SIA 269-6-1 - en - 160114

SIA 269/6-1:2011 Civil Engineering 505 269/6-1
Together with Code SIA 266/2, replaces the recommendation SIA V 178, 1996 edition
Erhaltung von Tragwerken – Mauerwerksbau, Teil 1: Natursteinmauerwerk

Maintenance des structures porteuses – Structures en maçonnerie, partie 1: pierres naturelles
Mantenimento di strutture portanti – Strutture di muratura, parte 1: pietra naturale
Existing structures – Stone masonry,
269/6-1
part 1: natural stone masonry
Entwurf vom 14. Januar 2016
Reference number Published by

SN 505269 /6-1:2011 en Swiss Society of Engineers
and Architects
Valid from: 2011-01-01 P.O. Box, CH-8027 Zurich
Number of pages: 40 Copyright © 2011 by SIA Zurich Price category: 34

Any corrections to and comments on this publication can be found at www.sia.ch/korrigenda.
The SIA assumes no liability for any damages which might be caused through the application of this publication.
2011-01 1st Edition
2 SIA 269/6-1, Copyright © 2011 by SIA Zurich

CONTENTS
Page Page
Foreword .................................................... 4 Appendix
Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
0.1 Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
0 A Overview of the most important
0.2 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 in Switzerland (normative) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

natural building stones
0.3 Deviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 B Investigation methods (normative) . . . . 35
Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.1 Technical terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1
1.2 Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.1 Service life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2
2.2 Construction materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

2.3 Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.4 Preservation value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.5 Construction documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Construction materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.1 Description and requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3
3.2 Original construction materials . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

3.3 Construction materials dating from
previous interventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.4 Construction materials for interventions 11
15
4.1 Analysis of the structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4 Structural analysis and verifications
4.2 Examination values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

4.3 Verification of structural safety . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.4 Verification of serviceability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.5 Fatigue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Condition survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
5.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
5
5.2 Investigations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
5.3 Deterioration mechanisms and
damage scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
5.4 Investigation methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Condition evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
6.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
6
6.2 Quantitative analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

6.3 Empirical analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
6.4 Prediction of the development of the
condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
6.5 Recommendation of intervention
measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Interventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
7.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
7
7.2 Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
7.3 Moisture protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
7.4 Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
7.5 Faces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
SIA 269/6-1, Copyright © 2011 by SIA Zurich 3

FOREWORD
The majority of the construction works and monuments constructed prior to the beginning of the 20th century consist of
structural natural stone masonry. Thereafter, this construction method gave way within a few decades to concrete con-
struction. The preservation of natural stone structures represents an ongoing task, also into the distant future, since
structures built using this technique represent an important part of our cultural heritage and are generally robust and
durable. Additional regulations relating to masonry structures constructed using artificial stones are currently in prepara-
tion. These will be published later as Code SIA 269/6-2.
Code SIA 269/6-1 forms part of the SIA’s structural codes relating to the preservation of existing structures and is supple-
mented by the following codes:
– Code SIA 269 Existing structures – Bases for examination and interventions
– Code SIA 269/1 Existing structures – Actions
– Code SIA 269/2 Existing structures – Concrete structures
– Code SIA 269/3 Existing structures – Steel structures
– Code SIA 269/4 Existing structures – Composite steel and concrete structures
– Code SIA 269/5 Existing structures – Timber structures
– Code SIA 269/7 Existing structures – Geotechnics.
Technical Sheet SIA 2018 continues to apply to the examination of existing buildings with respect to earthquakes.
However, it is planned to supplement the codes for existing structures with a Code SIA 269/8 Existing structures –
Seismic aspects.
Code SIA 269/6-1 describes the information and procedures that are used, in particular in the preservation of natural
stone masonry structures. It is directed at project planning specialists, the persons carrying out the work and at the
owners of structures.
The present Code, together with Code SIA 266/2, replaces the recommendation SIA V 178, which dealt with both the
construction and preservation of natural stone masonry. This code relates exclusively to the preservation of natural stone
masonry, with the main focus being on aspects relating to the preservation of the structure, but also addressing aspects
relating to the preservation of visible masonry faces surfaces. The newly-published code SIA 266/2, which addresses the
construction of new natural stone masonry structures, is closely linked with the present code, in particular with respect
to structural safety, and has adopted methods that were developed for existing structures. For this reason, in the case
of natural stone no distinction is made between dimensioning values and examination values.
Codes SIA 269 Project Management Team and Working Group SIA 269/6-1

0 SCOPE
0.1 Limitations
0.1.1 Code SIA 269/6-1 applies to the preservation of natural stone masonry structures (structural natural stone
masonry in structural and civil engineering, natural stone facework, retaining walls, embankment walls and
seawalls, including dry masonry) as a component of existing structures.
0.1.2 The present code applies in combination with Codes SIA 269, 269/1 and 269/7 as well as with Code SIA
266/2. The principles of Code SIA 269/6-1 shall be applied analogously for applications outside of the scope
of these codes.
0.1.3 In the case of modifications to a structure made of natural stone masonry, in general new structural compo-
nents shall be treated according to Code SIA 266/2 and existing structural components according to Codes
SIA 269 and SIA 269/6-1. It is permissible to deviate from this rule with respect to the definition of the vari-
able actions if different limitations are appropriate on the basis of specific considerations.
0.1.4 Code SIA 269/6-1 may not be used for the design and dimensioning of new masonry structures.
0.2 References
0.2.1 Reference is made to the following standards and recommendations. These are also applicable, in full or in
part, by way of reference:
– Code SIA 179
– Code SIA 234
Fastenings in concrete and masonry
Sheet metal work: sloping roofs and clad external walls – performance
– Recommendation V SIA 242/1 Plasterwork and stucco

and dimensions
– Code SIA 246

– Code SIA 257
Natural stone masonry – coverings, linings and masonry units
– Code SIA 262

Painting, wood-staining and wallpapering
– Code SIA 267/1

Concrete structures
– Code SIA 269/2

Geotechnical design – Supplementary specifications
– Code SIA 269/6-2

Existing structures – Concrete structures
– Code SIA 270

Existing structures – Stone masonry, part 2: artificial stone masonry
– Code SIA 271

Sealing and drainage – general principles and interfaces
– Code SIA 272

Sealing of buildings
– Code SIA 469

Sealing and drainage of underground structures and in tunnelling
– Documentation SIA D095

Maintenance of structures
Inspection and repair of damp and salt-damaged masonry (1992).
0.2.2 Superseded codes and guidelines may not be incorporated in the service criteria agreement or in the basis
of design as code-related requirements, but only by way of reference, and only in order to document former
design criteria.
0.3 Deviations
0.3.1 Deviations from the present code are permissible provided they are sufficiently well-founded, theoretically
or experimentally, or justified by new developments and new knowledge.
0.3.2 Deviations from the code shall be clearly documented in the construction documents together with the rea-
sons for such deviation.

1 TERMINOLOGY
1.1 Technical terms

In addition to the technical terms used in the codes SIA 260, SIA 266/2 and SIA 269, the technical terms
defined below are used in the present code:
Anchorage Securing masonry by means of bars and rods, with the forces
Verankerung being conducted into the masonry via anchor plates.
ancrage
ancoraggio
Cladding Surface, panel-type replacement technique used on natural stone

Plattierung masonry structures (facing in accordance with Code SIA 246).
placage
rivestimento
Coat, coating Decorative coating.

