Gimp An Introduction

Digital Images:
GIMP - an introduction
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Contents
Contents 2
Introduction 5
Setting up GIMP 7
Image navigation 8
Create a New document 9
Image size - Screen 10
Image size - Print 11
Canvas size 12
Introduction to Layers 14
The History dialog 17
Working with Selections and Layers 18
* Layer Masks 49
* Introduction to Text 51
* Saving and Loading Selections 53
Saving image files - TIFF 56
Saving image files - JPEG 57
Appendix 58
* Supplementary or optional exercises
IT Learning Programme
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How to use this user guide

This handbook accompanies the taught sessions for the course. Each section
contains a brief overview of a topic for your reference and then one or more
exercises.
Exercises are arranged as follows:
• A title and brief overview of the tasks to be carried out;
• A numbered set of tasks, together with a brief description of each;
• A numbered set of detailed steps that will achieve each task.
Some exercises, particularly those within the same section, assume that you have
completed earlier exercises. Your teacher will direct you to the location of files that
are needed for the exercises. If you have any problems with the text or the exercises,
please ask the teacher or one of the demonstrators for help.
This book includes plenty of exercise activities – more than can usually be completed
during the hands-on sessions of the course. You should select some to try during the
course, while the teacher and demonstrator(s) are around to guide you. Later, you
may attend follow-up sessions at ITLP called Computer8, where you can continue
work on the exercises, with some support from IT teachers. Other exercises are for
you to try on your own, as a reminder or an extension of the work done during the
course.
Text conventions
A number of conventions are used to help you to be clear about what you need to do
in each step of a task.
• I n general, the word press indicates you need to press a key on the keyboard.
Click, choose or select refer to using the mouse and clicking on items on the
screen. If you have more than one mouse button, click usually refers to the left
button unless stated otherwise.
• N
ames of keys on the keyboard, for example the Enter (or Return) key are
shown like this ENTER.
ultiple key names linked by a + (for example, Ctrl (Cmd)+Z) indicate that
• M
the first key should be held down while the remaining keys are pressed; all
keys can then be released together.
• Words and commands typed in by the user are shown like this.
• Labels and titles on the screen are shown like this.
• D
rop-down menu options are indicated by the name of the options separated
by an angle bracket, for example File>Print. In this example you need to
select the option Print from the File menu. To do this, click with the mouse
button on the File menu name; move the cursor to Print; when Print is
highlighted, click the mouse button again.
• A button to be clicked will look like this
he names of software packages are identified like this, and the names of files
• T
to be used like this.
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Software used
GIMP 2.8.14
Windows XP or Mac OSX
Files used
images folder containing images
Revision information
Version Date Author Changes made
1.0 November 2013 Carl Wenczek New notes for new course
1.1 May 2014 Carl Wenczek Corrections and minor amendments
1.2 September 2014 Carl Wenczek Checked for errors
1.3 April 2015 Carl Wenczek Reordering of introductory pages

Acknowledgements
Photographs are used with the permission of Carl Wenczek and Born Digital Ltd.
and planetary images are Courtesy NASA/JPL-Caltech.
Copyright
Carl Wenczek makes this document and the accompanying PowerPoint presentation
available under a Creative Commons licence: Attribution, Non Commercial, No
Derivatives. Individual resources are subject to their own licencing conditions as
listed.
Screenshots in this document are copyright of Adobe Systems Incorporated.

The Oxford University logo and crest is copyright of Oxford University and may only
be used by Oxford University members in accordance with the University’s branding
guidelines.
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Introduction
The GNU Image Manipulation Program, or GIMP, is a
raster graphics editor used to process digital graphics
and photographs. Typical uses include creating graphics
and logos, resizing and cropping photos, altering colours,
combining multiple images, removing unwanted image
features, and converting between different image formats.
GIMP can also be used to create basic animated images in
GIF format.
It is often used as a free software replacement for Adobe

Photoshop, the most widely used bitmap editor in the
printing and graphics industries; however, it is not
designed to be a Photoshop clone.
The project’s mascot is named Wilber.
GIMP is expandable and extensible. It is designed to

be augmented with plug-ins and extensions to do just
about anything. The advanced scripting interface allows
everything from the simplest task to the most complex
image manipulation procedures to be easily scripted.
One of The GIMP’s strengths is its free availability from

many sources for many operating systems. Most GNU/
Linux distributions include The GIMP as a standard
application. The GIMP is also available for other operating
systems such as Microsoft Windows™ or Apple’s Mac OS.
The GIMP is a Free Software application covered by the
General Public License ( GPL license). The GPL provides
users with the freedom to access and alter the source code
that makes up computer programs.
GNU (pronounced /gnu) is a computer operating system

composed entirely of free software. Its name is a recursive
acronym for GNU’s Not Unix; it was chosen because its
design is Unix-like, but differs from Unix by being free
software and by not containing any Unix code.
Text courtesy of Wikipedia and www.gimp.org
Using these exercises

You will notice at the bottom of each Task is a gray bar
with further instructions.
These are for Adobe Photoshop.
Window> and then select History and other menu palettes from
the list
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Toolbox and Tool Main menu Image window Dockable dialogue Dockable dialogues
Options (undocked) (docked)
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Setting up GIMP
Exercise - Setting up GIMP

The preferences dialogue can be accessed from the main menu along the top of the image window. It lets you
customize many aspects of the way GIMP works.
Open GIMP and set Steps

preferences
1. Open GIMP.
2. Choose Edit>Preferences. This will launch the Preferences dialogue box.
3. Select Default Grid. The right hand side of the Preferences dialogue box
will change to show the options for the Default Image Grid.
4. Set the Spacing Width and Height to 100 pixels.
5. Ensure the Line style under Appearance is set to Solid.
6. Still using the Preferences dialogue, select Toolbox and ensure all three
items (Show foreground..., Show active brush... and Show active image) are
checked. These three items will appear at the bottom of the Toolbox.
7. Click OK.
Edit>Preferences>Guides, Grid & Slices...
Choose dialogues Steps
1. From the main menu choose Windows>Dockable Dialogs
2. A sub-menu will pop up listing all of the available dialogues.
3. Choose Undo History.
4. The Undo History dialogue will appear in the dockable dialogues panel. This
lists all of the actions you have carried out on an image. You can revert to any
point by clicking on an entry in the list.
Window> and then select History and other menu palettes from the list
Notes
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Image navigation
Exercise - Using the Zoom Tool and the Navigation dialogue

The Navigation dialogue is designed to allow more control over the magnification of your image and offer
easy movement around the active image if the zoom is set higher than the image window can display.
Open an image Steps
1. Choose File>Open... This will launch the Open Image dialogue box.
2. You will notice that there are options along the top of the dialogue box as
well as the usual list of folders and drives down the left hand side to help you
navigate and locate a file or folder.
3. Locate the image called Curiosity on Mars 01.jpg.
4. Click Open. The image opens into the image window.

