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ABSTRACT
Provision of affordable housing for people who are generally classified
fishermen economic weakness can be done through the design of the
building that includes optimal space efficiency and selection of appropriate
building components is a challenge at a time problem which needs to be
solved together. This paper will describe research result on the user
satisfaction and needs toward building component and social-economic
aspect in fishermen settlements. The paper relevance is to provide the
proposals and recommendations for the implementation of the concept of
architectural and building components for the fishermen settlement in
Surabaya, the proposed optimal utilization of local raw materials used, the
draft guidelines of the house and the use of building elements and
components that are suitable for low-income people in settlement of
fishermen and the matrix of priorities, elements and components of the
building that meets the needs of social and economic development for low
income communities, with various forms of alternative building.
Keywords: building components, fishermen settlements
38
Unit Architecture Design and Engineering, Facuilteit Boukunde, Technische Universiteit of
Eindhoven, the Netherlands. E-mail : d.septanti@tue.nl; dewi_s@arch.its.ac.id
39
Departement of Architecture, Institute Technology Sepuluh Nopember of Surabaya. e-mail :
irvansjah@arch.its.ac.id
40
Departement of Architecture, Institute Technology Sepuluh Nopember of Surabaya
e-mail : wahyu_s@arch.its.ac.id
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1. BACKGROUND
Research Objectives
Results obtained from the wish to study later this is information on:
• To provide suggestions and recommendations for the implementation
of the concept of architectural and building components for fishermen
settlements in Surabaya.
• To optimize the used of local material.
• To proposed the requirements of housing design and the use of
building elements and components that appropriate for low cost
housing in fishermen settlement.
2. Literature Review
In practical, more about 90% of housing held by the communities itself, while
only 10% done by formal institutions. Contain a formal definition: a housing
that is presented on the rules that can provide by government and or private
sector. Non-Formal contain: a housing that built by community itself with the
traditional process (Source: Course notes). Following by the statements, the
basic key of the housing and settlements development is the communities
itself.
According to Silas (1988) village is a unique form of settlement where the low
income people lived. The population can be spread across the city. Kampung
can also be defined as the village/ hamlet or the group of un-standard
houses in urban area.In addition, Silas J, also argued that the settlement is a
territorial habitat where the population can still perform biological, social,
economic, political activities and environmental sustainability to ensure a
balanced and harmonious.
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3. METHODOLOGY
This research will be split up with three research questions, which will be
elaborated below. In order to understand the problems of design and
technical aspect related to architectural concept and building components of
low cost housing, we need to know about typological form, architectural
elements and components that used for low cost housing in coastal
settlements in Surabaya.
The study therefore begins with general picture of fishermen
settlements in Surabaya in order to show the housing problems in its
environmental, socio and economical context. The research also wants to
know the indicator and requirement of architectural concepts and building
components which are relevant for environmental and socio-economic
aspects.
The first stage is to answer the first sub-set of research question
(reserch problems): “What kind of classification of housing typology,
architectural elements and components in the fishermen settlements in
Surabaya?”
In this stage, we will try to find the housing type following by roof type, the
used of housing elements and components that genarally used by
communities.
The second research problems is “what kind of architectural
components which meet the needs of the most social and economic
community is seen from the level of satisfaction?” will be shown by the
communities satisfaction level.The community’s satisfaction according to
material used will gained by interviewing. Data have been collected to found
the occupants satisfaction level, with the comfort ability followed by building
components. The occupant’s satisfaction data have been gained by Post
Occupancy Evaluation (POE) with structural questionnaire and by the
interviews. Data would be treated by multivariate analysis to clarify the
several level of community’s satisfaction with several conditions. Multivariate
analyses were also done to assess the relative importance of various factors
in predicting satisfactions (Chattopadhyay 2009). Data will be shown as a
scale or percentage of the community’s satisfactions.
Instead taking data by communities interviews with Post Occupants
Evaluation and pre-occupant interview (community that have been resettled),
field observation will be reached. This observation is to dig the parameter of
present housing condition, environment and socio-economics. Besides that,
the regulation, geographical and other supporting data have be found by
deep interview of the housing stakeholder. All stages are to understand the
general condition of coastal settlements in the case study area.
Informal Settlements and Affordable Housing 2009 III - 227
This part will be answered by the third sub-set research questions: How
is the innovative of architectural concept and building components for
fishermen settlements in Surabaya?
Following the last research stage, the results should find the
requirements and indicators for the basic design and building components for
low cost housing in the study area.
The methodology that is most suitable for solving the key research question
and following sub-set research questions contains both qualitative and
quantitative aspects. The ongoing research will be executed by exploratory
and correlational research. According to Kumar, R (1996), the first type of
exploratory research is to clarify why and how there is a relationship between
two aspect of situation or phenomenon. While, the correlational research is
to discover the existence of relationship between two aspects , i.e
architectural concepts and building components for fishermen settlements in
Surabaya.