Fassung
façonnage
incastonatura
Concrete sealing Replacement of individual masonry units or whole areas of ma-

Betonplombe sonry with concrete, whereby the surface structure of the seal-
obturation (par du béton) ing is matched to the form and structure of the original masonry.
otturazione
Face Visible masonry surface.

Sichtfläche
parement
superficie a vista
Masonry mortar Mortar used to lay and join the masonry units. The masonry
Mauermörtel mortar can, but need not be, identical with the pointing mortar.
mortier de hourdage
malta per muratura
Pointing mortar Mortar used for surface sealing of the masonry joints. The
Verfugmörtel pointing mortar can differ significantly from the masonry mortar.
mortier de jointoyage
malta per collaggio
Rodding Strengthening masonry against tensile and shear by installing

Vernadelung tie rods (rodding), which are bonded with the masonry along
fixation mécanique their entire length by grouting.
fissagio meccanico
Stone indent Insertion of small replacement pieces in individual natural

Vierung stone masonry units or masonry units.
empiècement
insertimento
Stone repair mortar Mortar used for local repairs (reprofiling).

Steinergänzungsmörtel
mortier de reprofilage
malta di riprofilamento
Stone replacement Replacement of an entire dimensional stone or masonry unit in

Steinersatz a natural stone masonry structure.
substitution de la pierre
sostituzione della pietra
Stone strengthener, stone hardener Impregnation material, generally silicic acid ester based, used
Steinfestiger to restore the internal structural integrity of weathered and
produit de consolidation loosened stone and mortar structures.
prodotto di consolidamento

1.2 Symbols
1.2.1 Latin upper case letters
Ebk characteristic value for the modulus of elasticity of masonry unit
Emk characteristic value for the modulus of elasticity of masonry mortar
dimensioning value for the modulus of elasticity for masonry subject to stress perpendicular to
the bed joints
Exd
characteristic value for the modulus of elasticity for masonry subject to stress perpendicular to
the bed joints
Exk
characteristic value for the modulus of elasticity for masonry subject to stress perpendicular to
the head joints
Eyk
1.2.2 Latin lower case letters
c cohesion
d diameter
fbk characteristic value for cube compressive strength of masonry unit
fbqk characteristic value for transverse tensile strength of the masonry unit
fxd dimensioning value for compressive strength of masonry perpendicular to the bed joints
fxk characteristic value for compressive strength masonry perpendicular to the bed joints
fyd dimensioning value for compressive strength of masonry perpendicular to the head joints
fyk characteristic value for compressive strength of masonry perpendicular to the head joints
h height
1.2.3 Greek letters

γG,act updated load factor for a permanent action
partial factor to take into account lack of certainty in the resistance model as well as deviations
from the characteristic values in the construction material properties
γM
η1 conversion factor to take into account the increase in fxd in the case of loading of partial areas
μd dimensioning value for the coefficient of internal friction in the bed joints
ϕ angle of internal friction

2 PRINCIPLES
2.1 Service life
2.1.1 In view of the durability of natural stone masonry and in the interests of sustainability, the objective should
be to achieve a long remaining service life.
2.1.2 A long remaining service life is generally assumed in the case of protected structures. The structural safety
shall be ensured; however, adaptations of use and special solutions may be necessary in order to fulfil other
legal requirements.
2.2 Construction materials
2.2.1 In the case of natural stone masonry, a distinction is made between original construction materials, construc-
tion materials dating from previous interventions and construction materials used for future interventions.
2.2.2 In the case of natural stone structures with a high cultural value, in particular in the case of protected struc-
tures, the conservation of the original construction materials represents a central concern.
2.3 Examination
2.3.1 The analysis of the structure shall be carried out according to the principles of Code SIA 260, the construc-
tion-method-specific principles of Code SIA 266/2 and the preservation-specific principles of Code SIA 269.
2.3.2 The application of the observational method in accordance with Code SIA 267, applied analogously to natu-
ral stone masonry, is permissible.
2.3.3 Loading tests may be used to identify the structural system and to determine the resistance.
2.4 Preservation value

2.4.1 The construction methods, the original construction materials, the historical surface treatments and the
appearance of the surfaces are decisive for the material preservation value of natural stone masonry.
2.4.2 Alterations and interventions that affect the preservation value shall be justified appropriately.
2.4.3 In the case of natural stone masonry structures that are protected or which merit protection, the views of
those authorities with consultation rights shall be taken into consideration in the planning and execution of
interventions.
2.5 Construction documents
In the case of natural stone masonry of great age and with a long remaining service life, special importance
shall be attached to the completeness of the construction documents. The updating, safekeeping and for-
warding of the construction documents is covered in Code SIA 469.

3 CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
3.1 Description and requirements
3.1.1 Description and designation of masonry
3.1.1.1 The description and designation of masonry shall be carried out in accordance with Code SIA 266/2.
3.1.1.2 Mixed types in terms of bond type as well as multiple-leaf construction methods shall be identified and des-
cribed appropriately.
3.1.1.3 Masonry structures made of artificial stones shall be designated in accordance with Code SIA 266 according
to the type of the masonry units used.
3.1.2 Requirements depending on time of use
3.1.2.1 Original construction materials and existing repair materials shall be identified and evaluated.
3.1.2.2 New repair materials have to be defined; their use shall be monitored and documented.
3.2 Original construction materials
3.2.1 General
3.2.1.1 Original construction materials are masonry stones, mortar, coverings, sealings, paintwork and supplemen-
tary structural members used in the construction of the natural stone masonry.
3.2.1.2 The nature and condition of the original construction materials shall be determined during the course of a
condition survey or taken from the construction documents.
3.2.1.3 Information provided in construction documents shall be checked for plausibility.
3.2.2 Masonry units
3.2.2.1 The types of natural stones used is designated according to rock type, source and shape in accordance with
Code SIA 266/2.
3.2.2.2 If the rock type cannot readily be identified, or if deficiencies are to be expected in terms of the ultimate
strength due to the type and condition of the masonry units, the relevant characteristics shall be determined
by measurements.
3.2.2.3 If the origin of the rock can be identified, the relevant physical characteristics according to Appendix A or
Code SIA 266/2 shall be used for the purpose of orientation. The properties of the rock material may have
changed significantly over the course of time as a result of weathering and use.
3.2.3 Mortar
3.2.3.1 Mortars have been used in existing structures made of natural stone as render, pointing mortar and masonry
mortar. A distinction shall be made between the following mortar types:
– lime mortar
– lime mortar with hydraulic additives (e.g. pozzolana, trass, brick dust)
– mixtures of lime, cement, hydraulic lime
– cement mortar

– plaster-based mortar, white plaster
– plastic-modified or plastic-bonded mortar (usually not part of the original structure).
3.2.3.2 Existing masonry mortars shall be identified or evaluated according to the following criteria:
– type and composition of the mortar
– type and grain distribution of the aggregate
– mortar volume relative to the masonry volume
– durability of the masonry mortar
– state of weathering, depth of weathering from wall surface
– compressive strength or residual compressive strength of the weathered masonry mortar.
3.2.3.3 Existing original pointing mortars shall be checked for the following criteria:
– mortar type
– weathered condition
– embedding depth in the joint
– suitability for the intended purpose.
3.2.3.4 Existing original plasterwork is to be checked for the following criteria:

– type of plasterwork
– state of weathering
– layer structure and thickness
– fundamental suitability for the specific case
– preservation value.
3.2.4 Coverings, sealings and paintwork
3.2.4.1 Masonry structures are sometimes protected against moisture by means of sealings. A distinction shall be
made between:
– metal coverings and other sheet metal work
– metal sheets embedded in the masonry (e.g. lead)
– bituminous sealings.
3.2.4.2 By their nature, paintwork and coatings come in a wide variety of forms. They may be part of the original sub-
stance of the structure that needs to be preserved. Appropriate specialists, e.g. restorers, shall be consulted in
order to identify these as well as to survey their condition and their function in terms of civil engineering.
3.2.5 Supplementary components
3.2.5.1 Supplementary components include:

– connecting elements with a structural function, such as brackets, tie rods, rods made of metal, concrete
or wood
– drainage installations such as gutters, shafts, drainage pipes
– utility lines (pipes for water, etc).
3.2.5.2 Supplementary components shall be evaluated in accordance with the Codes SIA 179 and 266/2 or the rele-
vant construction-method-specific codes.
3.3 Construction materials from previous interventions
3.3.1 General
3.3.1.1 All new construction materials added following construction up to the time of a planned intervention are des-
cribed as construction materials from previous interventions. In the case of very old natural stone masonry
these cannot always be completely distinguished from the original construction materials.
3.3.1.2 Traditional existing construction materials corresponding to the original substance shall be treated in accor-
dance with Section 3.2, while new construction materials shall be treated in accordance with Section 3.4.

3.3.1.3 Construction materials from previous interventions have to harmonise with the existing masonry in terms of
their technical properties or have a practical technical function in terms of preservation of the masonry. They
should be matched to the existing masonry in terms of their optical appearance and any impact on the opti-
cal appearance should remain minimal.
3.3.2 Construction-material-specific indications
3.3.2.1 Over the course of time, natural stone masonry structures will have been partly or fully repointed several
times. Such pointing mortars are to be checked for the following criteria:
– mortar type and condition
– anchoring depth in the joint
– suitability of the pointing mortar.
3.3.2.2 Additions or extensive repairs made of concrete and/or masonry consisting of artificial stones shall be eva-
luated in accordance with Code SIA 269/2 or SIA 269/6-2.
3.3.2.3 Existing concrete and mortar sealings shall be evaluated with respect to their technical properties and opti-
cal appearance.
3.3.2.4 Masonry may contain subsequently introduced minerals or synthetic resin-bonded grouting material. If
necessary, their type, suitability and effect shall be determined or taken into consideration.
3.3.2.5 Masonry can contain supplementary components that have been added later. In general these involve
beams, tie rods or rodding made of metal. These are evaluated in accordance with Code SIA 266/2.
3.3.2.6 Utility lines and installations may have been laid subsequently in or through the natural stone masonry. It
may be necessary to clarify their nature, use and necessity during the course of the condition survey.
3.4 Construction materials for interventions
3.4.1 General
3.4.1.1 Construction materials for interventions are those that are selected for use in future interventions.
3.4.1.2 Construction materials for interventions should if possible correspond, technically and optically, to the origi-
nal materials. Deviations are permissible if the original construction materials are no longer available or if
new or different construction materials better guarantee the continuing existence of the masonry. Preference
should be given to materials that have lasted for a long time in the structure.
3.4.2 Masonry
3.4.2.1 Code SIA 266/2 applies to new sections of masonry to be installed. Extensive additions or repairs should
correspond to the original masonry in terms of appearance and bond type. Deviations shall be justified.
3.4.2.2 The codes SIA 262 or SIA 266 apply in the case of additions or extensive repairs using concrete or artificial
stone masonry.
3.4.3 Masonry units
3.4.3.1 Replacement stones shall meet the minimum requirements in accordance with Code SIA 266/2.
3.4.3.2 Dimensions, shape of stone and finishing of the face, head joint and bed joint surfaces shall be defined.

3.4.4 Concrete sealings and artificial stones
Concrete sealings and artificial stones shall be matched to the existing masonry in terms of their properties.
The following shall be defined:
– compressive strength
– modulus of elasticity
– shrinkage behaviour
– compatibility of the binding agent with the natural stone masonry
– colour and surface structure.
3.4.5 Masonry mortar
3.4.5.1 The masonry mortar shall be matched, in terms of its properties, to the existing, intact masonry mortar. Code
SIA 266/2 applies with respect to requirements.
3.4.5.2 If the masonry mortar also serves as pointing mortar, the colour of the mortar and the final finishing of the
joint surface shall also be defined.
3.4.5.3 The strength and modulus of elasticity of the new masonry mortar may not significantly exceed the respec-
tive value for the original masonry mortar, and its water absorption capacity may not be significantly less
than that of the original masonry mortar. Deviations with respect to other technical properties shall be justi-
fied.
3.4.6 Grouting materials
3.4.6.1 Grouting materials are used to improve the friction locking, to strengthen loose construction materials as
well as for sealing purposes. A distinction shall be made between:
– cement slurries as well as slurries of other mineral binding agents used for strengthening purposes
– mineral grouting mortar used for strengthening purposes
– reactive resin used for strengthening purposes
– reactive resin used for sealing purposes
– bituminous and wax-like substances used for sealing purposes
– organic silicon compounds used for strengthening and sealing purposes.
3.4.6.2 The technical aim of the grouting measure may not conflict with the long-term preservation of the construc-
tion works.
3.4.7 Pointing mortar
If a masonry structure is repointed, the properties of the new pointing mortar have to be matched to the pro-
perties of the existing masonry units as well as to the properties of the existing, intact masonry mortar. The
following shall be defined:
– water absorption capacity
– resistance to frost
– compatibility of the binding agent with the natural stone masonry
– shape, colour, structure and surface finish of the new joint.
3.4.8 Plasters
3.4.8.1 The recommendation V SIA 242/1 applies to new plasters. Deviations are permissible if:
– the new plaster is required, due to cultural heritage preservation requirements, to correspond as exactly
as possible to the previously existing plaster structure, or the creation of the plastered surfaces requires
the use of historical working techniques