File>Open...
Use the Zoom Tool Steps
1. From the Toolbox select the Zoom Tool (Z)
2. Move your mouse cursor over the image. You will notice the cursor shows a
magnifying glass symbol with a small + (plus) sign above it.
3. Click with the mouse in the image to zoom in.
4. Hold down the Ctrl (Cmd) key. The symbol above the magnifying glass
should change to a - (minus) sign.
5. While holding down Ctrl (Cmd) click with the mouse in the image to zoom
out.
Select the Zoom Tool from the Toolbox. Hold down Alt to zoom out.
Use the Navigation Steps
dialogue
1. From the main menu choose Windows>Dockable Dialogs
2. A sub-menu will pop up listing all of the available dialogues.
3. Choose Navigation. The Navigation dialogue will appear.
4. Use the slider or zoom buttons to zoom in or out of the image. If you hover
your mouse over the buttons a tool tip will popup indicating the function of the
button.
5. If the zoom is set higher than the image window can display a rectangular
outline appears in the Navigation dialogues thumbnail of the image showing
the location of the current view area in respect to the image. This rectangular
outline can be dragged to change the viewing region.
Window>Navigator
Notes
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Create a New document
Exercise - Create a New document

Create a new, blank document for painting and laying out images and text.
Launch the Steps
New document
dialogue box 1. Choose File>New...
File>New...
Notes
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Image size - Screen
Exercise - Change an images on-screen size

Change an image’s pixel dimensions to affect its on‑screen size - for on-screen presentations such as websites
and PowerPoint presentations.
Open an image Steps
1. Choose File>Open...
2. Locate the image called saturn 01.jpg.
3. Click Open. The image opens into the image window.

File>Open...
Change the images Steps

on-screen size
1. Choose Image>Scale Image...
This launches the Scale Image dialogue
2. Leave the X and Y resolution set to 72 pixels per inch (pixels/in). Note:
changing the resolution will have no effect on an images on-screen size. It is the
absolute number of pixels wide and high that determine image size on computer
displays (next step).
3. Adjust the images height and width by entering new Height and Width
values. Enter a Width of 800 pixels and press the TAB key. The Height
should change proportionally.
4. Click the Scale button to set the new image size.

Image>Image Size...
Notes
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Image size - Print
Exercise - Change an images print size

Change an image’s print size for printed presentations and use in word processing and page layout
applications. Conventional wisdom says that 300 pixels per inch (ppi) or thereabouts is optimum resolution
for best print quality.
Open an image Steps
1. Open the image called saturn 02.jpg.

File>Open...
Change the images Steps

on-screen size
1. Choose Image>Print Size...
This launches the Print Size dialogue
2. Change the Print Size units to cm.
3. Set the X and Y resolution to 300 pixels per inch (pixels/in) and note the
change in Print Size.
4. Set the Width to 28 (cm) to fit an A4 sheet and notice the effect this has on
the resolution.
5. Click OK to confirm the new print size.

Image>Image Size...
Notes
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Canvas size
Exercise - Add a border or frame around a photograph

The canvas size is the full editable area of an image. The Canvas Size command lets you
increase or decrease an image’s canvas size. Increasing the canvas size adds space around
an existing image. Decreasing an image’s canvas size crops into the image.
Open an image Steps
1. Open the image called sculpture 01.jpg.

File>Open...
Select the Canvas Steps
Size command
1. Choose Image>Canvas Size...
2. This launches the Canvas Size dialogue box (see below).

Image>Canvas Size...
New canvas size unit

selector
Use the Offset fields

to position the image
within the new canvas
Select Center to centre

the image within the
new canvas
Notes
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Change the canvas Steps

size of the image
1. Click the drop down unit selector field next to Width or Height
to see the list of available units.
2. Select percent.
3. Both the Width and the Height fields will change to display
percent.
4. Now enter a percentage value for the new canvas size by typing
a new value into the Width and Height fields. A good value to try
is 110%
5. Use either the Center button or the Offset fields to position

the image within the new canvas.
6. From the Resize layers field choose All layers.
6. When you are happy with your settings click the Resize button.
The Canvas Size feature in Photoshop works in a similar way.
Photoshop has an Anchor feature to position the image within the
canvas.
Change to Steps
Background
colour 1. You will notice that the new canvas around your image is the
same colour as the Background colour in the Toolbox.
2. Click on the Background colour to launch the Change

Background Color dialogue. Then choose a different colour.
Click on the
Background
colour to change it
3. Resize your canvas again to see the effect of changing the

Background colour.
You can select the colour for the canvas directly from the Canvas
Size dialogue.
Notes
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Introduction to Layers
Exercise - Combine two images using layers

A good way to visualize a GIMP image is as a stack of transparencies: in GIMP terminology, each individual
transparency is called a layer. There is no limit, in principle, to the number of layers an image can have: only
the amount of memory available on the system. It is not uncommon for advanced users to work with images
containing dozens of layers.
The organization of layers in an image is shown by the Layers dialogue, which is the second most important
type of dialogue window in GIMP, after the Main Toolbox.
Open an image Steps
1. Open the image called Sand on Mars 01.jpg.

