10/27/2014

Curtin University site:

Reinforced concrete columns Longitudinal r/f

Lateral r/f

LATERAL REO

Minimum Design Bending Moment

 Clause [10.1.2] minimum load eccentricity

 emin = 0.05D
HTTPS://WWW.FLICKR.COM/PHOTOS/127138  D column depth in direction of bending
252@N08/SETS/72157647321765010/
 Check for both axes of column

 therefore design min bending moment of

 M* = N* x 0.05D

Causes of Bending Intentional load Earthquake prone areas

eccentricity arising
from beam/column
support condition  Failure of reinforced
concrete columns at the
load eccentricity – ground floor level of a
intentional or accidental building with the soft
column out of straightness storey irregularity in the
moment transfer from 2001 Bhuj, India
adjacent beams and floor earthquake; the columns
slabs in framed structures were characterized by
wind and earthquake non-ductile details, such
loading as widely spaced ties and
Generates large 90 degree hooks in ties
moments and (C.V.R. Murty, EERI
shearing action Reconnaissance Team)

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http://wolfweb.unr.edu/homepage/saiidi/NCHRP/SMAreinforced/smahome.htm
http://www.nexus.globalquakemodel.org/gem-building- l
taxonomy/overview/glossary/non-ductile--dno http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/HfL/pubs/hif13037/index.cfm

http://ace-mrl.engin.umich.edu/NewFiles/seis_project_connection.html

Ductility and Strength of Confined Concrete

Columns Strength Interaction
Diagrams – critical
(d) Closely spaced
spiral RF, peak > Nuo
points & transitions
Nuo axial
load
capacity (c) Second peak –
(b) confined spiral RF – strength of
concrete core
(a) Unconfined reached
insufficient ties

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Strength Calculations

dN distance from comp fibre to Nu

dN α1

Column Design

SHORT COLUMNS

Good practice to draw strain diagram to scale and

check numeric calculations of strain for each layer by
graphical means

What type of
N failure does the
column exhibit?
Nuo D What is the
strain in the
C
reinforcement?
X

Nub B Balance point

ku = 0.545

Muo M
strength line A

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Primary Compression 

 Columns are the most critical

element in a structure & column
Damage to a concrete
failure can be catastrophic building: soft first stories,
(compared say to a beam failure inadequate ties, column
which tends to be localized) flexural failures, column
  for primary compression shear failures, and many
failure is 0.6 joint failures. There are
 Nu ≥ Nub  = 0.6
many cases of weak-story
collapses, column failures,
and joint failures

http://www.construction.com/NewsCenter/Headlines/ENR/20021025b.asp http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/seg/hazard/slideset/22/22_thumbs.shtml

Strength reduction factor cont.

Nu < Nub
  b = 0.6 ≤ 1.19-13kuo/12 ≤ 0.8
 At point A the column is
N   =0.6 +[ (b - 0.6)(1 – Nu / Nub)]
in pure bending
Nuo D  usual reduction factor  Results in a discontinuity in the interaction
C applies, diagram at the balance point with increased
values in moment capacities below the balance
X  = 0.6 - 0.8 point
depending upon ku
B and class of
reinforcement

Muo M
strength line A

Design Summary

 construct design strength interaction chart Nu

versus Mu
 Choose 4 points such as Nuo, ku = 1.0, 0.545 and another
usually 0.4 or less)
straight line
approximation of  THEN
strength line  Show design action interaction point N*M* ;

 If point is within the strength curve section is adequate

Design
strength
interaction
curve

Nu = Nub  = 0.6
From “Onesteel Reinforcing Solutions”

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Example N* = 3000 kN, M* = 100 kNm: column Example N* = 3000 kN, M* = 350kNm: column not
OK as design action below design strength curve OK as design action outside design strength curve

Example N* = 3000 kN, e = 100mm : column no t

OK as N* < ØNu

 Or
 Plot the loading line for given e and determine the
maximum axial capacity Nuo of section;
 if N* < Nuo then section is adequate

Loading line for

e = 100 mm
Ø Nu = 2200 kN

N  Or
D  Estimate the ku value at which Nuo  N*
Nuo
 Refine by iteration until Nuo = N*
C
 Calculate  Muo for this point;
X
 If M* is <  Muo then section is adequate
Nu Approximated strength line
 Generally spreadsheet application
1.0 B
loading line
e  This is for a stocky column only as straight line
Muo M loading line or non-modified loading point N*
strength line A M* plotted
Approximate graphical solution

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Iterative solution
dn=443 mm
ku-=443/530=0.835 Nu=5157 kN, Mu
= 849 kNm
N
D
Column Design
Nuo
C
X Successive iterations of dn SLENDER COLUMNS
Nu To give Nu and Mu
1.0 B
loading line
e
Muo M
strength line A
Exact Iterative solution

