Everyday Life

- Complacent, habitual, ordinariness, regular

o Vulnerable to power (disciplined by those in power)
- What is familiar may not be necessarily known
- Lived experience but is often left unnoticed or under analyzed
- Site of struggle, possibilities, and new experiences
- Can be divided into possibility/messiness (unprofessionalized, uninstituionalized, non news) V.S.
DSO/order (creating disciplinary institutions)
- Defamiliarization: treating something as if it is new
- Studying everyday life can make us become PREDATORS (Knowledge of the everyday life can
also be used to discipline other bodies)

Partitioning of the senses

- Strategically dividing your senses or planning what senses you’re going to use
- Only using particular senses, blocking off other elements that are not part of the routine
- Only some senses are working at particular moments in time
- Ex:
o Insecure women (afternoon 1-4 pm, beauty products)
o Good mother (primetime)
o Men (11-12 night, erotic)
o When parents scold you, you often do not hear the words she screams at you because
you temporarily turn off the sense of hearing

Symbolic Value

- Value of individuals is dictated by society

- Ingrained by individuals
- Ex: The elderly is valued because society tells us they have a greater breadth and depth of
experience in the world

Dominant Social Order

- Regulate, maintain, reproduce

- Running out of ideas and creativity, hence, they get things from the messy and transfer it to the
DSO (Facebook, Instagram)
- Examples:
o Driving with no signal lights
 Hard power – traffic enforcer
 Even if there is no car behind, you still use the signal lights (makes you become
part of the DSO)
- “Healthy but docile”
- Discipline = docile/submissive to the system
- Constantly extracting things from us without us knowing
Capitalism

- Ruling class face of capitalism

- Unilinear time enabled global capitalism
o Trains (different time zones) – as a sign of progress

Marriage of Capital and State

- Rich, private (expand) V.S. protection of constituents (social service), public

1400s – 1700s

- Renaissance, Divine Right – Kings, Queens (monarchs)

REVOLUTIONS

1700S – onwards

- Enlightenment, modernity
- Democracy – State (nation-state) as they take away the control of religion

State University

- Protect youth from:

o Corruption of politicians, religion, capitalism

8-8-8

- Sleep, work/labor, leisure

- Lower class/slaves have no leisure time
- Capitalism is hijacking leisure
o Free time leads to profit for them
o Culture industry, popular culture
o Salary from work goes back to them
o Supposed to be leisure is to increase, develop, and realize one’s potential, how you can
change the world, thinking of thinking’s sake (Concept of FREE MEN)
o This is how the dominant order institutionalizes and controls us

Characteristics of Pop Culture (Items one chooses to consume)

- Leisure and pleasure driven

o Consequence of desire, lack of something
o Very appealing, ideal, and pleasurable
o Form of escapism – tendency to seek distraction and relief
- Citified-urban-based
o Center of capital, commerce, contact zone
o Cosmopolitan lifestyle
  Synthetic city
o City as a status symbol, template on how to live,
o Influential, centralized, media
- Sado-masochistic
o Turning pain into pleasure
o Pain (coffee burning) V.S. Pleasure (cell phone)
o Working really hard to buy an expensive item we don’t even need. After some time, the
thing decreases its value and we’ll want something new. The cycle goes on and on.
- Youth based culture
o Target of popular culture since they are adventurous, idealistic
o Easily influenced
o They dictate what is in and they make the trend
o Generally have more leisure time
o Dominant social order wants to tame the youth
- Middle Class culture
o Unsure of their place in society (Can go up or down)
o Independence of upper and lower class
o Have purchasing power, status symbol privilege
o Work hard, play hard
o Education paved the way for the middle class
o Project of modernity
o Uplift the working class
o Serves as a meeting point between the upper/elite and the working/lower class

Pop Culture

- Universal literacy
o Understood by all genders, class, etc.
o Common sense
- Easily enjoyable life
o Immediate, impulsiveness
o Does not require much thinking or effort
o Has a formula (ex. LSS)
o Fast food chain signs make you crave

Culture according to Raymond Williams

- Dominant culture
o Can absorb features from the emergent culture and can also get rid of some of its
former features resulting a “new” dominant culture
- Emergent culture
o Threatens the dominant culture
 o
Can topple down the dominant (but not entirely) through the freewill, choice, freedom
of individuals
- Residual culture (leftovers of dominant/emergent culture)
- Examples
o DC: Facebook
o EC: Snapchat (FB absorbed the feature of My Day)
o Residual: Yahoo Messenger, Friendster

Culture - one of the 2 or 3 most complicated words in the English dictionary (Williams, 77)

From the Greek word cultura (derived from the term colore which means to “till the soil.”