File>Open...
Examine the Layers Steps

dialogue
1. Locate the Layers dialogue.
Layer
dialogue tab
Layer blending
mode
Layer opacity
Layer Layer name and

visibility thumbnail
Notes
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Open a second Steps

image
1. Open the image called saturn 03.jpg.
File>Open...
Copy and paste the Steps

Saturn image into
the Mars image 1. Ensure the saturn 03 image window is selected and from its main menu
choose Select>All.
2. Then choose Edit>Copy.
3. Select the Sands on Mars image window and from its main menu choose
Edit>Paste.
4. The Saturn image will be pasted into the Sands of Mars image.
Pasted image
appears in the
Layers dialogue
as a Floating
Selection
Turn your pasted Steps

image into a layer
and rename the You will see that the pasted image of Saturn has appeared in the Layers dialogue
layer above the Sand on Mars 01.jpg layer. It exists as a Floating Selection which is a
temporary layer. This needs to be converted to a layer.
1. Right-click over the Floating Selection temporary layer and choose To New
Layer.
2. The new layer will be called Pasted Layer.
3. Rename this Saturn by double-clicking over the name Pasted Layer and
typing in the new name.
4. You should now have two layers. The top layer in the layer stack called
Saturn and the bottom layer called Sand on Mars.jpg.
Notes
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Change the blending Steps

mode of the Saturn
layer 1. Ensure the Saturn layer is selected by clicking on it. The layer should turn
blue.
2. From the Layers dialogue click on the Mode drop down menu and choose
Screen.
Layer
blending mode
dropdown
menu
3. The Saturn image will change appearance. When using Screen mode the
resulting image is usually brighter, and sometimes “washed out” in appearance.
Darker colors in the image appear to be more transparent.
Photoshop also has layer blending modes located in the Layers panel
Finish the montage Steps

by moving the
Saturn image
1. Select the Move Tool (M) from the Toolbox.
2. Ensure the Saturn layer is still selected.
3. Click and drag in the image window to move the Saturn image into position
(see below).
Optional Task 1. Crop the image to remove the black areas.
Save your layered Steps

image as an XCF file
1. Choose File>Save As...
2. GIMP should automatically save the image in its native XCF file format. If
not select this file type from the Select File Type (By Extension) menu.
XCF is GIMP’s native format, and is useful because it stores everything about an
image including layers.
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The History dialog
Exercise - Using the History dialog

You can use the History dialog to jump to any recent state of the image created during the
current working session. Each time you apply a change to an image, the new state of that
image is added to the dialog.
For example, if you select, paint, and rotate part of an image, each of those states is listed
separately in the dialog. When you select one of the states, the image reverts to how it
looked when that change was first applied. You can then work from that state.
Display the Steps
History dialog
1. To display the History dialog, choose Windows>Dockable
Dialogs>Undo History.
Window>History
History dialog
History state
When you select a state, the

states below remain. They
will be discarded if you
continue working from the
selected state.
Notes
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Working with Selections and Layers
Exercise - Teacher lead introduction to selections and layers

The aim of this set of exercises is to work with selections and layers in GIMP and to use
them to create a montage.
Selections allow you to specify an area of an image for editing. Only the area within a
selection can be edited, areas outside the selection are protected from change.
Layers allow you isolate different parts of an image on layers. Each layer can then be
edited as discrete artwork, allowing unlimited flexibility in composing and revising an
image.
Every GIMP image contains one or more layers; every new file is created with a
background, which can be converted to a layer. You can view and manipulate layers in
GIMP with the Layers dialog.
All new layers in an image are transparent until you add artwork (pixel values). Working
with layers in GIMP is analogous to placing portions of a drawing on sheets of acetate
– individual sheets may be edited, repositioned, and deleted without affecting the other
sheets and when the sheets are stacked the entire drawing is visible.
Notes
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Exercise - Getting started

Load the finished Steps
collage for your
reference 1. For your reference open the completed montage.
2. Choose File>Open... Locate End01.psd and click Open.
An image of a face, Mr Melon Head, constructed using various

types of fruits and vegetables is displayed.
3. If you want to make the image smaller choose View>Zoom

(100%)>Zoom Out and leave it on your screen for reference, as
you work.
4. If you do not want to leave the image open, choose File>Close.

File>Open...
Open the working Steps
file and Save it
with a new file 1. Open Start01.psd.
name
2. Choose File>Save As... Type the name Mr Melon Head
3. GIMP will default to saving the file in it’s native XCF format.
This format supports layers.
4. Click Save.
File>Save As...
Arrange the Steps
images so that you
can see both of 1. At the very top of each image window is the title bar that you can
them at the same click and drag to reposition that image anywhere on your computer
time screen.
Photoshop opens each image into a new tab. Choose
Window>Arrange>Float All in Windows.
Notes
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Exercise - Layers dialog overview

Identify some of The Layers dialog lists all layers and layer groups in an image.
the components of You can use the Layers dialog to show and hide layers, create new
the Layers dialog layers, and work with groups of layers. You can access additional
commands and options from the Layers dialog menu.
1. Locate the Layers dialog from the dockable dialogs on the right
hand side of the screen.
2. If the Layers dialog is not visible choose Windows>Dockable

Dialogs>Layers.
Right-click here to
launch the Layers
Show or hide a
dialog menu
layer by clicking on
the eye symbol
Click and drag

here to resize the
Layers dialog
Create a new layer Delete layer
Photoshops Layers panel layout is similar.

Notes
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Exercise - Selection Tools overview

Identify the
various selection
tools
A B
C D
A - Rectangle and Ellipse Select Tools (R and E). The Rectangle

Select Tool lets you select a rectangular area in the image. The
Ellipse Select Tool lets you select elliptical areas.
B - The Fuzzy Select Tool (U) lets you select a contiguous region on
the basis of colour.
C - The Free Select Tool (F) lets you select a hand-drawn region
with free and polygonal segments.
D - The Scissors Select Tool (I) select shapes using intelligent edge-
fitting.
Photoshop has the same tools that can be easily identified from
their icons. Hovering over the tools reveals a tool tip showing the
name of the tool and describing its function.
The Fuzzy Select Tool is called the Magic Wand Tool and
the Scissors Select Tool is called the Magnetic Lasso Tool in
Photoshop.
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Exercise - Selecting with the Ellipse Select Tool

