days
The Talmud
❖ Source of law and lore
❖ Includes stories, traditions, customs and laws that interpret the Torah
❖ 2 sections:
➢ Mishnah (repetition)
■ Opinions of the Tannaim (rabbis of 2nd C)
● Interpreted the Torah
■ 6 sections:
● Prayers and agriculture
● Shabbat and festivals
● Marriage + divorce
● Civil + criminal
● Temple
● Ritual cleanliness
➢ Gemara
■ Discussed by Amoraim rabbis
■ Questions and applications to contemporary situations
■ Appears same page as Mishnah
Extracts demonstrating the principal beliefs
❖ One God
➢ Deuteronomy 6:4
■ “Hear O Israel: The Lord is our God, the Lord alone”
➢ Isaiah 45: 6
■ “There is no one else”
❖ Ethical monotheism
➢ Psalm 83:18
■ “You alone are the Lord, the most high over all the earth”
➢ Deuteronomy 5:11
■ “You shall not make wrongful use of the name of the Lord
your God...”
❖ Covenant
➢ Genesis 17:4
■ “The father of a host of nations”
➢ 613 mitzvot
■ Requirements of keeping the covenant
The Prophetic Social justice and Tikkun Olam - repair of the world
vision ❖ Jewish commitment to social justice and order
❖ Partnership with God
➢ Established when he gave Moses the commandments
➢ When the process of repairing the world began
❖ Today, takes the form of:
➢ Volunteering time for the community
➢ Tzedakah
■ The giving away of material possession
● E.g. a coin
➢ Gemilut Chasidim
■ Deeds of loving kindness
■ The investment of one’s time and energy
The book of the ❖ Advice on how to live
Proverbs - wisdom, ❖ States that wisdom is needed for a virtuous life
righteousness, ➢ Wisdom comes from knowledge
purity and ❖ Wisdom of Proverbs connects with Torah
generosity of spirit ❖ Theme is universal: The wise shall be rewarded with happiness and the
foolish will reap the rewards of their short-sightedness
Observance
Origins
Public ministry
❖ Ministry began in Galilee
❖ Taught Beatitudes and commandment of love
❖ Performed miracles
➢ Healed, blessed and forgave
❖ Parables
❖ Prophesied himself as the messiah
Journey to death
❖ Fulfilled the scriptures
❖ Palm Sunday - journey to Jerusalem
❖ Last supper - passover with the disciples
❖ Betrayed by Judas and denied by Peter
❖ Crucified - 12 stations of the cross
➢ Dies due to his commitment to bless all people
❖ Was raised on the third day
Model for Christian life
❖ His life demonstrates the way to live for God and others
❖ Life demonstrates way to eternal life through faithfulness
❖ Gives hope in forgiveness and an afterlife
❖ Was baptised
❖ Followed the scriptures
❖ Social prophet:
➢ Healed by touching those who were seen as unclean
➢ Spoke to women, affirmed Mary’s position as a disciple -
challenged taboos of his time
➢ Challenged the purity society - ate with tax collectors and “rejects”
of society
❖ Deep faith in the divine
Christianity
❖ Anglicanism - Church of England
➢ Separation based on desires for divorce
➢ Progressive
➢ Female bishops
➢ Centrality of bible
➢ 2 sacraments - Baptism + holy communion
➢ 4 services - confirmation, marriage, ordination, funerals
❖ Catholicism
➢ Existed from time of Jesus
➢ Traditional
➢ Guidance of holy spirit
❖ Orthodoxy
➢ Immersion baptism
➢ Use of incense
❖ Pentecostalism
➢ Emphasis Holy Spirit’s gifts - Pentecost + Holy Spirit
➢ Sermons + Scripture
➢ Contemporary
❖ Protestantism
➢ Acknowledge baptism and eucharist as sacraments
➢ Clergy can marry
Principal beliefs
The divinity and ❖ Belief in the divinity and humanity of Jesus Christ
humanity of Jesus ❖ Completely human
Christ ❖ Fully divine
❖ Human person of Christ - through death and resurrection - reveals divine
person of God
❖ Equally both at the same time
❖ Values:
➢ Reverence for human life
➢ Belief in God
➢ Loyalty
➢ Obedience
➢ Respect
❖ Values:
➢ Patience
➢ Peace
➢ Justice
➢ Acceptance
❖ Values:
➢ Love
➢ Selflessness
➢ compassion
Origins
Mahayana Buddhism
❖ Asia
➢ Beliefs:
■ Buddha is transcendent - godlike figure
