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TRANSFORMERS
1. BASIC PRINCIPLES
660MVA
Generator 23kV
780MVA
transformer
Transmission
330kV ± 10%
lines
Transmission
transformer 400MVA
132kV
Distribution
132kV
60MVA
33kV 66kV
10MVA 20MVA
11kV 11kV
STEEL - constructional
- core lamination
- flux shields
COPPER - windings
- electrostatic shield (high resistivity alloy)
ALUMINIUM - constructional
- windings
CELLULOSIC MATERIALS - paper
- pressboard
- wood
- combination as laminates
OIL - natural
- synthetic
PORCELAIN
SYNTHETIC RESIN-BASED INSULATION - laminates
- conductor insulation
- interwinding (dry type)
AMORPHOUS METAL COMPOUND (or ribbon)
- new development for small cores
Fig.6: Materials utilized in transformers.
TANK
CORE - materials
- construction (bolted, taped, joints, 3 and 5 limbs)
- losses
% reactance =
kVA/leg × ∑ ( Da ) (ii)
He × ( V T )
2
Figure 16:
Breakdown strength of oil ducts between
insulated conductors – 1.2/50μs impulse voltage.
Figure 17
Insulation for instrument transformers.
Fig22(b)
Figure 24
General on load tapchanger tapping details, construction and tap
change operation method using diverter resistors
Leads and their supports and even clamping studs at the ends
of windings can produce problems on test and in service if
not correctly dimensioned and assembled.
Routine Tests:
a) Measurement of winding resistance.
b) Measurement of voltage ratio (and vector relationship)
c) Measurement of impedance voltage, short circuit
impedance and load loss.
d) Measurement of no-load loss and current
e) Dielectric tests (overvoltage, induced voltage, impulse
tests, DDF and partial discharge tests)
f) Tests on OLTC
g) Tests on insulating liquid after filling
h) Insulation resistance (AS2374 Part3)
Type Tests:
a) Temperature-rise test (AS60076, Part.2)
b) Dielectric tests (AS60076. Part3)
Special Tests:
a) Dielectric tests (AS60076. Part 3)
b) Measurement of zero-sequence impedance on three-
phase transformers
c) Short-circuit test (AS60076. Part5)
Z1
Z2
C1 R2
R1
V
δ
Z3
C Rx } Cx
Test object
H.V. Z4
Figure 28X
Schering Bridge circuit for DDF measurement and example of DDF tip-up
on aged cable compared to new cable
P mc
where: θo = and τ =
Ah Ah
Thus the ratio of power input (P) to total dissipation rate (Ah)
determines the ultimate temperature rise, while the time
constant is the ratio of thermal capacity (mc) to dissipation
rate (Ah). In order to determine the ratings of a transformer, it
is necessary to know these thermal characteristics.
These are used for both energy metering and power system
protection purposes. Current transformers are arguably the
most important and the more difficult to design, the reason
being that they have to maintain accuracy over quite large
ranges of current magnitude, particularly for protection CTs.
They also have to be able to withstand very large
electrodynamic forces.
Ip /
N1:N2 Rs Xs Is
KN Is
Io +
+ +
Ic Im Z B = R + jX Vs
Ep Es
Rc Xm = Z B ∠γ
_ _ _
φ
where: Ep = primary voltage
Es = secondary voltage
N1 = primary turns
N2 = secondary turns
Io = exciting current
Im = magnetizing current
Ic = core loss current
KN = turns ratio (= N2/ N1)
/
KN Is = (reversed) secondary current, referred to
primary
ZB = load burden
= R + jX = Z B ∠γ
Zs = winding impedance
= Rs + jX s = Z s ∠δ
ELEC9712: Transformers p. 72/79
The CT phasor diagram during operation is shown below
/ Io
KN Is
−Ep β
Ip
γ Io
Ic
Im
φ
Is α
θs = γ + δ Vs δ
Z s Is Es
From the phasor diagram, the errors that occur in the CT are:
=
KN − I p Is( /
) ×100% =
K N − KC
× 100%
(I p Is
/
) KC
where:
θs Io
φ
Is θs α
∠a = 90 − (θ s + α )
∴ ∠b = θ s + α
Es
I p = OC ≈ OB = OA+AB
= K N I s + I o sin ( b )
/
Hence:
− I o sin (θ s + α )
% ratio error = × 100%
K N I s + I o sin (θ s + α )
/
K N I s + I o sin (θ s + α )
/
Ip
or: KC = /
= /
Is Is
BC
β sin β = ⎡⎣ BC = I o cos ( b ) ⎤⎦
OC
I o cos (θ s + α )
= radians
K N I s + I o sin (θ s + α )
/
Vp I pZ p
/
KN Is Zs
Ep / Io
Is KN
/
KNV s Ip
β Io
Ic
Im
φ
Is α
Vs
Z s Is Es
% error = × 100
Vp
Phase error = β