Create an elliptical Steps
selection around
the blueberry Note that in most cases, making a new selection replaces the
existing selection.
1. Select the Zoom Tool (Z) and click a few times over the
blueberry to zoom in to a 300% view.
2. Select the Ellipse Select Tool (E) .
3. Move the pointer over the blueberry, and drag it diagonally

from the top left to the bottom right edge to create a selection.
Elliptical Marquee Tool
Reposition the 1. Position your mouse cursor anywhere inside the selection
selection surrounding the blueberry. The pointer changes appearance to
resemble the Move Tool.
2. Drag to reposition the selection.
Note: This method will work with any of the selection tools.
3. If you are not happy with the selection after repositioning it, you
can deselect it (Choose Select>None) and redraw it.
Note: You can also Deselect a selection by clicking anywhere

outside the selection border when you are using either the
Rectangle, Ellipse or Lasso selection tools.
1. To deselect choose Select>Deselect
2. To undo choose Edit>Undo
3. Photoshop also has a history feature available by choosing

Window>History
Notes
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Optional Task Steps
Adjust the size 1. Choose Select>None to deselect the selection.

and position of the
selection as you 2. Click and then begin dragging over the blueberry to start
make it making another elliptical selection.
3. When you have finished making the selection you will notice
that the selection has a rectangular bounding box around it with
squares in the corners.
4. Position your mouse pointer over any of these corner handles

and click-and-drag to resize the selection.
Click-and-drag any of the corner handles to resize the selection
Begin making a selection, then hold down the Spacebar to

reposition the selection. Release the Spacebar and continue
dragging to refine the size of the selection.
Notes
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Exercise - Copy the selected area of the image

Create a copy of Steps
the blueberry
1. Choose Edit>Copy and then Edit>Paste.
Look at the Layers dialog, your blueberry has been pasted into a
Floating Selection which is a type of temporary layer. This must be
converted to an ordinary layer.
2. Right-click over the Floating Selection and choose To New

Layer.
Edit>Copy and Edit>Paste
Move the copy of Steps
the blueberry
1. Select the Move Tool (M) .
2. Click and drag to move the copy of the blueberry.
3. Place it over the melon. The blueberry will be the pupil of Mr

Melon Head’s eye.
Move Tool
Rename the new Steps
layer
1. Double-click over the name of the new layer (Pasted Layer) and
enter the new name blueberry.
Double-click over
the layer name to
rename it
Double-click to rename the new layer

Notes
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Exercise - Select and copy the carrot

Create an elliptical
selection around 1. Select the Ellipse Select Tool (E) .
the carrot
2. Move the pointer over the carrot, and drag it diagonally from
the top left to the bottom right edge to create a selection.
Use the Elliptical Marquee Tool
Select the correct Steps
layer to copy from
1. Select the Start 01.psd layer by clicking on its thumbnail or
name.
Same action in Photoshop
the carrot
1. Choose Edit>Copy and then Edit>Paste.
2. In the Layers dialog, right-click over the Floating Selection

and choose To New Layer to convert the floating selection into a
normal layer.
the carrot
2. From the Tool Options in the Toolbox select Move the active
layer.
3. Click and drag to move the copy of the carrot.
4. Place it over the melon next to the blueberry. The carrot forms
the rest of Mr Melon Head’s eye.
Move Tool
layer
1. Select the Layers dialog.
2. Double-click over the name of the new layer (Pasted Layer #1)
and enter the new name carrot.
Double-click to rename the new layer
Notes
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Exercise - Moving image elements

Note If you find, when carrying out the tasks below, that the carrot
obscures the blueberry do the exercise on the next page and then
return to this exercise.
Move the Steps

blueberry
1. Select the Move Tool (V) .
2. Select the blueberry layer.
3. Click and drag to move the blueberry.

Same action in Photoshop, use the Move Tool
Move the carrot Steps
2. Select the carrot layer.
3. Click and drag to move the carrot.

Same action in Photoshop, use the Move Tool
Your montage should look something like this
Notes
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Exercise - Changing the stacking order of layers

Change the Check the order in which your layers are arranged in the Layers
stacking order of dialog. They should be stacked as follows:
layers
• carrot
• blueberry
• Start 01.psd
If the carrot layer is above the blueberry layer in the stack and you
move the carrot over the blueberry it will obscure the blueberry.
This is because the carrot layer is above the blueberry layer in the
stack of layers.
In order for the carrot to appear behind the blueberry, the carrot
layer will need to be below the blueberry layer. To change the
stacking order drag the layer up or down the Layers dialog to the
new position.
Steps
1. Select the carrot layer by clicking on its thumbnail or name and

drag it below the blueberry layer.
Same action in Photoshop
Click and drag

a layer up or
down the layer
stack to change
its position in the
stacking order
When the dark

separator line
appears release
the layer
Notes
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Exercise - Creating Layer Groups

Create a Layer Steps
Group
1. Right-click inside the Layers dialog to launch the Layers Menu.
2. Choose New Layer Group...
3. A new Layer Group will be created in the Layers dialog. It will

be called Layer Group.
4. Rename the Layer Group by double-clicking over it’s name. The

name will become highlighted. Then you can type in a new name.
Rename it eye 01.
Choose New Group from the Layers panel menu
Group the carrot Steps
and blueberry
layers 1. Click-and-drag the carrot and blueberry layers into the eye 01
Layer Group.
The carrot and blueberry layers are now grouped together.

It is the same process in Photoshop
Click +/- to
expand and
collapse the
Layer Group
Layer Group
Layers inside
a Layer Group
appear indented
Notes
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Exercise - Duplicating Layer Groups

Create a second Steps
eye by duplicating
the Layer Group To duplicate a Layer Group do either of the following:
1. Right-click the Layer Group and choose Duplicate Layer.
or
2. Drag the Layer Group over the Create a duplicate of the layer...
button (see image below).
3. Call the new group eye 02.

Drag the Layer Group over the Create a new layer button at the
bottom of the Layers panel
Drag the layer

group over this
button
Create a
duplicate of the
layer...
Notes
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Exercise - Selecting Layer Groups and moving their contents

Move the eye Steps
into position by
selecting a Layer 1. Select the Layer Group called eye 02 by clicking on its name.
Group and moving The group will turn blue indicating that it is selected.
its contents
3. From the Tool Options in the Toolbox select Move the active
layer.
4. Position the Move Tool over the eye and click and drag to move.
Same process in Photoshop
Click the Layer

Group name to
select it
Position the Move Tool over the ... click and drag to move it into
eye... position
Notes
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Exercise - Copy the kiwi fruit

Select the kiwi Steps
fruit using the
Ellipse Select Tool
1. Select the Ellipse Select Tool (E) from the Toolbox.
2. Drag it diagonally from the top left to the bottom right corner of
the kiwi fruit to create an elliptical selection.
Elliptical Marquee Tool
the kiwi fruit
1. Ensure the Start 01.psd layer is selected then choose
Edit>Copy and then Edit>Paste.