Slenderness Effects
Slenderness Effects

Slenderness Effects “Secondary” Moments

 Bending moment produces bending  Axial load P applied with eccentricity e

deformations and lateral deflection (measured from plastic centroid of
column) at ends of pin-ended column
 Effective eccentricity of applied load is increased
 Mid height lateral deflection is 
 Increases the internal moments in the column  Max moment
 M = P (e +  )
 P.e primary moment which would exist in
undeformed member
 Additional moment due to lateral
deformation, secondary moment, P effect;
 May be greater than primary moment

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Stocky - Slender Slenderness effects – influence of initial

eccentricity
 Stocky columns do not have significant
reduction in capacity due to secondary effects
 Strength governed by strength of cross section
 Slender column strength also governed by
length
 Review previous notes on classification

Refer fig 23.2 Refer fig 23.3

 Initial eccentricity e important in slender columns  Fall off in strength with increasing slenderness is
 Fall off in strength with increasing slenderness is less shown in fig 22.3 for different initial eccentricity values
sever when initial e is large
 Primary moment P.e is relatively large
 Secondary moment is relatively small
 P. effect is less
 Material failure primary tension occurs in critical section
at mid height with little loss of strength even for very
slender columns
 Fall off in strength with increasing slenderness is
more sever when initial e is small

Design Procedure Moment Magnifier Method 10.4

 AS 3600 two options:  Simplified estimate of secondary moments in

 Rigorous analysis (too complex for routine design) column
 Moment magnifier method
 Based on elastic analysis
 Check to ensure section strength is adequate to
carry design axial force N* in conjunction with
magnified factored moment M*:
 M* =  Mo*

  = 1 / ( 1 – N*/Nc)

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Variations Unequal End Eccentricities

 Based on pin ended column with equal end  For column with unequal end eccentricities e1
eccentricities: and e2 a central equivalent eccentricity may be
 Need to account for unequal end eccentricities defined as:
 Column end restrain which may not be pin ended and  eo = 0.5 (e1 + e2)
 Quantities EI and L which occur in the Euler buckling  eo = e2 ( 0.5 + 0.5 e1/e2)
load expression Pc = Nc  Multiplying through by N* this becomes:
 Mo* = M*2 ( 0.5 + 0.5 (M*1/M*2))
 where M*2 > M*1

AS 3600 km factor End Restraints

 AS 3600 10.4.2 uses the factor km to replace (0.5 + 0.5 (M*1/M*2)) 10.5.3 Effective length factor k used to obtain Le from clear
such that :
 km = ( 0.6 – 0.4 (M*1/M*2))  0.4
length Lu
 Mo* = km M*2
 where M*2 = N*e2 is the larger of the end moments
 The two factors 0.5 changed slightly for safety
 Ratio M*1/M*2 or e1/e2 is  1.0 and negative when the column is in
single curvature and positive for double curvature (accounts for
difference in signs)

Column Stiffness – Euler Buckling Load Column Stiffness

 EI for reinforced concrete is a challenge !  ub = 0.003 / 0.545d = 1 / (182d)

 Column stiffness varies
 with magnitude of moment and axial force
 Over length of column because of variation in moment
 AS 3600 10.4.4 based on basic relation for bending
stiffness
 EI = M/
 With specific values at balance point Mub ub
 Why ? Convenient and works reasonably
 EI = 182 do Mub / ( 1 + d)
 do is depth to steel layer from compression face
 Mub is reduced balanced failure moment
 d allows for adverse effect of creep due to sustained loading
= G / (G+Q)
 d is empirical factor taken as zero if Le/r  40 and N*  M*/
2D that is when eccentricity of load is large

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Equivalent Pin Ended Column

 M* = b Mo*  M* = km N*e2 / ( 1- N* /NC) for N* < NC

 Where b = km / ( 1- N* /NC)  1.0
 km = (0.6 – 0.4(M1*/M2*))  0.4
Where M2* > M1* or e2 > e1
 And
[10.4.2]
 For given column e2 is known and Nc can be calculated
 Nc = 2 / Le2 . EI Euler buckling load
 Nc = 2 / Le2 . 182 do Mub / ( 1 + d) [10.4.4]

 Mo* = N*e2

Loading line Load Capacity

 M* = km N*e2 / ( 1- N* /NC)  Calculate slenderness ratio Le/r

 Is relationship between M* and N* and thus is  Does column need to be treated as slender?
equation of loading line for particular column
 Plot the strength line
with known eccentricity of loading; for purpose
 Does not depend on column slenderness
of calculation convenient to re-arrange:
 1/ N* = kme2 /M* + 1/NC

Slender Column typical loading

Load Capacity line/strength line interaction
 Plot the loading line
 Straight line if stocky column

 1/ N* = kme2 /M* + 1/NC

 Substitute value of Mub as M* to obtain point G

located on vertical line through balance point
 Determine one other point to find intersection
point and therefore capacity of section