– the layer thicknesses specified in the relevant standards cannot be maintained for geometrical reasons
(e.g. where window and door jambs do not protrude sufficiently)
– due to its current condition, the masonry displays features that necessitate specific adaptation in terms
of the type of plaster applied (e.g. exposure to salt and moisture)
– the client is informed of possible action effects or disadvantages of the deviations.
3.4.8.2 If plasterwork mortars are used which deviate from the recommendation V SIA 242/1 (site mixtures), then
proof shall be provided of their functional serviceability and durability.
3.4.9 Stone repair mortar
3.4.9.1 Stone repair mortars are used for reprofiling as an alternative to stone replacement. A distinction shall be
made between:
– mineral systems (cement-/lime-based, silicic acid ester-based, silicic acid dispersion)
– modified mineral systems (with polymer additive)
– plastic-bonded systems.
3.4.9.2 The construction material properties of the planned stone repair mortars shall match the supplementary
stone with respect to the following characteristic values:
– grain size distribution of the aggregate
– shrinkage behaviour
– coefficient of thermal expansion
– water absorption coefficient
– resistance to water vapour diffusion.
3.4.9.3 The consistency of the fresh mortar has to be adjusted for workability in individual cases. If the surface is
reworked, the used stone repair mortar needs to exhibit the necessary properties.
3.4.9.4 If a durable connection or adhesion cannot be guaranteed and if stone repairs that become detached pre-
sent a hazard, then corrosion-resistant mechanical anchoring is used in addition.
3.4.10 Stone hardeners
3.4.10.1 Stone hardeners are used to restore the internal grain structure of weathered rocks. They are primarily used
with sandstones and mortars. A distinction is made between:
– silicic acid ester (SAE)
– other mineral hardening agents
– reactive resin-based agents (e.g. acrylates).
3.4.10.2 Before being applied to historic structures, hardening agents shall be proven in an identical material and
structural context. In the case of new hardening agents, proof has to be provided of their suitability in the
context in which they will be used.
3.4.11 Coatings, paintwork and protective treatments
3.4.11.1 Coatings and paintwork are used for the maintenance, protection and a finishing of plastered and unplaste-
red surfaces of natural stone masonry. A distinction is made between:
– coating materials in accordance with Code SIA 257
– mineral slurries
– mineral slurries with synthetic resin additives.
3.4.11.2 The choice of system depends on the nature of the substrate (natural stone, plaster), on external influences
(weathering, use) and any desired protective function (water permeability, water vapour diffusion capacity).
Deteriorating action effects shall be avoided. Code SIA 257 shall be taken into consideration.
3.4.11.3 Coatings and paintwork, depending on their location of use, need to be replaced at short intervals without
damaging consequences for the substrate. This shall be taken into consideration when choosing a system.

3.4.11.4 Different protective treatments are available to facilitate the removal of graffiti. Reversible, non-penetrating
systems shall be chosen for natural stone surfaces.
3.4.11.5 Hydrophobic protective treatments which penetrate into the construction materials reduce the permeation
of water. The use of such systems is only permissible in exceptional cases, after weighing up any risks of
damage.
3.4.12 Sealings and moisture barriers
3.4.12.1 Sealings are used to protect natural stone masonry against penetrating moisture and damp. The Codes SIA
270 to 272 apply. A distinction is made between:
– bitumen sealing membranes
– plastic-modified bitumen sealing membranes
– polymer sealing membranes
– mastic asphalt
– metal sheeting embedded in the masonry.
3.4.12.2 The controlled drainage of the sealing surfaces has to be ensured by means of appropriate supplementary
components.
3.4.12.3 See Section 3.4.6 for sealings applied by grouting (so-called moisture barriers).
3.4.13 Supplementary components
3.4.13.1 Supplementary components with a structural function, such as anchor and tie rods or rodding, shall be used
in accordance with the codes SIA 179 and 266/2. If a durable passivation of the metal parts, e.g. using con-
crete, cannot be assumed, stainless steels or other corrosion-resistant construction materials shall be used.
3.4.13.2 Supplementary components with a moisture protection function include:

– metal coverings and other sheet metal work
– roofs
– drains
– pipes
– drainage channels and shafts.
3.4.13.3 Code SIA 234 applies for moisture protection components in the form of sheet metal work. Deviations are
permissible, if:
– cultural heritage preservation requirements make it impossible to fulfil the requirements of the code and
these deviations are tolerable from a technical viewpoint
– the masonry displays features which necessitate adaptations deviating from the code
– the client is informed of possible action effects or any disadvantages of the deviations.
3.4.13.4 Construction materials that are permanently capable of seepage should be used for drains adjacent to natu-
ral stone masonry structures that are used for drainage purposes. These may not release any damaging
substances (e.g. damaging salts) to affect the masonry. Appropriate measures shall be taken to protect the
seepage material against silting up (e.g. by installing geotextiles).
3.4.13.5 Channels, shafts and pipes used for drainage purposes have to be flushable and arranged in the structure
in such a way that they can be replaced at the end of their service life without damaging the masonry.
3.4.13.6 Section 3.4.13.5 applies analogously to utility lines. If necessary, the controlled drainage of such installa-
tions shall be ensured separately.

4 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND VERIFICATIONS
4.1 Analysis of the structure
4.1.1 Settlement or subsequent changes in the ground as well as changes in loading can lead to differential sett-
lements and impose restraints on the masonry structure, even during construction. Due to the low tensile
strength of the masonry, even slight differential settlements can lead to shear or flexural shear cracks that
can impair the integrity of the masonry.
4.1.2 In order to be able to determine the stresses due to restraints caused by differential settlements, the settle-
ment profile under the structure, the development of settlement over time and the location of the ground
layer susceptible to settlement have to be known. Generally, surveys of crack patterns only allow qualitative
conclusions concerning settlement of the construction works.
4.1.3 In the case of structures consisting of mixed masonry, a distinction is made between cohesive and non-
cohesive inner layers. The bond between the layers can be rigid or moveable or entirely lacking. The quality
and extent of the bond between the layers shall be evaluated and taken into consideration appropriately in
the examination.
4.1.4 The mode of force transfer into the masonry walls, in particular the eccentricity of the normal force, shall be
determined. In the case of shear walls, the transfer of the horizontal and vertical forces between floor and
wall shall be examined.
4.1.5 In the case of structural members that are weakened on account of openings, the extent of the reduction in
cross section shall be determined and taken into consideration in the verification of structural safety.
4.1.6 For areas which, as a result of a reduction in strength due to weathering, no longer take any load, the extent
of the reduction in cross section shall be estimated and taken into consideration in the verification of struc-
tural safety.
4.1.7 The effective location and the condition of supplementary components with a structural function shall be
determined and taken into consideration in the examination.
4.2 Examination values
4.2.1 Principle
4.2.1.1 In natural stone masonry, the examination values correspond to the dimensioning values. The compressive
strengths of masonry structures fxd and fyd, the conversion factor η1, the coefficient of internal friction μd and
the modulus of elasticity Exd shall be determined in accordance with Code SIA 266/2.
4.2.2.2 The partial factors γM in Code SIA 266/2 continue to apply.
4.2.2 Updating the bond-typical masonry strengths
4.2.2.1 When estimating the bond-typical compressive resistance of masonry fxk in accordance with Code SIA 266/2,
the following changes in comparison with the condition when new shall be taken into consideration:
– reduced compressive strength of masonry unit
– reduced mortar strength, in particular in the case of bond types A and B in accordance with Code SIA
266/2
– cracking and deformations
– obvious and hidden losses in cross section
– reduction in friction locking as a result of loss of mortar
– deformations and cracks
– moisture exposure and damp.

