PEERS INFLUENCE ON DESIRE TO SMOKE OF ELEMENTARY

SCHOOL STUDENTS IN BANDAR LAMPUNG CITY IN 2019

Retno Ariza S Soemarwoto1, Hetti Rusmini2, Vira Sandayanti3, Devinta Naura2

1
Departement of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine,
University of Lampung
2
Medicine Study Programme, Faculty of Medicine, Malahayati University
3
Psychology Study Programme, Faculty of Medicine, Malahayati University
Email : nauradevinta@yahoo.co.id

Abstract

Background : Smoking is one of the biggest concerns facing the world's health
because it causes almost 6 million people die within a year. Peers raises a very
supportive role in shaping children's smoking behavior. Purpose : The purpose of this
study was to determine the influence of peers on the desire to smoke of elementary
school students in Bandar Lampung city in 2019. Method : This study was an
observational analytic study with a cross sectional approach. The sample of this study
was 901 students by using Cluster Sampling. Data analysis using Spearman test
analysis. Results : There is the peers influences to desire to smoke with the results of
bivariate Spearman Test is p value = 0.000 means that the p value < a or p < 0,05.
Conclusion : There is peer influence on the desire to smoke on elementary school
students in Bandar Lampung city 2019.

Keywords : Desire to Smoke, Influence Peers, Elementary Students

Background
Smoking is one of the biggest
concerns facing the world's health
because it causes almost 6 million people
die within a year. More than 5 million
people die from smoking directly inhale,
while 600 thousand people died because
of exposure to cigarette smoke.
Indonesia is one of the countries with the
greatest prevalence of smokers in the
world. (WHO, 2013).
According to data from the World
Health Organization (WHO), in 2012 the
percentage of male smoking prevalence is
67% much larger than female smokers is
2.7%. Among the smokers are 56.7% of
men and 1.8% of women smoke daily
(OECD, 2013). Estimated as much as a
quarter of current smokers will die at the
age of 25-69 years and they lose a life
expectancy of about 20 years
(Gajalakshmi et al., 2003).
Research conducted GYTS (Global
Youth Tobacco Survey) in Indonesia said
the smoking behavior of the Indonesian
population in 2013-2014 continued to
increase. Even more alarming, it says
that 21.2% have started smoking before
the age of 7 years (Wahyuningsih, 2015).
The result of Health Research
(Riskesdas) in 2007 also showed that the
age of first smoking every day are 10-14
years old as much as 9.6% (Riskesdas
(2007) in Khotidjah, 2015). The
proportion of the population aged ≥10
years who every day smoke in Lampung
Province was ranked 7th out of 33
provinces in Indonesia, where the
proportion of smokers is as much as
26.5% (Riskesdas, 2013). The data
shows that cigarettes have started to be
consumed by younger children. The
phenomenon of the smoking habit not
only in adults but has penetrated into
teenagers and even high school students.
Not only high school or high school
students, but has expanded to junior high
school students and even elementary
school students (Ambarwati, 2014).
 According Sarafino, cause a According
person smoking there are two factors:
internal and external factors. Internal
factors are the emergence of feelings of
pleasure, can improve self-confidence, no
one to talk to and a desire to try. In
addition there are external factors,
namely the family, the social environment
either from friends, the local community
and the advertising of cigarettes
(Wismanto & Sarwo, 2007).
According to Hurlock (1991), when
a friend of a child according to age and
level of development, it will help the child
toward good adjustment. Conversely, if
the child does not have compatibility level
of development, not only would interfere
with the child's social adjustment but also
will encourage the emergence of a bad
personal adjustments and add the child's
unhappiness. Bad company will have a
negative impact on children, one smoking
behavior (Setyawati, 2016).
Research conducted by the Earth
(2009) states that the conformity peers
gives a great influence on the intensity of
the smoke, which amounted to 36.84%.
Meanwhile, according to research Widodo
(2008) states that the higher level of
conformity, the higher the smoking
behavior of a person. Therefore, the
opinion of an ongoing mutual between
conformity and peer influence on smoking
behavior that begins with the desire to
smoke (Hartati, 2013).
The desire to smoke that want,
want, desire, interest or kertarikan to
perform activities which are then smoked
a cigarette burn and blow it away so that
people around him can also
dihembuskannya inhaled cigarette
smoke. But the existence of these
activities is not so important. This is done
just to get welfare, adequacy, and
convenience is more than enough.
Smoking habits starting with their
first contact with cigarettes. Generally
contact with first started smoking at the
age of children through adolescence.
Smet said that the age of first smoking
generally range between 11- 13 years of
age (Komasari & Helmi, 2000).
to Lewin smoking
behavior is a function of the environment
and the individual. That is due to factors
other than smoking behavior - factors of
the self is also caused by the
