Prostate Cancer

Florentino Torres High School

Charlene V. Quinio

9-6
 Prostate Cancer

_________________________

A Research Paper

Submitted to

Mrs.Delia Nerves

Of

Florentino Torres High School

__________________________

A Partial Fulfilment

Of the Requirements

In

English 9

____________________________

Charlene V. Quinio

9-6
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

I.Introduction

A.Significance of the study…………………………………………………………………….. 1

B. Statement of the problem………………………………………………………………….. 1

C. Definition of terms……………………………………………………………………………… 1-2

II.Facts of the study

A.What is cancer? ............................................................................................ 3

B.What is prostate cancer? .............................................................................. 4

C.What is the origin of prostate cancer? .......................................................... 5

D.What is the risk of getting prostate cancer? ................................................ 6

E.What are the symptoms of prostate cancer? ............................................... 7

F.How is prostate cancer diagnosed? ................................................................ 8-9

G.How will you know the stage and severity of prostate cancer? ................ 10-11

H.How does prostate cancer progress? ............................................................ 12-13

I.What is the treatment of prostate cancer? .................................................... 14

J.How can you prevent prostate cancer? ………………………………………………… 15-16

III.Conclusion

A.Restatement of the problem…………………………………………………………………. 17

B.Recommendation…………………………………………………………………………………… 17

IV.Bibliography
 I.Introduction

Prostate cancer is one of the most common types of cancer in men usually prostate cancer grows slowly
and is initially confined to the prostate gland,where it may not cause serious harm. However,while some
types of prostate cancer grow slowly and may need minimal or even no treatment,other types are
agrressive and can spread quickly.

A. Significance of the study

Malcom Mason,MD,Cancer Researcher wales professor of Clinical Oncology at Cardiff

University,discusses the significance of the PROTECT study in prostate cancer during the 2017 EMUC
Congress.

B. Statement of the Problem

A.What is cancer?

B.What is prostate cancer?

C.What is the origin of prostate cancer?

D.What is the risk of getting prostate cancer?

E.What are the symptoms of prostate cancer?

F.How is prostate cancer diagnosed?

G.How will you know the stage and severity of prostate cancer?

H.How does prostate cancer progress?

I.What is the treatment of prostate cancer?

J.How can you prevent prostate cancer?

 Cancer

Cancer is the name given to a collection of related diseases. In all types of cancer,
some of the body’s cells begin to divide without stopping and spread into
surrounding tissues.

Cancer can start almost anywhere in the human body, which is made up of
trillions of cells. Normally, human cells grow and divide to form new cells as the
body needs them. When cells grow old or become damaged, they die, and new
cells take their place.

When cancer develops, however, this orderly process breaks down. As cells
become more and more abnormal, old or damaged cells survive when they should
die, and new cells form when they are not needed. These extra cells can divide
without stopping and may form growths called tumors.

Many cancers form solid tumors, which are masses of tissue. Cancers of the
blood, such as leukemias, generally do not form solid tumors.

Cancerous tumors are malignant, which means they can spread into, or invade,
nearby tissues. In addition, as these tumors grow, some cancer cells can break off
and travel to distant places in the body through the blood or the lymph system
and form new tumors far from the original tumor.

Unlike malignant tumors, benign tumors do not spread into, or invade, nearby
tissues. Benign tumors can sometimes be quite large, however. When removed,
they usually don’t grow back, whereas malignant tumors sometimes do. Unlike
most benign tumors elsewhere in the body, benign brain tumors can be life
threatening.
 Prostate Cancer

Prostate cancer is cancer that occurs in the prostate — a small walnut-shaped

gland in men that produces the seminal fluid that nourishes and transports
sperm.

Prostate cancer is one of the most common types of cancer in men. Usually
prostate cancer grows slowly and is initially confined to the prostate gland, where
it may not cause serious harm. However, while some types of prostate cancer
grow slowly and may need minimal or even no treatment, other types are
aggressive and can spread quickly.

Prostate cancer that's detected early when it's still confined to the prostate gland
has a better chance of successful treatment. The prostate is a gland in the male
reproductive system. It makes most of the semen that carries sperm. The walnut-
sized gland is located beneath the bladder and surrounds the upper part of the
urethra, the tube that carries urine from the bladder.

Prostate cancer is a major health concern for American men. The disease is less
common before age 50, and experts believe that most elderly men have traces of
it.
 The Origin of Prostate Cancer

Historically, the identities of cellular origins for cancers were assumed based on
their histological appearances. Now we know, based on our current knowledge,
that random and static observations from tumor specimens can be misleading.
Any assumptions made should be validated using more direct genetic approaches.
A related, but more elegant hypothesis is that tumors display gene expression
profiles that most resemble those of their cells of origin rather than those of
other lineages in the same tissue. With this approach, it has been suggested that
the mammary gland luminal epithelial progenitors are the cells of origin for the
basal-like breast cancer.3 More impressively, brain tumors with identical
histological appearances can be divided into distinct groups based on their gene
expression profiles that reflect those of their cellular origins.4,5 These studies
suggest that the pathological appearance of tumors does not always match their
molecular profiles. However, conclusions from these types of studies are still
indirect and need further validation using direct genetic studies.