4.2.2.2 In the case of mixed masonry construction in accordance with Code SIA 266/2, the masonry strength of
each individual layer shall be evaluated separately. The bond between the layers shall be evaluated on the
basis of the results of the condition survey.
4.2.2.3 Where the stone surfaces are sufficiently rough, the coefficient of friction in the bed joint may be estimated
as μd = 0.6. In the case of smooth stone surfaces (sawn stones, smooth replacement stones, cobblestones)
and in the case of crumbling mortar, the coefficient of friction shall be estimated as μd = 0. Higher values
require case-specific clarifications and have to be justified.
4.3 Verification of structural safety
4.3.1 General
4.3.1.1 Where the minimum requirements in terms of construction materials, detailing and execution are fulfilled,
the verification of the structural safety may be carried out in accordance with Code SIA 266/2. The influence
of the condition shall be taken into consideration by updating of the bond-typical masonry strengths.
4.3.1.2 In the case of masonry surfaces, object-specific experience from previous use may be utilised to take
account of weathering.
4.3.2 Walls and pillars
In the case of compressive stresses, identified deviations in the system axes shall be taken into considera-
tion as imperfections.
4.3.3 Arches
4.3.3.1 The calculation of the pressure curve shall take into account identified gaping cracks.
4.3.3.2 The horizontal reactions necessary to maintain equilibrium shall be monitored. The associated displace-
ments have to be compatible with the deformation capacity of the arch.
4.3.4 Dimensional stones
4.3.4.1 In the case of dimensional stones in which the structural safety is based on the tensile strength of the stone,
this has to be evaluated. If failure were to endanger persons or property, more detailed investigations are
necessary.
4.3.4.2 If there is a significant risk to persons or property and failure without prior warning cannot be ruled out, mea-
sures to reduce the risk shall be implemented, for example:
– reduction of the likelihood of failure by means of supports, reinforcement or removal of the relevant struc-
tural member
– reduction of the action effect, for example by means of protective measures in the area of falling masonry
or closure of the endangered areas.
4.4 Verification of serviceability
4.4.1 In the case of unchanged use, the verification of the serviceability concentrates on the determination of the
causes of large crack widths and excessive deformations.
4.4.2 In the case of changes of use, verifications by means of calculations in accordance with Code SIA 266/2
may be appropriate.

4.5 Fatigue
4.5.1 Fatigue is a predictable loss of strength due to sustained cyclic stress. The cyclic stress can result from
external loads, thermal or hygric restraint. The cyclic stress leads to internal disintegration of the stones as
well as to loosening of the structure of the masonry.
4.5.2 The fatigue resistance depends on the nature, the execution and the condition of the masonry bond and on
the type of stones used. The disintegration of the masonry bond is significantly accelerated if the masonry
cross section is decompressed under fatigue stress.

5 CONDITION SURVEY
5.1 General
5.1.1 A condition survey requires a sufficient knowledge of the key dimensions and the detailing of natural stone
masonry structures. In many cases the necessary information is not available. Examinations shall be plan-
ned in such a way that these gaps in knowledge are filled during the course of the condition survey.
Specifically, the examination of natural stone masonry structures may comprise the following partial areas:
– historical investigation
– structural survey, geometry of the structure
– identification of the construction method
– recording of the condition of the masonry, including mapping and deformation surveys
– identification of the construction materials
– determination of the characteristics of the construction materials and of the masonry
– investigation of the ground and foundations.
5.1.2 Table 3 in Appendix B provides a checklist to facilitate a comprehensive survey of the existing structure as
well as the condition of the structure.
5.2 Investigations
5.2.1 Principle
During the condition survey, a distinction is made between the overall condition of the construction works or
structural member, the condition of the masonry bond and the condition of the construction materials.
5.2.2 Overall construction works and structural members
5.2.2.1 With regard to the overall construction works or the structural members, the following criteria shall be iden-
tified and documented:
– partial collapse or detachment of masonry
– bulging, detachment of the front header-stretcher layer
– cracking between structural members and within structural members
– misalignment of the construction works or structural member or change in the misalignment, overhang
– settlement of the construction works
– moisture protection and drainage.
5.2.2.2 In the case of natural stone masonry in contact with the earth (retaining structures and external walls) the
functional serviceability of the drainage installations shall be evaluated.
5.2.2.3 Vegetation on or in the immediate vicinity of the structure shall be identified if it may have a damaging effect
on the construction works.
5.2.3 Masonry bond
5.2.3.1 Disturbances to the masonry bond of any kind have to be documented:

– cracks in the joints and running transversely through masonry units
– deformations
– individual stones being forced out of the bond
– crumbling or loss of the masonry mortar.
5.2.3.2 In the case of joints, a distinction is made between mortared joints and dry masonry without mortar.

5.2.3.3 In the case of mortared joints, it shall be checked whether the pointing is still intact or whether and to what
extent deterioration has occurred. The location and extent of such deterioration have to be documented.
5.2.3.4 In the case of dry masonry, it shall be checked whether there is a risk of reduction in shear strength due to
weathering or the ingress of fine-grained material and whether all the stones still sit firmly in position.
5.2.4 Determination of the condition of the construction material
5.2.4.1 In general, the determination of construction material characteristics involves taking of a sample from the
construction works. The scope of the sampling shall be restricted to the necessary minimum. Nonetheless,
the sampling location and the number and nature of the samples should reflect the condition of the con-
struction materials in a sufficiently representative manner.
5.2.4.2 The sampling locations shall be defined on the basis of the objective of the examination in question as well
as the local circumstances.
5.2.4.3 The condition of the construction materials shall be examined with respect to the following criteria:
– strength and degree of weathering of masonry units and mortar
– weathering of less resistant stones in the masonry
– damage caused by overstressing (spalling, splitting of stones, etc.).
5.2.4.4 Other aims examined in the condition survey relate to:

– moisture and salts in masonry units and mortars
– efflorescence and incompatibility of the construction materials used.
5.2.4.5 The number of the construction material characteristics to be determined is largely determined by the struc-
tural model applied. Frequently required parameters are:
– volume weight of the masonry
– moduli of elasticity of the masonry Exk and Eyk
– modulus of elasticity of the masonry units Ebk
– modulus of elasticity of the mortar Emk
– compressive strengths of the masonry fxk and fyk
– compressive strength of the masonry units fbk
– compressive strength of the mortar fmk.
5.2.4.6 In addition, in order to determine the condition of the construction materials and to establish the relationships
it may be necessary to determine other parameters:
– transverse tensile strength of masonry unit fbqk
– angle of internal friction ϕ
– cohesion c
– microscopic structure
– identification and concentration of damaging salts
– moisture content.
Other chemical and physical investigations (e.g. measurements of swelling strain) or chemical-mineralogical
analyses may be necessary.
5.2.4.7 The data obtained by measurements as well as comparisons of this data with data from intact reference
samples as well as literature references form the basis for the evaluation of the condition of the construction
materials.
5.2.4.8 Layers of plaster on natural stone masonry structures will have frequently been replaced, completely or par-
tially, over the course of time. Plaster should be examined for the following criteria:
– type of plaster, layer structure, thickness
– fundamental suitability of the plaster in the specific case
– bond between the different plaster layers
– bond with the masonry, detachments
– weathering condition of the overall structure of the plaster
– weathering condition of the surface of the plaster
– degree of weathering and proportion of overall surface that has become detached
– suitability of the existing plaster surface as a substrate for subsequent layers (topcoat plasters, paint-
work).