environment. It also said that smoking at
an early stage is done with a friend - a
friend (46%), a member of the family
instead of the parents (23%) and parents
(14%). It is supporting research and
Helmi Komasari that says that there are
three factors causing the smoke that
psychological factors, parental
permissiveness, and the influence of
peers (Setyawati, 2016).
Someone smoking due to
psychological factors, among others to
feel lonely, no one to talk to, as well as
merely want to try. Then factor parental
permissiveness and smoking behavior.
Where the lack of attention from parents
because of busy, family problems, so the
trigger for seeking an outlet either by
smoking or due to mimic the behavior
committed by parents who smoke.
Finally, the influence of peers. Attitudes
could not refuse an invitation from peers
to smoke, even willing to do anything to
be included as members of the friendship
group is one of the factors for smoking
(Setyawati, 2016 Windahsari, et al.,
2017).
Peers are a group of people who
have the same age as us, and have the
same social group as well, for example, a
school friend. Peers can also be
interpreted as a group of people who
have a background, age, education, and
social status, and they usually can
influence the behavior and beliefs of each
- each member. The peer group they
usually tell each other about the pleasure
and the background of its members
(Asmani, 2012).
Friends have a very significant role
for the child, because in those days the
children who started to adapt to the
environment and peer groups, the need
to be accepted in the group to make
children do anything (Setyawati, 2016).
The need for acceptance is often made to
do anything to be accepted and free from
the group as 'cowards' and 'queer'.
Furthermore, when viewed from the
stages of smoking behavior, peers and
family are those who first introduce or
tried smoking, then continues and
develops into a dependency or
dependency tobacco smoke (Komasari,
2000).
Besides the reason children smoke
is a great desire to try, coercion exercised
a friend, an invitation to smoke by
friends, keenggaan say no to friends
smoke, joined in the friends who smoke
and jealousy that arises when peers
smoke and make it look stylish in front of
friends another friend. Smoking also can
make them acceptable in the social
environment, with friends who smoke
they feel has more value when style
(Hartati, 2013).
This statement is reinforced by
Hightower also stated that peers
harmonious relationship will produce
positive mental health in middle age
(Desmita, (2012) in Hartati (2013)).
According to Hurlock (1991), when
a friend of a child according to age and
level of development, it will help the child
toward good adjustment. Conversely, if
the child does not have compatibility level
of development, not only would interfere
with the child's social adjustment but also
will encourage the emergence of a bad
personal adjustments and add the child's
unhappiness. Bad company will have a
negative impact on children, one smoking
behavior (Hartati, 2013).
Research conducted by the Earth
(2009) states that the conformity peers
gives a great influence on the intensity of
the smoke, which amounted to 36.84%.
Method
This study design was
observational analytic, ie for influence
between independent variables and the
dependent, with cross-sectional data
collection approach used in one time
(Sastroasmoro, 2014).
Population is the subject of
research. In this study, researchers took
samples of the 6th grade elementary
school students in the environment of
Bandar Lampung in 2018, which amounts
to 48 152 students divided into 177
elementary schools are divided into 20
districts.
The samples used in this study as
many as 901 samples in accordance with
the criteria for inclusion are students of
class 6 (six) and students who are willing
to become respondents research with
informed consent and exclusion criteria
that students who are not willing to
become respondents, students who are ill
or do not go to school, students with
disabilities (autism, can not be read) and
students who did not fill out a
questionnaire to complete, which is
calculated based on the formula Isaac &
Michael (Notoatmodjo, 2010).
Research sites in 20 elementary
schools in 20 sub-districts of Bandar
Lampung. Implementation of the study in
January 2019 which began with gathering
data. Tools data collection using
questionnaires. To questionnaires desire
to smoke and peer influences have
previously tested the validity and
reliability to get the correct instrument -
completely valid and reliable, by using
product moment test and reliability test
on a computer program IBM SPSS
Statistics 23.
Results and Discussion
This study was conducted in 20
elementary schools - Bandar Lampung
with a sample of 901 students obtained.
Respondents were selected according to
inclusion and exclusion criteria in this
study who had filled the data on two
questionnaires that smoke and
Questionnaire Questionnaire Interest
Influence Peers complete. Then
performed univariate and bivariate data
analysis using a computer program IBM
SPSS Statistics 23.
Characteristics of respondents to
be discussed is the sex, age, the desire to
smoke, and the influence of peers in the
form of a table.
Table 1. Demographic Data of Respondents (n = 901)