Agriculture – developing the soil to produce crops

Science – to indicate the process of growth as well as the product of the process

Cult – honour with worship

Culture 1 – It is the process of tending and transforming, of producing and change. Active process.
Culture 2 – It is used to designate the behavior, customs, and products of a particular society or social
group; the pattern of meaning expressed in the symbols, practices, and objects of a particular group;
and the pattern of thinking particular to a specific social group or subgroup.

Culture is not fixed/static. It is always changing.

It is dynamic and it has effects

It is relative

It is a way of life

The danger is that culture creates stereotypes because of the patterns. It oversimplifies specific
phenomenon and creates a static culture.

Cultural Imperialism

- Cultural
o Soft Power (TV Series, songs, movies)
o Symbolic
o Pleasure
o Entertainment
o Representations, culture industry, symbols, technology
- Corporate Culture
o United States selling their culture, getting surplus from that kind of culture which affects
the local market
- Imperialism
o Policy of extending a country’s power/influence
 o Direct/indirect
- Ideological process of infiltration founded on the imperial nations certainty of its cultural and
political superiority at the expense of “local” cultures

Counterculture

- All groups that oppose the dominant existing social and political order and embrace alternative
practices of ways of organizing society
- Ex: hippies, anti-globalization, environmentalist, feminist, LGBTQ + community, civil rights group

Subculture

- Describes groups or communities that deviate or differ from existing social norms
- Come together around shared practices and ideas that are rejected/treated with suspicion by
mainstream culture
- Creatively expressing their dissatisfaction with existing social norms and practices, subcultures
challenge and modify what counts as normal, everyday experience

Mass culture

- A form of culture available since the advent of mass production and distribution especially those
things produced for profit and aimed at a large and diverse audience
(production/circulation/distribution/dissemination)
- Large scale, division of labor
- Artisanal V.S. Mass Produced
o Louis Vuitton not mass produced (limited edition = identity)

Agency

- The capacity of individuals to act independently, to make their own choices freely, and to
influence structures
- Individual choice and free will

Structure

- The recurrent patterned arrangements which influence or limit the choices and opportunities
available
- Social forces, determinism

Structure over agency

- Social existence is largely determined by the overall structure of society

Agency over structure

- Agency determines structure which determines the possibilities for the expression of agency

Habitus (Pierre Bourdieu)

- Embodied dispositions that organize the way in which individuals perceive the world around
them and react to it
- Refers to the physical embodiment of cultural capital, to the deeply ingrained habits, skills, and
dispositions we possess due to our life experiences
- “systems of durable, transposable dispositions, structured structures predisposed to function as
structuring structures, that is, as principals which generate and organize practices and
representations that can be objectively adapted to their outcomes without presupposing a
conscious aiming at ends or an express mastery of the operations necessary in order to attain
them”

Ideological State Apparatus

- Schools, churches, family, media

- Symbolic
- Indirect (soft power)
- Instead of expressing and imposing order, through repression, the Ideological State Apparatuses
reinforce the rule of the dominant class, principally through ideology; people submit out of fear
of social ridicule, rather than fear of legal prosecution or police violence.
- Primary: Repression, Violence
- Secondary: Ideology
- Unified entity (Institution)

Repressive State Apparatus

- Used by the ruling class to dominate the working class

- Government, courts, police, armed forces
- Basic social function is timely intervention to politics in favour of the interests of the ruling class,
by repressing the subordinate social classes as required, either by violent or non-violent coercive
means
- Primary: Ideology
- Secondary: Repression, Violence
- Diverse in nature and plural in function