■ Mahayana - possible pathway to enlightenment
■ Bodhisattva - one who seeks to become a Buddha
■ Enlightenment can be attained in one lifetime
■ Texts: Tipitaka, Tibetan book of the Dead
Vajrayana Buddhism
❖ Asia
➢ Beliefs:
■ Built on teachings of emptiness + ideologies of Buddhahood
■ Third turning of the wheel
■ Enlightenment can be attained by seeing Buddha as a
teacher
■ Enlightened knowledge comes from images of those
already enlightened
■ Texts: Tantras
Principal Beliefs
Nirvana
❖ Highest achievable state
❖ When found, puts an end to cycle of rebirth + karma
❖ Enlightenment
❖ Sections:
➢ The first Bardo - afterlife realm
■ First moments of death
■ Individual must embrace the experience with love and
compassion for all beings
■ State of liberation - must act in order to remain in the state
● If attained, will remain in the clear light forever
● Often weighed down by karma - not reached
◆ Sends them to second stage
Puja Puja
❖ Practices of worship or devotion
❖ Ritual honouring the Buddha
❖ Can be performed privately or publicly at a Buddhist Dharma centre
❖ Purpose:
➢ Show honour, respect + devotion to Buddha
■ Also shown to Guru (teacher) or Bodhisattva
➢ Directs attention away from concerns
■ Focus on Buddha
■ Contemplation of his noble qualities
➢ Reinforces faith and devotion
■ Motivate + enhance individual’s practice of the Dharma
❖ Occurs daily
❖ Involved elements:
➢ Offerings (flowers, candles, incense)
➢ Bowing
➢ Lights
➢ Chanting
➢ Meditation
➢ Relationship
■ Sense of communion with all present
❖ Home puja:
➢ Involves placement of flowers, lights + incense in front of statue or
image of the Buddha
❖ Puja celebrations
➢ Visakha Puja Day
■ Celebrates:
● Birth of Buddha
● Attainment of enlightenment
● Death
■ Public sermon during the day
● Candle lit procession at night
Supernatural ❖ Polytheistic
powers and deities ➢ Worshipped various gods + goddesses
➢ Ruled components of life
➢ Violent in nature
➢ Major Gods:
■ Odin - The allfather
● God of wisdom
■ Thor - god of thunder
● Protects mankind
■ Freya - Odin’s wife
● goddess of love and fertility
■ Hel
● Controls Hel
● Loki’s daughter
● Half skeleton
Rituals
❖ Chieftains made themselves priests
❖ Revolved around pleasing the Gods
❖ Blot - sacrifice to the gods
➢ Ensured fertility and growth
■ Took place during crises or transitions (e.g. birth, burials)
➢ Communal feasting on the sacrificed animal’s meat
➢ Human sacrifice
■ A life for a life
■ Usually criminals
➢ Sacrificial meat
■ Boiled in large cooking pits
■ Blood was seen to contain special powers
● Was sprinkled on the statues of gods, walls, and on
themselves
❖ Burials / death
➢ Buried with items needed in the afterlife
■ Women were buried with home items and jewelry
■ Warriors were sometimes buried with their sacrificed dog or
horse
➢ Wealthiest were buried in ships - carried to the next world
➢ Wooden chambers - less wealthy - buried with necessities
➢
Judaism
❖ 8 Jewish convicts arrived with the first fleet
❖ 1860 - first free settler
❖ Worship began in Sydney approx. 1820
➢ Private homes
❖ First synagogue - 1844
❖ 1817 - Chevra Kadisha
➢ Jewish burial society
➢ Land was allocated for the cemetery in 1820
❖ First Jewish wedding - 1832
Islam
❖ Visits from Makassan fishermen pre settlement
❖ 1860s - cameleers
❖ First Islamic Mosque - 1882
❖ Examples
➢ 1901 Federation - meant to show unity of Australia
■ Catholic Cardinal and Presbyterian Churches didn’t follow
the Church of England Archbishop and leaders
➢ Conscription debate
■ Labor Party - against conscription
● Largely supported by Catholics
■ Liberal parties - for conscription
● Largely supported by Protestants
❖ After WWI
➢ Catholics formed their own social organisations - to attract
Catholics away from other groups
■ E.g. Knights of the Southern Cross
➢ Catholics couldn’t apply for some jobs
❖ Sectarianism ended in 1960s