Gender total Percentage (%)

Man 477 52.9%
woman 424 47.1%
Total 901 100%

Based on Table 1 above shows the percentage of 52.9% and 424 female
frequency distribution of respondents by students with a percentage of 47.1%.
gender are 477 male students with a

Table 2. Frequency Distribution of Respondents

Age (years) total Percentage (%)
10 years 18 2.0%
11 years old 462 51.3%
12 years old 346 38.4%
13 years old 60 6.7%
14 years 11 1.2%
15 years 2 0.2%
17 years 2 0.2%
Total 901 100%
Based on data in Table 2 shows aged 12 years (38.4%), 60 students
the frequency distribution of age 13 years (6.7%), 11 students
respondents by age is 18 students aged 14 years (1.2%), two students
aged 10 years (2.0%), 462 students aged 15 years (0.2%) and 2 students
aged 11 years (51.3%), 346 students aged 17 years (0.2%).

Table 3. Data Desire Smoking

desire Smoking total Percentage (%)

Want 660 73.3%
Do not want 241 26.7%
Total 901 100%

The results of the frequency smoke with a percentage of 73.3%,

distribution data of the urge to smoke while 241 students do not have the
respondents in Table 3 indicate that desire to smoke with a percentage of
there are 660 students who have the 26.7%.
desire

Table 4. Influence of Peers

Influence Peers total Percentage (%)
Take effect 705 78.2%
No effect 196 21.8%
Total 901 100%