Discipline (Foucault)
 - a way of controlling the movement and operations of the body in a constant way. It is a type of
power that coerces the body by regulating and dividing up its movement, and the space and
time in which it moves.
- Building disciplinary institutions (schools, prisons, hospitals) – containing diseases
- Rendering invisible
o Correct – to be visible again

Punishment

- used to discipline people, use so people will follow the law

- public executions
o Divine Right – Kings – Justice
o Vox-Populi – Constitution/laws (social contract) Freedom: true nature: evil, brute, short

Panopticism

- Knowledge is power
- Seer – seen (surveillance)
- Examples: ID, CCTV, social network
- Any identification can be a form of discipline and punishment

Cyberworld

- Harvesting
- Big Data

Biopolitics

- Biopower: technologies and techniques which govern human, social, and biological processes
- Deals with the population, with the population as a problem that is at once scientific and
political, as a biological problem and as a political problem
- To examine the strategies and mechanisms through which human life processes are managed
under regimes of authority
- 1 child policy in China
o Unevenness of genders
o Gender inequality
o 30s up = leftover women

Necropolitics

- Supplements biopolitics
- Death is the ultimate exercise of death and the main form of resistance
- Politics of Death – social and political power to dictate how some people may live and how some
must die
- Sovereign power dictates how we live/die
Precarity

- Condition of existence without predictability or security

- Uncertainty
- Precariat class
o Those with no insurances, contractuals, no protection from the state

Social Contract by the State

- Predictability of protection, security, care

- If the state themselves inflict pain, death (state-sponsored violence), we are vulnerable,
precariats

Necrophilia

- Instantinization of life (instant noodles)

- Consumerism
- We think that it sustains us but is leading us to instant death

Subversion

- The act of trying to destroy or damage an established system or government

- Undermining the power of those in authority
- Often done through indirect means

Resistance

- Refusal to accept or comply with something

- Attempt to prevent something by action or argument
- Ability not to be affected by something

Strategies

- The purview of power

- Employed by institutions and structures of power who are the “producers”
- Deployed against some external entity to institute a set of relations for official or proper ends
- Undermined by unpredictability
- Footbridge

Tactics

- Purview of non-powerful
- Employed by those who are subjugated
- Defines the way individuals, who are the “consumers” act in environments defined by strategies
 - Defensive and opportunistic by their very nature
- Makes an ally of unpredictability
- Jay walking, patintero

Labor (Animal Laborans)

- Activity which corresponds to the biological processes and necessities of human existence
- Never-ending character
- Oppressive
- Lex Pater (Abraham and Isaac)

Work (Homo Faber)

- Activity which corresponds to the unnaturalness of human existence

- Bestows a measure of permanence and durability
- Partial freedom

Action (Zoon Politikon)

- Fundamental defining quality is its ineliminable freedom

- Plurality (democracy) and publicity
- Communicative quality (speech)

Outside Homo laborans

- Freedom

Realm of private – invisibility

- Women, slaves

Realm of change

- Action

Natality

- Birth – New – Hope

Politics

- Speakability (communication)
- Visibility
- Action

Public Sphere: Jurgen Habermas

- Oikos (private) V.S. Polis (public) – polls (opinions, consensus, deliberation, agreement)
- Public sphere, media
- Where citizens form their public opinion
- Must have universality (accessible language) and objectivity
o Universality: Academe language (English) vs Populace (Filipino)
 o Objectivity: Critical Rational Language
- Architecture: Horizontal (for discourse)
- No pockets for women
o Women are not allowed to go out of the house
- Increase in Alcohol
o Contamination of water
o Street lamps
- Social Media
o Anti-intellectualism

Reading

- Teaches us how to see, understand, etc.

- Engagement between you and the environment
- Paglalapit, paglalapat, paglalapot

Appreciating

- Optimistic/positive
- One-way
- Teaches us what to see, feel, etc.