5.2.4.9 Any existing protective coatings and surface treatments (coatings, protective treatments, etc.) should be
identified and evaluated with respect to their condition and effect.
5.3 Deterioration mechanisms and damage scenarios
5.3.1 Deterioration mechanisms
5.3.1.1 Knowledge of the deterioration mechanisms forms the basis for specific interventions. The combination of
masonry type, construction materials and actions that may be expected locally leads to a wide variety of
possible weathering and decomposition phenomena. The damage scenarios are attributable to the following
deterioration mechanisms:
– physical weathering (hygric and thermal expansion, frost pressure)
– chemical weathering (dissolution, alteration)
– biologically induced decomposition phenomena (microorganisms, lichens, vegetation)
– water pressure, ice pressure
– erosion due to flowing water
– deformations and overloading due to dead loads and live loads
– action of harmful substances (e.g. through the use of unsuitable repair materials, exposure to salt, per-
meation of harmful atmospheric substances).
5.3.1.2 In general, several deterioration mechanisms are superimposed. Usually, the deterioration develops slowly.
The cause of the damage is in most cases associated primarily with moisture and damp, often combined
with the action of frost and salt.
5.3.2 Damage scenarios
5.3.2.1 In the case of natural stone masonry structures, it is expedient to make a distinction between surface and
deep-reaching decomposition phenomena. The former are often very conspicuous, but do not significantly
affect the resistance of the masonry. Deep-reaching deterioration is more difficult to recognise, but can sig-
nificantly affect the resistance of a masonry structure.
5.3.2.2 Damage scenarios which affect the exposed surfaces include:

– soiling, damage to paintwork
– biofilms (bacteria and/or algae), moss and lichens can give off substances which damage mortar and cal-
careous rocks
– encrustations, frequently with compaction of the face and resulting flaking
– crumbling and flaking of face sandstones
– lift-off (resulting in surface voids), peeling and crumbling of the plaster
– spalling and cracking as a result of excessively hard pointing mortar
– detachment and loss of the pointing mortar
– partial dissolving of limestone
– surface flaking in sandstones (depth 5–40 mm)
– surface crumbling; special form of decomposition occurring in certain limestones and sandstones.
5.3.2.3 Damage scenarios which indicate deeper, structurally-relevant damage, include:

– softening and flaking of entire masonry units as a result of wet/dry cycles
– deeper crumbling in limestones
– deep splitting of sandstones (surface-parallel cracks extending the entire depth of the stone)
– softening and decomposition of whole masonry units as a result of frost action
– general loosening of the structure of the masonry units (above all sandstones) as a result of use and
weathering
– decomposition of masonry units or mortar due to aggressive mountain water
– leeching of the masonry mortar with high through-flow of moisture
– decomposition of the masonry mortar (crumbling), if soaked with moisture, as a result of frost
– erosion of friable masonry mortar

– decomposition of the mortar and deterioration of sensitive rock types (above all sandstones) in the moi-
sture transition zone in the case of rising damp or damp spreading from behind
– mortar decomposition and deterioration of sensitive rock types under the influence of salts (nitrates, sul-
phates, carbonates, chlorides)
– root pressure damage as a result of wood growth of shrubs and trees
– bulging and detachment of the front header-stretcher layer
– misalignments and overhang
– cracking as a result of settlement, load redistributions, etc.
– detachment of sections of masonry or partial collapses
– erosion, scouring and undermining of masonry structures located in or next to bodies of water.
5.4 Investigation methods
5.4.1 A distinction is made between methods serving the purpose of the structural survey and methods that are
used to determine construction material properties.
5.4.2 The methods shown in Table 1 may be used for the structural survey of natural stone masonry. Any sample
material collected may be used for the determination of construction material characteristics.
Table 1: Testing methods for structural survey
Non-destructive methods Minimally-destructive methods Destructive methods
– transit time measurements – borehole endoscopy in bore- – opening of the masonry

with mechanical waves holes and collection of small – larger diameter boreholes
(ultrasound, impact echo) diameter samples
– transit time measurements – exploratory excavations
with electromagnetic waves
(georadar)
– infrared thermography
– geoelectrical measurements
– magnetic method
– percussion method
5.4.3 The destructive or minimally-destructive methods create direct access to the deeper or concealed areas of
the masonry and generally provide information on its structure and properties. The information obtained is
valid for a locally limited area and may only be applied provisionally to the construction works as a whole.
An appropriate sampling density should be defined in order to obtain sufficient information on a structural
member or an entire construction works.
5.4.4 Non-destructive testing and measuring methods provide linear or two-dimensional results, but these have
to be calibrated and interpreted. In general, a combination of different methods is necessary. Additional
exploratory boreholes may be necessary as reference points.

6 CONDITION EVALUATION
6.1 General
6.1.1 The condition evaluation of a natural stone masonry is based on the observed phenomena and the measu-
red values obtained.
6.1.2 In the case of natural stone masonry, the interaction of all examined aspects is often not precisely quantifi-
able. Any resulting significant uncertainty in the evaluation shall be described.
6.1.3 The evaluation of supplementary components is carried out in accordance with the Codes SIA 179 and
266/2.
6.2 Quantitative analysis
A quantitative analysis of the structural safety and serviceability of natural stone masonry requires a corre-
spondingly detailed condition survey. The construction material characteristics shall be determined or upda-
ted object-specifically and the structural analysis shall be based on the actual geometry of the structure.
6.3 Empirical analysis
6.3.1 An empirical analysis of the structural safety and serviceability of a natural stone masonry is based on a
comparison with structures of the same type and on experience with such structures, without characteristics
being determined object-specifically or other more precise investigations being carried out. The associated
condition survey is based on the features that are observed on site, purely externally and using simple
means.
6.3.2 Natural stone masonry structures are often old enough to allow deterioration caused by weathering and use
to be identified on the basis of observations.
6.3.3 For natural stone masonries that are classified under the bond types C, D and E according to Code SIA
266/2, a purely empirical evaluation shall be regarded as being sufficient if:
– it is assumed with adequate certainty, on the basis of features recognisable on site, that the internal con-
dition of the masonry corresponds to its outer condition
– failure without advance warning can be ruled out
– no significant phenomena indicating a reduction in resistance are observed on site
– the structurally relevant service requirements have not changed significantly and will not change signifi-
cantly in the future.
6.3.4 For natural stone masonries that are classified under the bond types A and B according to Code SIA 266/2,
a purely qualitative evaluation is only permissible if the conditions in accordance with Section 6.3.3 are ful-
filled and the risk potential is small.
6.4 Prediction of the development of the condition
6.4.1 The prediction of the development of the condition is based on a comparison of the current condition of the
structure with the original, often hypothetical condition when new. The more reproducible the results of ear-
lier examinations that are available, the more reliable the prediction. The duration of past and future use as
well as the influences of weathering and use shall be taken into account.