A relatively more direct approach to study the cellular origin for cancer is to
establish cell lines with distinct lineage characteristics from human or rodent
tissues, transform the cultured cells and determine whether the resulting tumors
display different pathological appearance. For example, Ince et al.6established
two types of mammary gland epithelial cell lines that displayed a myoepithelial
and a luminal cell phenotype, respectively. When transformed by the same
combination of oncogenes, the two types of cells formed tumors with distinct
phenotypic appearances and malignant potentials. This study provides direct
evidence that the cellular origin for cancer can dictate the tumor phenotype and
aggressiveness. However, it should be noted that the phenotypic characteristics
of the in vitro cultured cells may not always reflect their origins in vivo.
 The risk of getting Prostate Cancer

A risk factor is anything that increases a person’s chance of developing cancer.

Although risk factors often influence the chance to develop cancer, most do not
directly or by themselves cause cancer. Some people with several known risk
factors never develop cancer, while others with no known risk factors do.
Knowing your risk factors and talking about them with your doctor may help you
make more informed lifestyle and health care choices.
Age The risk of prostate cancer increases with age, especially after age 50. More than 80% of
prostate cancers are diagnosed in men who are 65 or older. Older patients who are diagnosed
with prostate cancer can face unique challenges, specifically with regard to cancer treatment.
For more information, please visit Cancer.Net’s section about aging and cancer

Race/ethnicity Black men have a higher risk of prostate cancer than white men. They are also
more likely to develop prostate cancer at an earlier age and to have more aggressive tumors
that grow quickly. The exact reasons for these differences are not known and may involve
genetic, socioeconomic, or other factors. Hispanic men have a lower risk of developing prostate
cancer and dying from the disease than non-Hispanic white men.

Prostate cancer occurs most often in North America and northern Europe. It also appears that
prostate cancer is increasing among Asian men living in urbanized environments, such as Hong
Kong, Singapore, and North American and European cities, particularly among those who have
a lifestyle with less physical activity and a less healthy diet.

Family history Prostate cancer that runs in a family, called familial prostate cancer, occurs about
20% of the time. This type of prostate cancer develops because of a combination of shared
genes and shared environmental or lifestyle factors.
 Symptoms of prostate cancer

In most cases, prostate cancer symptoms are not apparent in the early
stages of the disease. The symptoms of prostate cancer may be
different for each man, and any one of these symptoms may be caused
by other conditions. As a result, routine screenings in the form of digital
rectal exam and prostate specific androgen test are important.

The PSA blood test is typically used to screen for prostate cancer in
men without symptoms. Most men without prostate cancer have a PSA
level lower than 4 nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL) of blood. A man's
risk of prostate cancer increases as his PSA level rises.

The American cancer society recommends that men make an informed

decision with their doctor about whether to be tested for prostate
cancer, beginning at age 50. Men with one or more risk factors for
prostate cancer should consult with their physician about whether to
start routine screening earlier.
 Prostate Cancer Diagnosed

Several tests are used to diagnose prostate cancer. Learn more about these tests,
how they work and what to expect.

Detecting cancer Two initial tests are commonly used to look for prostate cancer
– a digital rectal exam and the blood test used to detect prostate-specific antigen
(PSA). But the diagnosis can only be confirmed by a biopsy.

Digital rectal exam Doctors use the digital rectal exam (DRE) as a relatively simple
test to check the prostate.

Prostate specific antigen blood test PSA is a substance produced by the prostate
gland. Elevated PSA levels may indicate prostate cancer, a noncancerous
condition such as prostatitis, or an enlarged prostate.

Prostate Ultrasound and biopsy Prostate ultrasound involves a small probe that is
inserted a short distance into the rectum. This probe produces high-frequency
sound waves that bounce off the surface of the prostate and are used to create
video or photographic images of the gland.

Cytoscopy or Bladder Scope Test Cystoscopy, also called a cystourethroscopy or

bladder scope, is a test to measure the health of the urethra and bladder.

Cat Scans A CAT scan uses X-rays and computers to produce an image of a cross-
section of the body. This image allows your doctor to check for swollen or
enlarged lymph nodes, which might mean that cancer has spread.
 Stage and Severity of prostate cancer

The score for each of these categories is determined based on a pre-determined

set of criteria. Your doctor cannot feel or see the tumor with a score of T1. A
score of T3 means that the tumor has begun to grow outside of the prostate.

After calculating the TNM categories, doctors will combine the TNM score with
the patient’s Gleason score and PSA levels assigning of a specific stage to the
patient’s cancer.

Prostate cancer prognosis and survival rates can help give patients an idea of their
chances of surviving the disease based on the stage and time of diagnosis. While
some patients may find this information helpful, others may not want to know.

Stage 1

The tumor is non-detectable by an imaging test or a physical examination in this

early stage of prostate cancer. Meaning, the cancer has not spread outside of the
prostate. Discovery of prostate cancer at this stage is almost 80%, with a 5-year
survival rate of almost 100%.