Layer.
the kiwi fruit
2. Click and drag to move the copy of the kiwi fruit.
3. Place it over the melon to create Mr Melon Head’s mouth.

Move Tool
layer
enter the new name mouth.
Double-click over the layer name to rename it
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Exercise - Selecting with the Fuzzy Select Tool

The Fuzzy Select Tool lets you select adjacent pixels in an image based on the similarity in
colour
Select the pear Steps
tomato which you
will use as a nose
for the face 1. Select the Fuzzy Select Tool (U) from the Toolbox.
Its options appear in the bottom half of the Toolbox, allowing you
to modify the way the tool works.
2. In the options, the Threshold field/slider controls how many

similar tones of a colour are selected when you click in an area.
3. For Threshold, enter 40 to increase the number of shades that

will be selected.
Steps
4. Select the Start 01.psd layer.
5. Click the Fuzzy Select Tool anywhere in the pear tomato. Most
of it will be selected.
6. To select the remaining area of the pear tomato, hold down

Shift and click the unselected areas. Notice that a plus sign
appears with the Fuzzy Select Tool pointer indicating that you are
adding to the current selection.
Tool options are located in the Options menu along the top of the
screen. Photoshop calls this tool the Magic Wand Tool. Instead
of Threshold, Photoshop uses the term Tolerance. The Tolerance
settings are found in the Options menu.
Notes
32
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the pear tomato

Layer.
the pear tomato
2. Click-and-drag to move the copy of the pear tomato.
3. Place it over the melon. The pear tomato will be Mr Melon

Head’s nose.
Move Tool
layer
enter the new name nose.
Double-click the layer name to rename it.

Notes
33
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Exercise - Selecting with the Free Select Tool

The Free Select Tool is useful for drawing freehand and straight-edged selections.
Use the Free Steps
Select Tool to
select the farfalle 1. Select the Zoom Tool (Z), and click a few times on the farfalle
(bow tie shaped) pasta to enlarge its view to 300%.
pasta
2. Select the Free Select Tool (F) .
3. Start at the top left corner of the pasta. Click, release and move
to the right to create a short segment. Click again, release and
move. Continue this process, working your way around the outline
of the pasta, fitting the selection closely to the edge of the pasta.
4. If you make a mistake press the Backspace key as many times

as necessary to delete unwanted segments.
5. If you want to start again from scratch, press the ESC (escape)
key.
6. To complete (or close) the selection, make sure that the last
straight line crosses the start of the selection. Release the mouse
button to close the selection.
In Photoshop this tool is called the Polygonal Lasso Tool. Instead
of pressing the Backspace key use the Delete key to remove
unwanted segments
Begin creating the selection Continue around the pasta... ...complete selection (outline
with the Free Select Tool crosses starting point)
Notes
34
GIMP TIMNG

the farfalle pasta

Layer.
the farfalle pasta
2. Click and drag to move the copy of the farfalle pasta.
3. Place it over the melon. The farfalle pasta will be Mr Melon

Head’s bow tie.
Move Tool
layer
1. Double-click over the name of the new layer (Layer 1) and enter
the new name bow tie.
Double-click the layer name to rename it

Notes
35
GIMP TIMNG
Exercise - The Free Select Tool, adding and subtracting selections

Holding down Shift while you are selecting an area adds to the current selection; holding
down Ctrl subtracts from the selection.
Use the Free Steps
Select Tool to
perfect a rough 1. Select the Zoom Tool, and click twice on the mushroom to
selection of the enlarge its view to 300%.
mushroom (the
mushroom will
become a hat for 2. Select the Free Select Tool (F) .
Mr Melon Head)
3. Click-and-drag a rough selection around the mushroom (include
some of the area outside the mushroom and some of the stem).
4. Hold down Shift. A plus sign appears with the pointer.
5. Drag the Free Select Tool around an area you want to add to the
selection; then release the mouse button. The area is added to the
current selection.
Initial selection Adding to selection (Shift key Result

depressed)
Shift to add to a selection.

Notes
36
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Remove, or Steps
subtract, part of
the selection 1. Hold down Ctrl. A minus sign appears alongside the pointer.
2. Drag the Free Select Tool around an area you want to remove
from the selection; then repeat the process until you have finished
removing all the unwanted parts of the selection.
Selection Subtracting from selection (Alt Result

key depressed)
Alt to take away from a selection.
Notes
37
GIMP TIMNG

the mushroom

Layer.
the mushroom
2. Click and drag to move the copy of the mushroom.
3. Place it over the melon. The mushroom will be Mr Melon

Head’s hat.
Move Tool
layer
1. Select the Layers dialog.
enter the new name hat.

Notes
38
GIMP TIMNG
Exercise - Selecting with the Scissors Select Tool

You can use the Scissors Select Tool to select a region defined by strong colour-changes at
the edges. As you create a selection with the Scissors Select Tool, the border automatically
snaps to the edge you are tracing.
Make an ear for Steps
the Mr Melon
Head by using the 1. Select the Zoom Tool, and click the grapefruit slice to zoom to
Scissors Select a 200% view.
Tool to select the
red part of the
grapefruit slice 2. Select the Scissors Select Tool (I) .
3. Now click once at the lower left corner of the red flesh of
the grapefruit slice, release the mouse button, move a little
way along the edge of the red flesh and click again. Continue
this process, trying to follow the edge. Notice that the segments
between the points where you clicked adapts to the edge you are
following.
4. Finish by returning to the first point you created.
5. Then turn the selection path into a selection by either clicking

inside the selection path, or pressing Enter.
Laying down the anchor points Finish selection by clicking on the Press Enter or click in the middle
first anchor point, then position of the selection path to turn the
pointer in the middle of the path into a selection
selection path
The equivalent tool in Photoshop is the Magnetic Lasso Tool. Click

once with the tool and then move the mouse over the edge, the tool
will automatically create a selection path. Options for the tool in
the Options menu.
Notes
39
GIMP TIMNG

the grapefruit
slice 1. Ensure the Start 01.psd layer is selected then choose

Layer.
Move the copy Steps
of the grapefruit
slice
2. Click and drag to move the copy of the grapefruit slice.
3. Place it over the melon. The grapefruit slice will be one of Mr

Melon Head’s ears.
Move Tool
layer
enter the new name ear 01.
Double-click the new layer name to rename it.