Based on the data in Table 4 it respondents surveyed, there were 705

can be seen that out of 901 students (78.2%) were affected peers,
while 196 students (21.8%) were not
influenced by their peers.
Bivariate analysis
Bivariate analysis is used to test
the influence of peers on the desire to
smoke on elementary school students
in the city of Bandar Lampung. Data
were tested using SPSS(Statistical
Product and Service), with the proviso
normally distributed data. Before
statistical test peer influence on the
desire to smoke, test data normality
by Kolmogorov Smirnov.
Test results by Kolmogorov
Smirnov normality is 0.128, which
Table 5. Influence of Peers Against Smoking on Elementary Students
Interest in Bandar Lampung in 2019 (n = 901)
desire Smoking
Influence Peers
Want
Take effect 627
No effect 33
Total 660
The results of Table 5 shows
the presence or absence of peer
influence to create the willingness to
smoke or not. There are 705 students
who are influenced by their peers, but
not all immediately decide you want to
smoke, 627 students were affected by
their peers and want to smoke, while
78 other students only affected but do
not have the desire to
Discussion
Based on the results of this
research is that the desire to smoke at
660 students with a percentage value
of 73.3%, while the number of
students who do not have the desire to
smoke as many as 241 students with a
percentage of 26.7%.This is consistent
with the data in the journal Komasari
& Helmi (2000) which says that the
means p> 0.05 that the data were not
normally distributed, so can not use
the test bivariate Pearson Product
Moment and alternative bivariate
testing should be performed by using
Spearman's test. Spearman correlation
test result value is significant, p =
0.000 p <0.05 means there is a desire
peer influence to smoke with a
correlation coefficient of 0.672, which
means indicates a high influence
among peers with the desire to smoke.
Spearman's P
Do not total
rho value
want
78 705
0.672 0,000
163 196
241 901
smoke. The above data also shows
that 33 students were not influenced
by their peers, but have the desire to
smoke and 163 other students are not
influenced by their peers and do not
want also for smoking. So that at
alpha 5%, Ha Ho accepted and
rejected. This means there is peer
influence teradap desire to smoke on
elementary school students in the city
of Bandar Lampung in 2019.
age of first smoking generally range
between the ages of 11-13 years in
which the results of this study also
obtained the data that students age 11
and as many as 462 students (51,
3%), 346 students aged 12 years
(38.4%), 60 students aged 13 years
(6.7%). In the journal Komasari &
Helmi (2000) also said that prior to
their smoking behavior, it found the
feeling interested or want to smoke.
Table 4 shows that
percentage of peer influence on the
desire to smoke is high at 78.2% at
705 students. This is because in the
peer group support to fight what they
want. This is consistent with the theory
of Hurlock (2012) that children feel
themselves to be more attuned to their
peer group to be accepted by the
environment.
Results from table 4.5 that the
data obtained from 901 students, 627
students (69.6%) had the urge to
smoke are influenced by peers. Daily
life - the children are very influenced
by their peers because of an early
familiar with the environment. Children
will continue to try to do anything to
be accepted in their environment so
that it has a tendency to look for
things - new things and businesses are
still trying - trying to do something.
According to Hurlock (2002),
peer groups provide a world where
children socialize in an atmosphere
where the value - the value that
applies not set value of adults, but by
a friend - a friend of his age. One of
the stages of development that should
be mastered by children is to learn
what is expected by the group from
him to then form perilakuknya line
with expectations.
The results showed that the
influence of friends that high will cause
the urge to smoke is also high, with
many friends who smoked in groups,
eating raises the possibility of
respondents to have keingian to
smoke even participate smoke because
they still want to be recognized in the
group. According to Leventhal and
Cleary (in Cahyani 1995) are shown to