The research will be applied in case study areas at fishermen
settlements in Surabaya, Eastern Java, Indonesia. These include the
following sub-districts: Tambak Wedi, Kedung Cowek, Bulak Banteng, Tanah
Kali Kedinding, and Sukolilo Barat Surabaya.
4. RESERARCH RESULT
From the results of the research conducted with the kind of typology is as
follows:
1. Pelana-type house without canopy in front terrace
2. Pelana-type house with canopy in front terrace
3. Perisai-type house without canopy in front terrace
4. Perisai-type house with canopy in front terrace
As discussed in literature review, the architectural elements are the signs for
people and their civilization. In fishermen settlements, the elements of the
architecture (building components) that used also to adjust the community’s
conditions and levels of knowledge, needs and financial ability.
Following the research results that have been illustrated previously,
known that fishermen community used various architectural elements to
formed walls, roofs and floors. Based on that, the houses in the fishermen
settlements divided by:
From the survey results in the field study following on the satisfaction level of
users for the main material used to formed the walls classify into 5 groups:
- White Stone, the value of the satisfaction level is 5
- Red stone brick, the value of the satisfaction level is 4
- Jati wood and the similarly material, the value of the satisfaction level is 3
- Plywood, the value of the satisfaction level is 2
- Bamboo, the value of the satisfaction level is 1
Informal Settlements and Affordable Housing 2009 III - 229
Component that used to form the floor, can be determining by the community
satisfaction that classified into 5 groups :
- Ceramics, the value of user satisfaction is 5.
- Terrazzo, the value of user satisfaction is 4.
- Ordinary cement stucco, the value of user satisfaction is 3.
- Material of timber, the value of user satisfaction is 2.
- The compacted land, the value of user satisfaction is 1.
d. Ceiling Components
The used of ceiling is to reduce heat that coming from the roof and also as a
barrier of the rain. Comfort and beauty of the room will be affected by this
component. Therefore ceiling considered as one of the variables to be
measured. For this component, the results of field studies by determining
the level of satisfaction, then classified into 3 groups with the highest 5
points, namely:
- Closed the whole, the value of user satisfaction is 5
- Closed in part, the value of user satisfaction is 3
- No closed, the value of user satisfaction is 1
The variables can be shown the level of user satisfaction about the used
of building components.
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Table 1. Table average satisfaction level of the building components that are used
The diagram shows that the use of building components in the house with
the damage/poor condition in fiftieth years is as follows:
20
15
Level of user
satisfaction 10
5
0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29
Respondent
Figure 6. Diagram of the components in the building with the poor condition in the year-15 th
Table 1. Table average satisfaction level of the building components that are used
The diagram shows that the use of building components in the house with
the good condition in fiftieth years is as follows:
Figure 6. Diagram of the building components that used on the house with good condition in
year 15-th
In some respondents, show that the user satisfaction level is very low for the
components that used to built the house. However, the condition of the
building was good enough after 15 years. Other factors that may occur:
- The subjectivities of the user
- Community’s knowledge about building quality components is low.
Architectural components for the most appropriate and meet community’s
requirements for their needs, social and economic aspects are seen by the
level of user satisfaction. The level that the user has a value is 4. It can be
explain that building components that meet the criteria are: the use of red
brick with plaster, plafond component must cover the entire room, and the
use of tiles cover the floor e.g : ceramic, terrazzo.
Proposed Design
• Open architectural design to give plenty space for business and domestic
activities.
• The red brick can be use as main wall materials and covered by cement
plaster shield.
• The ceiling should be covered by some materials.
• Cross ventilation and natural light design can be created to form the healthy
house.
2. The second group which does not require a special space for activities)
- House with pelana-canopy type that accordance with the most houses in
fishermen settlements.
- Simple architectural design that influence construction process, materials
and time work.
- Open space does not need for business activities. Terrace can be used for
domestic activities.
Occupation: fishermen who fish but not process their product or regular
house hold.
The number of people: 5 inhabitants
The house size: 3.5 m x 10 m
Proposed Design
• Additional partition can be use to separate the boundary between house
and field.
• The red brick can be use as main wall materials and covered by cement
plaster shield.
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Figure 8. Proposed architectural design concept and components for group 2 houses
5.1 Conclusion
From the research have been conducted, some conclusion can be follows
below :
1. The typologies of fishermen housing more dominated by pelana-canopy
type, with consideration: easier to construct that influence by worker time and
material used. The reason will be influence for construction cost.
5.2 Suggestion
6. REFERENCES