6.4.2 In general, only the following deterioration mechanisms are quantified for natural stone masonry:
– construction material fatigue and the resulting reduction in the masonry strength of certain rock types
given known past, current and future parameters of use (e.g. engineering structures built of sandstone)
– progress of surface weathering (losses of cross section in structural members) under more or less con-
stant environmental conditions
– deformations and cracks, by corresponding monitoring.
6.4.3 If experience with a particular type of structure and the construction materials used has been acquired over
a longer period, the following qualitative criteria may also be used to estimate development:
– stone decomposition
– mortar decomposition
– moisture actions.
6.4.4 Both qualitative and quantitative criteria shall be evaluated according to their significance and reliability.
6.4.5 In general , natural stone masonry displays a favourable long-term behaviour with respect to resistance and
general serviceability. However, the possibility of failure without advance warning exists, for example, in the
case of:
– a structure geometry that is inadequate in terms of span width, height and slenderness
– wide but non-visible cracks, e.g. cracks concealed by plasterwork
– separation of the layers in mixed masonries
– strong water penetration combined with poor masonry quality (bond types A and B)
– masonry with strong water infiltration due to cracking, combined with delayed drying due to watertight
construction materials on the surface of the wall
– undermining and scouring within the area of influence of bodies of water
– reduction in stability due to structural interventions (through-cracking, separation of tall shear walls, etc.)
– use of unsuitable support measures to relieve the load on the masonry
– separation of masonry components which would otherwise be held in place due to excavation works, fire,
accidental events, etc.
– ground failure, landslips
– significant changes in the actions.
6.4.6 In general, the weakening processes take place slowly, whereby a linear progress of deterioration cannot be
assumed. The rates of decay are determined or estimated according to the process and construction mate-
rial.
6.5 Recommendation of intervention measures

6.5.1 In the case of natural stone masonry, a distinction is made between measures carried out on the structure
and measures carried out on the face.
6.5.2. In addition, the recommendation of intervention measures may include the following specifications:
– summary evaluation of the preservation value
– estimation of the remaining service life depending on different intervention or rehabilitation variants
– information on the urgency of interventions carried out on the structure and faces
– prioritisation of different measures
– basic specifications concerning the choice of repair materials for the structure and faces
– recommendation concerning the replacement of the construction works.

7 INTERVENTIONS
7.1 General
7.1.1 The choice of a suitable intervention requires sufficient knowledge with respect to:
– the geometry of and type of construction for the construction works
– any alterations that have already been carried out
– the current condition of the structure and the structural system
– causes of damage and deterioration mechanisms.
Additional knowledge in accordance with Section 7.5.1.3 is necessary with respect to the maintenance of
the faces.
7.1.2 The measures should eliminate as far as possible the causes of damage or at least reduce their action
effects.
7.1.3 Measures that are limited to remedying the symptoms shall be so conceived that no intensification of the
development of damage results. If they are not sufficient to last the remaining service life, they should be
repeatable or reversible.
7.1.4 In scheduling the execution of interventions, the continuing development of the damage shall be observed
and the long duration of the hardening process, in particular in the case of lime mortars and silicic acid ester
based strengtheners, shall be taken into consideration.
7.2 Maintenance
7.2.1 The maintenance of natural stone masonry structures includes simple, regular measures such as:
– minor joint repairs
– removal of loose material
– flushing and cleaning of the drainage installations
– rehabilitation of defective drains
– removal of damaging vegetation.
7.2.2 Natural stone masonry shall be kept free of damaging vegetation. Exceptions are possible if structural safety
and durability are not significantly affected.
7.2.3 Vegetation has to be removed carefully. It may be necessary to kill off rootstocks first, and it may only be
possible to remove these from the masonry without causing damage once they have rotted.
7.2.4 Maintenance interventions must not lead to deterioration to the faces. The working techniques used may
need to be defined in the maintenance plan.
7.3 Moisture protection
7.3.1 Drainage
7.3.1.1 Natural stone masonry structures should be protected against uncontrolled permeation of water and persi-
stent damp. The efficient drainage of water shall be ensured using suitable measures.
7.3.1.2 Protection against moisture is achieved with the following measures:

– installation or rehabilitation of the drainage system
– installation or rehabilitation of supplementary components with a moisture protection function
– sealing of joints and cracks.

7.3.1.3 If the joints are intact, generally the impact of driving rain on vertical surfaces does not lead to deterioration.
On the other hand, suitable measures shall be taken to prevent the permeation of water through the coping
of walls.
7.3.1.4 If controlled drainage is not possible in the case of masonry in contact with the soil, relief openings shall be
created or the existing openings kept in functioning order. If there is a risk of consequential damage or
impaired serviceability, the emerging water shall be collected and drained away in a controlled way.
7.3.1.5 In dry masonry, drainage takes place through the joints. Precautions shall be taken to ensure that these are
not sealed by fine material or the formation of humus.
7.3.1.6 Drainage systems shall be designed in such a way that it is possible to maintain and renew them at reaso-
nable expense.
7.3.2 Sealing
7.3.2.1 In general , missing or defective sealings represent the most important cause of deterioration to masonry
structures. In order to maintain such structures in the long term, sealings shall be created or added where
these are lacking and damaged sealings shall be rehabilitated or replaced.
7.3.2.2 The gradient of the surface to be sealed is at least 1.5%. Insufficient gradient shall be corrected by means
of structural measures (e.g. with gradient coatings) before the sealing is applied.
7.3.2.3 The drainage of the sealing plane is effected through adequately dimensioned fixtures. The Codes SIA 270
to SIA 272 apply analogously to drainage fixtures.
7.3.2.4 If the installation of sealing is not possible or not proportionate, an improvement of the moisture protection
by means of structural measures, for example coverings or flashings, shall be attempted.
7.3.2.5 In the repair of sealings, the compatibility of the chosen sealing concept with the existing sealing system
shall be checked. Sufficient knowledge of the existing system is necessary for this purpose.
7.3.2.6 In the case of sealing systems using sealing sheeting, the existing structure shall be taken into considera-
tion. The orientation of the sheets or the overlaps should correspond with the direction of the gradient. The
Codes SIA 270 to SIA 272 apply analogously to protective layers.
7.3.2.7 Grouting techniques based on synthetic gels are available as an alternative sealing concept for areas which
are difficult to access. Successful application requires detailed advance investigations in the course of the
condition survey as well as specific checks during the execution of the measure. If unsealed areas remain
following completion of the measure, further grouting are necessary. In general , this sealing technique is
not suitable in the case of listed masonry structures.
7.3.2.8 Rising damp in masonry walls shall be prevented using grouting or barrier systems. The effectiveness of the
sealing shall be checked again after two to three years. The rehabilitation of damp and salt-damaged
masonry is addressed in the documentation SIA D095.
7.4 Structure
7.4.1 Replacement of the masonry mortar
7.4.1.1 Masonry mortar that has been lost or has disintegrated as a result of erosion, frost action, the influence of
salts, etc., shall be replaced as far as possible.
7.4.1.2 The replacement mortar shall be matched to the existing masonry in accordance with Section 3.4.
7.4.1.3 Pointing mortars that are too hard and/or too dense shall only be completely replaced if consequential
damage is evident or to be expected and the removal of this mortar does not cause significant deterioration
to the masonry units.