Defamiliarization – Brecht

Reading positions – Barther

- Dominant
o Affirms the idea/intent of producer
o Taking the connotative meaning of a message in the exact way a sender intended a
message to be interpreted
- Negotiated
o You agree but there’s a but
o In between dominant and oppositional
o Mixture of accepting and rejecting elements
o Readers are acknowledging the dominant message, but are not willing to completely
accept the message the way the encoder intended. The reader to a certain extent,
shares the texts code and generally accepts the preferred meaning, but is
simultaneously resisting and modifying it in a way which reflects their own experiences
and interests
- Oppositional
o Oppose the intent
o Personal influences

Form, content and context

- Form refers to physical or material aspect

o Descriptions are objective
 - Content refers to:
o Meaning production
 Women – balls (courage)
 Generic pronouns are male
o Representation
o Language – power
o Semiotics
 Study of symbols and signs
 Signifier (physical, object, manifestation) vs Signified (concept attached
to the signifier)
o Ex: Color red V.S. stop, hate, anger
o Man made (no natural connection between signifier and
signified)
- Context refers to situated condition
o Based on people’s habitus, experiences (varies for different people)
o Can be historical, political, environmental, etc.

Critical Categories as Social Categories

- 3Cs (Critical, Critique, Crisis)

Power

o Authority, dominance, resistance

o Whenever there is resistance, there is power
o Highly reliant on desire
o Fluid, can be transferred
o Physically, symbolically
o Example: sir/prof = knowledge
o Productive and repressive

Mode of Production

- Class
- Mode of Exchange (Facial Expressions: someone produces, someone absorbs)

Representation

- Language

Subjectivity

- Subject (entity, knowing, seeing, feeling) V.S. Object (non-entity, known, seen, felt)

Agency

Worldview (Sariling Pananaw)

- Is this my own view?

 - Acculturation of knowledge
o Concept of guilt and conscience
o Second nature

1st nature? – amorphous?

Nature – contentious

Toys are not neutral objects as it prepares you as you become an adult

Congratulations, it is a baby boy/girl

Social Categories (SC)

- Gender, religion, age, sex-sexuality, class, language

Arts Everyday

- Affect/senses, body, time, space, performance, technology, ecology, globalization

Manifest Destiny

- United States destined to expand across North America

White man’s burden

- White men have the responsibility to bring civilization, to take care of other countries
considered as primitive, to emancipate people who are savage and ignorant
- The Filipino First Bath

Race, Art, and Everyday

- colonialism and post-colonialism

- nation and identity - orientalism and travel

- skin chromatism

- exoticism, nostalgia, paleogenesis

- native, indigenous, authenticity, primitive, and original

- hybridity, mimicry, and ambivalence

- resistance, subversion, and violence

Postcolonialism

- Who are we after colonialism?

- Mimicry and hybridity

“We must at present do our best to form a class who may be interpreters between us and the millions
whom we govern; a class of persons, Indian in blood and colour, English in taste, opinions, morals,
intellect.” – hybridity, mimicry, ambivalence

Orientalism

- West (mature, civilized, common, comprehensible, educated, original, masculine, modern,

experienced) TRUTH
o The West is the universal, objective truth, they are responsible to civilize others, shows
utter disrespect to the idea of difference and diversity
- Non-west (infantilism, uncivilized exotic, barbaric, ignorant, mockery, feminized, primitive,
erotic, virgin)
- In between: hybrid, ambivalent, mimicry, liminality (productive or repressive?)

Pornotropic

- Fetish, women from tropical countries

United colors of Benetton

- White kid breastfeeding black woman

o Black slaves/women forced to give milk to white children

Post-colonialism

- Neo colonialism
o the use of economic, political, cultural, or other pressures to control or influence other
countries, especially former dependencies.
- Temporal condition
- Condition: Americanized (amalgamation, ambivalent: independent but influenced)
o What constitutes a “pure Filipino”
- Resistance (decolonization)
- Knowledge about former colonies

Indigenization
 - Development
- Act of making something more native

Pantayong Pananaw

- Method of acknowledging the history and development of the nation on the “internal
interconnectedness and linking of characteristics, values, knowledge, wisdom, aspirations,
practices, behavior, and experiences as a unified whole
- Decolonizing project: assumed to decolonize us from the influences of the former colonizers
- Prerequisite: speaking our own language