follow the smoking habits of the group,
identification with other smokers and
to determine a person's self image.
The results are consistent with
research conducted by the Earth
(2009) that the conformity peers give
a big influence on the intensity of the
smoke that is equal to 36.84%.
Meanwhile, according to research
the Widodo (2008) states that the higher
level of conformity peers, the higher
the smoking behavior of a person
(Hartati, 2013).
Conclusion
Evidently there is a desire peer
influence to smoke on elementary
school students in the city of Bandar
Lampung 2019.
Suggestion
For schools that provide
education and counseling to students
about the damages of smoking and
more attention to the environment
play in students.
For parents of students in order
to better control the back area of the
scope of children's play - not to be
influenced her negativity from peers,
especially smoking behavior.
Bibliography
Ambarwati, A., Umaroh, A.K.,
Kurniawati, F., Kuswandari,
T.D. and Darojah, S., 2014.
Media Leaflet, Video Dan
Pengetahuan Siswa Sd Tentang
Bahaya Merokok (Studi Pada
Siswa SDN 78 Sabrang Lor
Mojosongo Surakarta). Jurnal
Kesehatan Masyarakat, 10(1),
pp.7-13.
Cahyani, B., 1995. Hubungan antara
Persepsi terhadap Merokok dan
Kepercayaan Diri dengan
Perilaku Merokok pada Siswa
STM Muhammadiyah Pakem
Sleman Yogyakarta. Karya Tulis
Ilmiah Strata Satu. Yogyakarta:
Fakultas Psikologi Universitas
Gajah Mada.
Desmita. 2012. Psikologi
Perkembangan Peserta Didik.
Bandung : Pustaka Pelajar.
Engels, R.C., Vitaro, F., Blokland, Riskesdas. 2013. Perilaku Merokok
E.D.E., de Kemp, R. and Masyarakat Indonesia. Infodatin
Scholte, R.H., 2004. Influence Pusat Data dan Informasi
and selection processes in Kementrian Kesehatan RI.
friendships and adolescent Jakarta.
smoking behaviour: the role of Sarafino, E. P. 1990. Health
parental smoking. Journal of psychology: Biopsychosocial
adolescence, 27(5), pp.531- interaction. New York: John
544. Willey and Sons, Inc.
GYTS. 2014. Global Youth Tobacco Setyawati, D. 2016. Perilaku Merokok
Survey. Pada Anak. Fakultas Psikologi
Hurlock, E. B. 2002. Perkembangan Universitas Muhammadiyah
Anak. Jakarta: Penerbit Surakarta
Erlangga. Thakur, J.S., Lenka, S.R., Bhardwaj,
Hartati, S.U.S., 2013. Hubungan S., & Kumar, R. 2010. Why
bentuk konformitas teman youth smoke? An exploratory
sebaya terhadap tipe perilaku communitybased study from
merokok pada remaja laki-laki Chandigarh Union Territory of
usia pertengahan di sman 97 Northern India. Indian Journal
Jakarta. of Cancer, 47 (Suppl 1), S59-
Kelly, A.B., O'flaherty, M., Connor, S62.
J.P., Homel, R., Toumbourou, TSC-IAKMI. 2013. Fakta Tembakau
J.W., Patton, G.C. and Williams, Permasalahannya di Indonesia.
J., 2011. The influence of TCSC-IAKMI.
parents, siblings and peers on
pre‐and early‐teen smoking: A Valente, T.W., Unger, J.N., & Johnson,
multilevel model. Drug and C.A. 2004. Do popular students
alcohol review, 30(4), pp.381- smoke? The association
387. between popularity and
Komasari, D., & Helmi, A.F. 2000. smoking among middle school
Faktor-faktor Penyebab Perilaku students. Journal of Adolescent
Merokok Pada Remaja. Jurnal Health, 37(4), 323-329.
Psikologi Universitas Gadjah Villanti, A., Boulay, M., Juon, H. 2011.
Mada. Yogyakarta . Peer, parent and media
Liao, Y., Huang, Z., Huh, J., Pentz, influences on adolescent
M.A., Chou, C. 2013. Changes smoking by developmental
in Friends’ and Parental stage. Addictive Behaviors, 36,
Influences on Cigarette 133–136.
Smoking from Early Through Wahyuningsih, M. 2015. 18 Persen
Late Adolescence. Journal of Pelajar Indonesia Sudah Jadi
Adolescent Health vol. 53, 132- Pecandu Rokok.
138. Wismanto, Y. B., & Sarwo, Y. B. 2007.
Li, X., Mao, R., Stanton, B., & Zhao, Q. Strategi Penghentian Perilaku
2010. Parental, behavioral, and Merokok. Semarang:
psychological factors associated Universitas Katolik
with cigarette smoking among Soegijapranata.
secondary school students in World Health Organization (WHO).
Nanjing, China. J. Child. Fam. 2011. Top 10 cause of death.
Stud., 19, 308–317. Switzerland.
Notoatmodjo, S. 2010. Metodologi World HealthOrganization (WHO).
Penelitian Kesehatan. Jakarta: 2013. World Health
Rineka Cipta. Organisation. Report on the
Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2013.
The Power Package.