Stage 2

The tumor may or may not be detectable through a physical examination or

imaging tests and still has not spread outside of the prostate. However, in stage-2
the cells have a higher Gleason score and may grow more quickly.
Stage 3

In this stage, the cancer has now spread beyond the prostate and may spread to
the nearby seminal vesicles. This can include some stage-4 prostate cancers that,
while they have other advanced indicators, still have not moved to other organs.
As with local stage prostate cancers, the 5-year survival rate is nearly 100%.

Stage 4

This is the last stage of prostate cancer and describes a tumor that has spread to
other parts of the body, including the lymph nodes, lungs, liver, bones, or bladder.
For these cancers, the 5-year survival rate is 29%.

Keep in mind that every case is different and that statistics such as these are only
general guidelines. With advancements in prostate cancer treatment happening
at a greater rate, your chances for surviving this disease are increasing.

In general, prostate cancer actually has a very high survival rate – one of the
highest among all types of cancers. Because prostate cancer is often a slow
moving disease, the majority of men diagnosed with prostate cancer will actually
pass away from an unrelated cause.
 Prostate Cancer progress

The dependence of prostate cancer cells on androgen stimulation was first

described in a seminal paper by Huggins and Hodges.6 Androgen binds to the AR
and translocates to the nucleus, where the binding of this complex to Androgen
Responsive Elements affects the transcription of androgen-regulated genes (e.g.
prostate-specific antigen, PSA) and ultimately stimulates proliferation and inhibits
apoptosis of prostate cancer cells. Therefore, androgen-deprivation therapy by
chemical and surgical castration has been the mainstay of the treatment for early
metastatic prostate cancer. However, all patients invariably will progress at some
point during the course of their disease since their tumor adapts to the androgen-
deprived environment and becomes “castrate-resistant”. Several molecular
mechanisms for the development of castration-resistant prostate cancer, an
important step in progression of the disease to the bone, have been elucidated to
date: Prostate cancer cells become “hypersensitive” to androgen stimulation by
upregulation of AR expression. Also, autocrine and paracrine production of
androgens is upregulated in castrate-resistant prostate cancer. The AR may be
activated in this setting by steroids other than androgens such as estrogens, and
ligand-independent activation of the AR by receptor tyrosine kinases has also
been described. Finally, in castrate-resistant prostate cancer, bypass pathways
identified that contribute to AR independent growth of prostate cancer cells, such
as interleukin-6 signaling (described in more detail below). Several reviews have
described the role of the AR in castration-resistant prostate cancer
 Treatment of Prostate Cancer

Cancer care teams include a variety of other health care professionals,

such as palliative care experts, physician assistants, advanced nurse
practitioners, oncology nurses, social workers, pharmacists, counselors,
dietitians, physical therapists, and others.

Descriptions of the most common treatment options for prostate

cancer are listed below. Treatment options and recommendations
depend on several factors, including the type and stage of cancer,
possible side effects, and the patient’s preferences and overall health.
Your care plan may also include treatment for symptoms and side
effects, an important part of cancer care.

Because most prostate cancers are found in the early stages when they
are growing slowly, you usually do not have to rush to make treatment
decisions. During this time, it is important to talk with your doctor
about the risks and benefits of all your treatment options and when
treatment should begin. This discussion should also address the current
state of the cancer
 Prevention of Prostate Cancer

If you're concerned about your risk of prostate cancer, you may be interested in
prostate cancer prevention.

There's no sure way to prevent prostate cancer. Study results often conflict with
each other, and most studies aren't designed to definitively prove whether
something prevents prostate cancer. As a result, no clear ways to prevent
prostate cancer have emerged.

In general, doctors recommend that men with an average risk of prostate cancer
make choices that benefit their overall health if they're interested in prostate
cancer prevention.

Exercise most days of the week

Studies of exercise and prostate cancer risk have mostly shown that men who
exercise may have a reduced risk of prostate cancer.

Exercise has many other health benefits and may reduce your risk of heart disease
and other cancers. Exercise can help you maintain your weight, or it can help you
lose weight.

If you don't already exercise, make an appointment with your doctor to make
sure it's OK for you to get started. When you begin exercising, go slowly. Add
physical activity to your day by parking your car farther away from where you're
going, and try taking the stairs instead of the elevator.

Aim for 30 minutes of exercise most days of the week.

 III.Conclusion

A. Restatement of the problem

A.What is cancer?

B.What is prostate cancer?

C.What is the origin of prostate cancer?

D.What is the risk of getting prostate cancer?

E.What are the symptoms of prostate cancer?

F.How is prostate cancer diagnosed?

G.How will you know the stage and severity of prostate cancer?

H.How does prostate cancer progress?

I.What is the treatment of prostate cancer?

J.How can you prevent prostate cancer?

B. Recommendation

For men aged 55 to 69 years, the decision to undergo periodic prostate-specific

antigen (PSA)–based screening for prostate cancer should be an individual one. ...
The USPSTF recommends against PSA-based screening for prostate cancer in men
70 years and older.
 IV.Bibliography

Sarkar,amita encyclopedia of cancer “Human Cancer” Vol. IV Sachin

printers delhi, First published 2008. Published by: DICOVERY
PUBLISHING HOUSE PVT LTD