Sikolohiyang Pilipino

- Psychology rooted on the experience, ideas, and cultural orientation of Filipinos

- Moral view of the Filipino should be studied
- Filipino psychology: kapwa (connected)

Knowledge System

- Structuralism (Binaries)
o Structuralism renders language as a science

Post-structuralism language as an art

- Does not comply to the idea of binary:

1. Loves to occupy the in between

2. Can occupy outside

3. As an art to topple down the binaries

- Stretch the language to the marginalized

- Jacques Derrida
- Aporia
o an expression of real or pretended doubt or uncertainty especially for rhetoric effect
o you already know it’s true but you still doubt it
o an irresolvable internal contradiction or logical disjunction in a text, argument, or theory
- Deconstruction
o Made created
o PAGBASAG
- Logocentrism - language as the center of how we perceive reality
o The belief that there is an ultimate reality or center of truth that can serve as the basis
of all our thoughts and actions

Truth thirst/hunger
 - Alternative facts V.S. truths

Psychoanalysis

- I – pleasure – desires = lack (can be amorphous) – self destruct

- Society – repress (desires) – preserve the “I” – reality
- I – what are these purest desires (unconscious: buried by society)
- I – pleasures/desires – pleasure principle
o Reality principle – repression
 Diverted, rechannel, sublimated
 Self-conscious
- Parents – representation of the society that represses the possibilities of what you could have
wanted
- Children – should be unfiltered but parents filter them and this defines their future as adults,
they subscribe to what society wants
- Desire = Lack: cannot satisfy your content, paradise world, ideal, amorphous when we were still
children
- Fetish – obsessive and excessive fascination Example: Lips of a person: specific instead of whole,
you like the lips because you don’t have them (lack)

Freud’s Stages of Psychosexual Development

1. Oral Stage
- primal, 1st pleasure is food (breast feed: sucking using the mouth)

 knows no boundaries between I and the other, doesn’t have the notion of outside and outside
(the child is attached or connected to the mother since the mother is always carrying the child)

 Example: When the eating habits of the child is repressed (was not fed enough food, was not fed
on time, etc.), the child may grow up to be an alcoholic, smoker, over-eater, etc.

2. Anal Stage

 repression: toilet training

 control anal muscles, anal retention and expulsion

 awareness of the I and the other, inside and outside

 sense of shame, guilt,

 repression may cause the child to become controlling, perfectionist, etc. in the future as an
adult

 absence of repression may cause the child to become messy, and have no control in the future
as an adult

3. Phallic Stage
- identification and prevention of incestuous relationship

  Oedipus Complex: Child is attracted to the Mother and creates rivalry with the Father. The
powerless child develops castration anxiety because he thinks that the mother was castrated by
her Father before because she liked her mother. As a result, he instead makes his father a model
and like people like her mother (Female)

 If the child is a female, he desires the Father and creates rivalry with the Mother. The powerless
child is afraid of the mother so she makes her a model instead and desire another penis aside
from her father’s (Male)

o Penis envy

Jacques Lacan


 revised Freud’s Theory

 Nature  Mirror  Law of the Father

 Nature  Male/Female  Female: First Nature or Stage (example: when you’re still a fetus)

Female – gender organ (biological)

Feminine – gender (social roles, social scripts)

Feminist – political ideologist (dismantle patriarchy, emancipate women)

Break – Expand (notions, ideas)

Body

- Object (known and seen) V.S. Subject (knowing and seeing)

- Catcalling: objectifying women

Gaze

- Museum (5% women artist, 95% men, 80% nude artworks of women)

Space

- Oikos: domain of women

- Agoraphobia, bulimia, hysteria
Emancipatory Projects

1st Wave

- Late 1800s to early 1900s

- Right to suffrage

2nd Wave

- Late 1960s to early 1970s (men going to war, cold war)

- Women’s equality in politics and work (maternity leave, menstruation)

3rd Wave

- 90s (men traumatized, did not finish education, men inside the house?)
- Back to the domestic sphere (private realm)
- Voice inside the house
- Reproductive health issues

Philippines

- 4th in women empowerment

- 2nd to 3rd wave (haven’t solved abortion, RH, divorce issues)

Feminization of global labor

- Using the characteristics of women to further exploit them

o Patient, caring, loving
o Trafficked women

Post-feminism

- Women identity
o We (singularizing: absolute/monolithic/singular)
o I (pluralizing: women have many different point of views, habitus, etc.)
- Victimhood complex (feeling martyr)
- Ways (Is there only one way or many ways of emancipating?)