Notes
40
GIMP TIMNG
Exercise - Transforming an object

Transforming scales, rotates, skews, stretches or warps an image. You can apply
transformations to a selection, an entire layer, multiple layers (or Layer Groups).
Use the Rotate Steps
Tool to rotate the
ear (grapefruit 1. Ensure the ear 01 layer is selected.
slice)
2. Choose Layer>Transform>Arbitrary Rotation...
2. This will launch the Rotate dialog. Move this dialog so that you
can see the ear.
4. Use the Angle slider to rotate the ear.
5. When you are happy with the angle of the ear click the Rotate
button to set the rotation.
6. Use the Move Tool to reposition the ear if necessary.

Choose Edit>Transform>Rotate
Notes
41
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ear by duplicating
the layer 1. Right-click over the layer ear 01 and choose Duplicate Layer.
2. This will create a duplicate layer and it will be called ear 01

copy. Rename this new layer ear 02.
Right-click over the layer and choose Duplicate Layer...
Move and then Steps
flip the second ear
horizontally 1. Select the Move Tool.
2. Choose Layer>Transform>Flip Horizontally.
3. Use the Move Tool again to reposition the ear if necessary.
Edit>Transform>Flip Horizontal
Notes
42
GIMP TIMNG
Exercise - Combining selection tools

As you already know the Fuzzy Select Tool makes selections based on colour. If an object
you want to select is on a solid-coloured background, it can be much easier to select the
object and the background and then use the Fuzzy Select Tool to subtract the background
colour, leaving the desired object selected.
Use the Steps
Rectangular
Marquee Tool and 1. Ensure the Start 01.psd layer is selected.
the Magic Wand
Tool to select
radish eyebrows 2. Select the Rectangular Select Tool (R) .
for the face
3. Drag a rectangular selection around the radishes. Notice that
some of the white background is included in the selection.
At this point, the radishes and the white background are selected.
You will now subtract the white area from the selection, resulting
in only the radishes being selected.
4. Select the Fuzzy Select Tool from the Toolbox, and then hold
down the Ctrl key. A minus sign appears with the Fuzzy Select
Tool pointer.
5. Click anywhere in the white area surrounding the radishes.

Now only the radishes are selected.
Initial selection Subtracting from selection with Result

Ctrl and the Fuzzy Select Tool
You can do the same with Photoshop, just remember to use Alt to
subtract from a selection.
Notes
43
GIMP TIMNG

the radishes

Layer.
the radishes
2. Click and drag to move the copy of the radishes.
3. Place them over the melon. The radishes will be one of Mr

Melon Head’s eyebrows.
Move Tool
layer
enter the new name eyebrow 01.

Notes
44
GIMP TIMNG

eyebrow by
duplicating the 1. Right-click over the layer eyebrow 01 and choose Duplicate
layer Layer.
2. The new layer, eyebrow 01 copy, will appear in the Layers

dialog above the eyebrow 01 layer.
3. Rename the new layer eyebrow 02.

Right-click over the layer and choose Duplicate Layer...
Move and Steps
then flip the
second eyebrow 1. Select the Move Tool and move the second eyebrow into
horizontally position.
2. Choose Layer>Transform>Flip Horizontally.
3. Fine tune the position of the eyebrow.

Move Tool and Edit>Transform>Flip Horizontal
Notes
45
GIMP TIMNG
Exercise - Rearranging layers

Place the melon Steps
on its own layer
1. Turn off all the layers and layer groups except the Start 01.psd
layer.
2. Ensure the Start 01.psd layer is selected.
3. Select the Fuzzy Select Tool. Set the Threshold to 100 then
click on the melon to select it.
4. Choose Edit>Copy then Edit>Paste.

Layer.
6. Rename the new layer face.

You will be able to do all of the above in Photoshop using the same
tools and commands
Rearrange the Steps
layers
1. Change the stacking order of the layers and layer groups so that
the hat and the ears sit behind the face (melon).
Move layers using the Layers panel
Notes
46
GIMP TIMNG
Exercise - Insert a background image

Open an image Steps
to use as a
background 1. Open the image called plate 01.jpg.
File>Open...
Duplicate the Steps
image into your
Mr Melon Head 1. Locate the plate 01 images Plate 01.jpg layer in the Layers
image dialog.
2. Choose Select>All.
3. Choose Edit>Copy.
Return to your Mr Melon Head image and choose Edit>Paste.

The plate image should now be part of the Mr Melon Head image.

Layer.
5. Rename the new layer plate.
6. Move the plate layer down the layer stacking order until it sits
behind all of the other layers. Then use the Move Tool to move
the plate into position.
Select All, Edit>Copy, Edit>Paste
Notes
47
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Exercise - Cropping the image

To complete the Steps
artwork, crop the
image to a final
size 1. Select the Crop Tool (C) .
2. Move the pointer into the image window, and drag diagonally
from the top left to the bottom right corner of the completed
artwork to create a crop area.
3. If you need to reposition the crop area, position the pointer

anywhere inside and drag.
4. If you want to resize the area, drag a handle.
5. When the area is positioned where you want it, press Enter to
crop the image.
6. Choose File>Save.
Crop Tool.
Notes
48
GIMP TIMNG
* Layer Masks
Exercise - Create and use a Layer Mask

Layer masks are a fundamental tool in image manipulations. They allow you to selectively
modify the opacity (transparency) of the layer they belong to. This differs from the use
of the layer Opacity slider as a mask has the ability to selectively modify the opacity of
different areas across a single layer.
This modification of a layer’s transparency through a mask is non-destructive to the layer

itself.
This flexibility to define the opacity of different areas of a layer is the basis for more
interesting image manipulation techniques such as selective coloring and luminosity
masking.
Open an image Steps
1. Open GIMP and set up as per Lecturer’s instructions.
3. Locate the file called red fruit 01.jpg and click Open.
File>Open...
Duplicate the Steps
layer
1. Right-click the red fruit 01.jpg layer and choose Duplicate
Layer.
Right-click the layer and choose Duplicate Layer...
Desaturate the Steps
duplicated layer
1. Choose Colors>Desaturate...
2. Choose Shade of grey based on Luminosity.