Foot binding

Satik culture
 - Sati or suttee is an obsolete funeral custom where a widow immolates herself on her husband's
pyre or takes her own life in another fashion shortly after her husband's death

Women – subject to pathology

- UPLIFT V.S. The Triumph of Science over Death

Lesbian – rendered invisible not marginalized

Homosexual panic

- Society tells you to feel uncomfortable or to panic

2 nude women in paintings

- Not lesbian desire

- X2 beauty

Men highly surveyed because they are expected to be masculine and go to war

“Subalters”

- Can’t speak (silenced, example: indigenous people)

- Double oppression
- Female + lesbians + black + etc.

Compulsory Heterosexuality

- Required, act of habit, obligation/mandatory, involuntary

- Created by patriarchy
o Men should have no competition
o Women: properties of men

Homosexuality

- 1860s-1869

Gay sexuality

- Mental hospital, asylum

1969

- Stone wall rally (pride march)

o Identity politics
o Sexual revolution

Coming out and closet (private realm not disclosing identity)

 - HIV/AIDS (they had to come out)
o Tagged to homosexuals
- Medical, social welfare issues (they were not protected)
- Forcing people to come out V.S. massaging them slowly

Bakla

- Kaluluwa at pusong babae nakakulang sa katawan ng lalaki

- Desire: Straight man
- Violence

Gay

- Male but I like male

- Desire: Gay man

“Patol”

- Reinforces masculinity of men

- Rite of passage for teens (teens experienced with straight women)

Queer

- Open for anyone

- Problem if its an umbrella term
o Umbrella – dominant
- Gay people who prefer to be called queer because gay = HIV
- No absolute identity
o LGBT = absolute/universal identity

Arguments of the Queer Project

- Choice, determined, culture, construct V.S. fixed, predetermined, nature, essence (universal,
absolute)
- Sex is not biological
- Tackles issues of sex – gender – sexuality as compared to feminists which only tackled gender
and sexuality

Sex

- Organs (boyness/girlness)
- Script in society (social expectation)
- Label is a form of oppression

Repetition – habit – durable structuration – second nature

Performativity (social script)

- Speech – act
 - Gender, sex, and sexuality are all performed

Homosociality

- same sex bonding activities, sentiments, experience, socialization

- female can do what the males do but the males have constraints with the females’ activities

- is a social continuum, from point A to point B (point B: love without sexual desire: fraternity, sorority,
military- die for you fellow men)

Homosexuality

- same sex bonding activities, sentiments, experience, socialization but with sexual desire

- society homosexualizes things and as a result, we panic (ex. When you confess or come out, other will
change performance)

Art, class, everyday

Economics

- Management of shared resources (Marxist)

- Management of scarce resources

Socialism – Communism

According to Marx, we are alienated under the State of Capitalism

1. Alienation of the worker from their product - alienation from their own labor

2. Alienation of the worker from the act of production - they find their work tormentous

3. Alienation of the worker from their Gattungswesen (species-essence) - companion-species: they

rather not see another person, they just have dogs, can lead to depression - relations of production

4. Alienation of the worker from other workers -leisurely time is hi-jacked from your affected
relationships (example: family, mutual relations, etc.) - Facebook, Apple, and Google offered to freeze
women’s egg cell so they don’t stop working for them (they need their labor)

2 Strands

1. Historical Materialism – attempt to historicize, past present and future (future = communism),
process, study the past and present and the process to get to the future
2. Dialectic Materialism – 2 opposing forces (ex. Landlord and peasant, professor and student)