Image>Adjustments>Desaturate
Create a layer Steps
mask
1. Right-click on the layer and choose Add Layer Mask...
2. Initialize layer mask to White and click Add.

Layer>Layer Mask>Reveal All
Notes
49
GIMP TIMNG
Paint on the layer Steps

mask to reveal the
red fruit from the
layer below 1. Select the Paint Brush Tool (P) .
2. Set the following in the Tool Options:
• Opacity 20
• Size 80
• Foreground colour Black
3. Click-and-drag to paint over the fruit. The red of the fruit

from the layer below starts to show.
As you paint with black colour, which makes the layer transparent,
the underlying layer becomes visible.
The process is the same in Photoshop
Notes
50
GIMP TIMNG
* Introduction to Text
Exercise - Create a title over an image

Text is managed with the Text tool. This tool creates a new layer containing the text, above the current layer
in the layer dialogue, with the size of the text box. Its name is the beginning of the text.
Open an image Steps
1. Open the image called Canoes on the Dordogne 01.jpg.

File>Open...
Create some text Steps
1. Select the Text Tool (T) .
The Tool Options will change to show options for the Text Tool.
2. Set the font Size to 10 pt (points).
3. Set the font Color to white.
4. Click near the top left corner of the image and type “Canoes on the Dordogne”
Type Tool
Font Font units. Choose

from points, pixels,
Font size
millimeters etc.
Font colour picker
Notes
51
GIMP TIMNG
Edit your text Steps
If you wish to edit your text later you will need to do two things:
1. Ensure the text layer is selected by clicking on it.
2. Select the Text Tool and click on the text.
Once you have clicked on the text the bounding box will appear around it and
you will be able to edit it.
3. Using the Tool Options you can change the Font, Size, Color etc.
Use the Type Tool and the Character and Paragraph panels
Move the text Steps
Initially the cursor shows an arrow, the move tool symbol and a hand.
2. Position the cursor over part of the text and it should change to show just the
move tool symbol. When you see this, click and drag to move the text.
Move Tool
Notes
52
GIMP TIMNG
* Saving and Loading Selections
Exercise - Saving a selection

It can be frustrating to spend a long time making a selection only to lose it and have to start
again. Being able to save a selection as soon as you have finished making one can help
avoid this problem.
Sometimes you may need to make the same selection again later. Being able to save the
selection rather than having to manually recreate it again can save a lot of time.
In GIMP you can save any selection and reload it again later.
Open an image Steps
and create some
text 1. Open wood 01.jpg.
2. Create the following text, burnt wood, following the instructions

on the next page. Your image should look similar to the image
below.
Text Tool
Notes
53
GIMP TIMNG
Create some text Steps
1. Select the Text Tool (T) from the Toolbox.
2. Click-and-drag in the image to create a text frame. Make the

text frame nearly the same size as the image.
3. Type the words burnt wood.
4. Select the text by clicking-and-dragging over it.
5. Using the font options at the top of the text frame choose a bold
font such as Berlin Sans FB Bold and set the font size to about
200 pt.
Type Tool
Rasterise the text Steps
and select it
1. Right-click over the burnt wood type layer and choose
Discard Text Information.
Your text is no longer a text layer. It is now a normal image layer

where the text is now made up of pixels.
2. Select the Fuzzy Select Tool (F). Set the Threshold to 1.
3. Click on a letter to select it. Hold down the Shift key and select
the rest of the letters.
4. Turn off the burnt wood text layer.

Right-click on the type layer and choose Rasterize Type. Use the
Magic Wand Tool.
Notes
54
GIMP TIMNG
Save the selection Steps
1. Choose Select>Save to Channel
2. Choose Select>None.
Select>Save Selection...
Load the selection Steps
and use it to adjust
part of the image 1. Select the Channels dialog.
2. Right-click over the Selection Mask copy and choose

Channel to Selection.
3. Select the wood 01.jpg layer.
3. Choose Colors>Hue-Saturation...
4. Experiment with the sliders then click OK.
5. Choose Select>None.
Choose Select>Load Selection... Choose
Image>Adjustments>Hue/Saturation...
Channels dialog
Right-click here
and choose
Channel to
Selection
Notes
55
GIMP TIMNG
Saving image files - TIFF
Exercise - Open an image and save as a TIFF file

TIFF (Tagged-Image File Format) is a flexible bitmap image format supported by virtually
all paint, image-editing, and page-layout applications. Also, virtually all desktop scanners
can produce TIFF images.
TIFF format supports CMYK, RGB, Lab, Indexed Color, and Grayscale images with alpha
channels and Bitmap mode images without alpha channels.
Open an image Steps
1. Open GIMP and set up as per Lecturer’s instructions.
3. Locate the file called house.psd and click Open.
4. Choose File>Export... and select TIFF from the Select File

Type drop down menu.
5. Select LZW compression and click Export.

File>Save As... You can select TIFF from the file types. Choose
LZW compression and Discard Layers
Notes
LZW compression is a “lossless” compression format.
The main beneift for using LZW compression with TIFF files is to save space on your hard
drive.
56
GIMP TIMNG
Saving image files - JPEG
Exercise - Save a layered image as a JPEG

From the GIMP manual:
“When you are finished working with an image, you will want to save the results. (In fact, it is often a good
idea to save at intermediate stages too: GIMP is a pretty robust program, but we have heard rumors,
possibly apocryphal, that it may have been known on rare and mysterious occasions to crash.) Most of the
file formats that GIMP can open, can also be used for saving. There is one file format that is special, though:
XCF is GIMP’s native format, and is useful because it stores everything about an image (well, almost
everything; it does not store “undo” information). Thus, the XCF format is especially suitable for saving
intermediate results, and for saving images to be re-opened later in GIMP. XCF files are not readable by
most other programs that display images, so once you have finished, you will probably also want to export
the image in a more widely used format, such as JPEG, PNG, TIFF, etc.”
Open an image Steps
1. Open the image called Martian Landscape 01.jpg.

File>Open...
Save as a JPEG Steps
1. Choose File>Export... This launches the Export Image dialogue.
2. Expand the menu in the bottom left corner of the dialogue called Select File
Type (By Extension).
3. From this menu choose JPEG image and click on the Export button.
This will launch the Export Image as JPEG dialogue.
4. Ensure Show preview in image window is checked.
You may need to move the various dialogues out of the way to see the preview in
the window.
5. Experiment with various Quality settings by sliding the quality slider left and
right. Look to see the effect this has on both the visual quality of the image and
the file size.
6. When you have found a good balance between visual quality and file size click
the Export button to save your image as a JPEG.
File>Save for Web...
Notes
57
GIMP TIMNG
Appendix
Bibliography
• http://www.gimp.org/ and http://docs.gimp.org/en/

index.html
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page
Recommended reading
• http://www.gimp.org/books/
Tutorial images used in this course
• Course resources are available via Portfolio.
58
GIMP TIMNG
Macintosh keyboard equivalents
This documentation uses the terms of the PC keyboard,

and so speaks of the “Control” (Ctrl) key and the “Alt” key,
but these have different meanings in the Macintosh world.
The Mac usually has (moving from the leftmost bottom

corner of the keyboard inwards toward the space bar) a
“Control” key in the same position as the PC control key.
Then there is an “Option” key, which has a funny symbol
and “Alt” written on it, in the position where a “Windows”
key often appears on PC keyboards. Then, next to the
space bar, there is a “Command” key, with an Apple logo
and a sort of quadrifoil symbol, which occupies the space
in which you usually find the Alt key on a PC.
The problem is that, although the PC and the Mac have

a key marked “Control” in the same position on the
keyboard, they use this key differently. Whereas PC
users use, for example, Control-C to copy and Control-S
to save, Mac users are accustomed to Command-C and
Command-S.
Use the Command (or Apple) key as the Control key. Thus
Command-S will save the file. Since you cannot use the
Option key (which is marked “Alt”), because it is used to
enter symbols, this leaves the key marked “Ctrl” to serve
as the “Alt” key. If you are a regular Mac user, this is
probably the easiest way -- just remember that when the
documentation refers to the “Ctrl” key, do not use the
key with that label, but use the Apple key, and when the
documentation refers to the “Alt” key, use the key marked
“Ctrl”.
59
Digital Images: Comfort and safety
GIMP an introduction
Carl Wenczek
Programme
Introduction to GIMP
Setting up
Image size
Programme Layers and selections

File formats
Selections
Allow you to specify an area of an image for
The working
editing
environment
Layers
File formats
File formats File formats
GIMP - .xcf
uncompressed Best choice for master file and archiving uncompressed
Master Fully supports all GIMP features (modifiable)
No loss of image quality
Large file size
xcf
Lossless files - .tiff
All image information preserved compressed
Flatten image to create a smaller file size than PSD
Lossy files - .jpeg

Image information lost and quality reduced
compressed Print Screen Smaller file size than TIFF
Therefore easily uploaded and displayed on web pages
JPEG is an ISO standard, open and available for anyone to use
TIFF JPEG Therefore compatible with most web browsers
"JPEG rot"
Average screen resolution and Apple

connection speed
The latest State of the Internet report from
Content Delivery Network (CDN) operator
Akamai - global average connections speed in
the first quarter of this year was 2.6 Mbps
(2012)
Own Google analytics average screen
resolution 1024x768
http://www.w3schools.com/default.asp shift
http://media.ofcom.org.uk/facts/
alt ctrl
This presentation is made available by Carl Wenczek
under a Creative Commons licence:
Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs
CC BY-NC-ND

Gimp An Introduction

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Gimp An Introduction

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Digital Images:

Create a New document 9

Image size - Screen 10

Image size - Print 11

The History dialog 17

Working with Selections and Layers 18

* Saving and Loading Selections 53

Saving image files - TIFF 56

Saving image files - JPEG 57

* Supplementary or optional exercises

How to use this user guide

Screenshots in this document are copyright of Adobe Systems Incorporated.

It is often used as a free software replacement for Adobe

The project’s mascot is named Wilber.

GIMP is expandable and extensible. It is designed to

One of The GIMP’s strengths is its free availability from

GNU (pronounced /gnu) is a computer operating system

Text courtesy of Wikipedia and www.gimp.org

Using these exercises

These are for Adobe Photoshop.

Exercise - Setting up GIMP

Open GIMP and set Steps

2. Choose Edit>Preferences. This will launch the Preferences dialogue box.

4. Set the Spacing Width and Height to 100 pixels.

5. Ensure the Line style under Appearance is set to Solid.

1. From the main menu choose Windows>Dockable Dialogs

2. A sub-menu will pop up listing all of the available dialogues.

3. Choose Undo History.

Exercise - Using the Zoom Tool and the Navigation dialogue

Open an image Steps

3. Locate the image called Curiosity on Mars 01.jpg.

4. Click Open. The image opens into the image window.

1. From the Toolbox select the Zoom Tool (Z)

3. Click with the mouse in the image to zoom in.

2. A sub-menu will pop up listing all of the available dialogues.

3. Choose Navigation. The Navigation dialogue will appear.

Create a New document

Exercise - Create a New document

Image size - Screen

Exercise - Change an images on-screen size

Open an image Steps

2. Locate the image called saturn 01.jpg.

3. Click Open. The image opens into the image window.

Change the images Steps

This launches the Scale Image dialogue

4. Click the Scale button to set the new image size.

Image size - Print

Exercise - Change an images print size

Open an image Steps

1. Open the image called saturn 02.jpg.

Change the images Steps

This launches the Print Size dialogue

2. Change the Print Size units to cm.

5. Click OK to confirm the new print size.

Exercise - Add a border or frame around a photograph

1. Open the image called sculpture 01.jpg.

2. This launches the Canvas Size dialogue box (see below).

New canvas size unit

Use the Offset fields

Select Center to centre

Change the canvas Steps

5. Use either the Center button or the Offset fields to position

6. From the Resize layers field choose All layers.

2. Click on the Background colour to launch the Change