7.4.1.4 If the masonry joints are chiselled out to a considerable depth, loosening of the masonry bond as well as
impairment of the structural safety shall be prevented by temporary support measures or by carrying out the
work in appropriate stages.
7.4.1.5 The replacement mortar shall be filled completely into the previously cleaned joints. The workability of the
fresh mortar shall be adjusted accordingly.
7.4.1.6 In addition to working by hand, the use of other techniques (mortar pumps, mortar bag, spraying methods,
etc.) is permissible as long as a force-transmitting bond is achieved, the properties of the hardened mortar
fulfil the specifications and the requirements in terms of appearance are fulfilled.
7.4.1.7 If it is not possible to achieve a force-transmitting bond with the above methods or if significant gaps remain,
grouting in accordance with Section 7.4.3 shall be arranged.
7.4.1.8 Section 7.5.7 shall also be observed in the case of pointing mortar and replacement masonry mortar that
also forms part of the face.
7.4.2 Masonry replacement
7.4.2.1 Defective masonry units are replaced as shown in Figure 1, depending on the requirements and extent of
damage:
– as a whole masonry unit [dimensional stone] (replacement with natural or artificial stone)
– wholly or partially with concrete (concrete sealing).
The masonry may be replaced either over wide areas or in partial areas.
Figure 1: Masonry unit replacement
Stone replacement Concrete sealing
7.4.2.2 In the case of the replacement of large sections or partial demolition, the corresponding stone dimensions
and the spacing and width of existing joints shall be adopted.
7.4.2.3 If the stone surface is damaged down to a depth of 150 mm or more, in general the full depth of the stone
shall be replaced.
7.4.2.4 In order to achieve the horizontal bond in the masonry, ties or graduation of the stone depths in the masonry
bond of at least ± 100 mm shall be provided.
7.4.2.5 Projecting dimensional stones (e.g. beam elements like ledges, sills) are offset with a minimum stone depth
that corresponds to twice the dimension of the projection or are provided with suitable corrosion-resistant
ties.
7.4.2.6 When replacing stones in non-positive-fitting arched areas, the replacement stones shall be secured with
rods or a force-transmitting bond shall be ensured with grouting measures or other measures which have
been shown to be effective.
7.4.2.7 Stone replacement materials should correspond to the original natural stone or, if this can no longer be
obtained, should consist of a suitable construction material that is as similar as possible.
7.4.2.8 Concrete sealings and artificial stone should correspond to the natural stone as closely as possible in terms
of construction material properties and optical appearance. The binding agents used have to be compatible
with natural stone.
7.4.2.9 The surface treatment and appearance of the replaced areas shall be matched to the existing masonry.

7.4.2.10 Abutting surfaces and bed surfaces of sawn replacement stones shall be roughened.
7.4.2.11 The bond between the existing masonry and the new stones shall be ensured by completely surrounding it
with masonry mortar or grout.
7.4.2.12 The stones shall be laid in a clean condition and in the correct alignment according to the rock type.
Damaged edges and chipped corners shall be avoided when placing the stones.
7.4.3 Grouting to increase or restore the masonry strength
7.4.3.1 Grouting in masonry components is used to fill voids and achieve a homogenisation of the mechanical pro-
perties. In general, the technical objective of grouting measures is to strengthen deteriorated masonry com-
ponents or increase the strength of an existing masonry.
7.4.3.2 Before commencing grouting the following parameters have to be known:

– dimension and connection of the voids or cracks that are to be grouted
– approximate void content of the masonry
– any presence of layer detachments in mixed masonry
– construction material properties of the existing masonry (masonry units and mortar).
The choice of grouting material has to match these parameters.
7.4.3.3 Mineral grouting materials are to be preferred. Reactive resin may only be used in exceptional cases with
corresponding technical justification, e.g. in order to fill fine cracks in individual dimensional stones.
7.4.3.4 The choice of grouting pattern and grouting depth shall be based on the distribution of the voids or cracks,
the masonry thickness and the bond type.
7.4.3.5 Grouting represents an irreversible alteration of a masonry. The following risks shall be considered:
– redistribution of loads in the masonry as a result of changes in the stiffness of masonry components
– adverse effect on the water content as a result of the introduction of locally impermeable layers
– local damage to masonry as a result of the grouting pressure
– damage to masonry and partial collapses as a result of the hydrostatic pressure of the grouting material
where there is a high void content or in the case of vertical masonry layer detachment in mixed masonry
– penetration of the grouting material into unplanned areas (backfilled areas, drains, sewers, bodies of
water, etc.)
– exuding of the grouting material at faces, soiling.
7.4.3.6 The risks of execution shall be minimised by corresponding advance investigations and precautionary mea-
sures. Such measures may include:
– preliminary tests and monitoring of effectiveness by means of core drilling
– performance of the grouting in stages
– allowing setting time between stages
– gradual increase of the grouting pressure
– use of pressure limiters
– monitoring of the grouting quantities.
7.4.3.7 The success of performed grouting measures shall be verified by means of suitable measures.
7.4.4 Rodding
7.4.4.1 Rodding serves the purpose of creating force-transmitting connections across joints, cracks and layer boun-
daries (Figure 2, left).
7.4.4.2 Applications of rodding include for instance:

– tying together structural members
– securing and increasing the resistance, especially of mixed masonry
– bridging working joints
– absorbing shear forces in shells or arches
– securing against dynamic actions
– securing cracked structural members.

7.4.4.3 The diameter and length of tie rods shall be matched to:
– the geometry of the areas to be secured
– the bond type of the masonry
– the forces to be absorbed.
7.4.4.4 The tie rods shall be set centrally in prepared boreholes in the masonry. The rods used have to be suffi-
ciently corrosion-resistant. The bond between rod and masonry shall be ensured with the aid of grouting.
The boreholes are cleaned with water or compressed air before the tie rods are inserted.
7.4.4.5 The losses in substance of stones and mortar resulting from drilling shall be kept to a minimum. When car-
rying out wet drilling, excessive material discharge, chemical reactions of the water in the masonry and
damage to the faces shall be prevented. If necessary, the boreholes shall be drilled using the dry drilling
method. Damaging vibrations shall be avoided during drilling.
7.4.4.6 In order to achieve a high bond strength, the runniest slurry possible, with defined strength after hardening
and with low shrinkage is necessary. The filling material shall not lead to excessive sedimentation and has
to be compatible with the stone. The composition shall be defined to suit the structure of the masonry and
the absorption capacity of the masonry stones. In general, the bond strength shall be verified by pull-out
tests carried out on the structure. The tests may be evaluated with reference to Code SIA 267/1. In masonry
with a high void content, the rods may be enclosed with fabric stockings in order to limit loss of grout mate-
rial.
7.4.4.7 In general , rodding is invisible in use in that the rods end behind the faces. The surface of the boreholes
shall be sealed properly with suitable mortars or stone indents.
Figure 2: Securing of cracks
Crack Anchor
Rod anchor
Crack
Elevation Plan view Plan view
7.4.5 Anchoring
7.4.5.1 Anchorings within existing natural stone masonry structures with or without prestressing are used to prevent
deformations as well as to secure cracked areas of masonry (Figure 2, right).
7.4.5.2 Code SIA 267 applies to the case of anchoring of structural components or the structure itself in the ground.
7.4.5.3 The anchor forces are transmitted into the masonry via anchor head plates. The masonry has to be of suf-
ficient quality in the area of the force transmissions to absorb and distribute these forces. If this is insuffi-
cient, additional measures shall be taken, for example widening and lining with concrete the areas into
which the forces are transmitted.

7.4.5.4 The extent of any prestressing shall be chosen according to the function. Unfavourable changes in the struc-
tural system shall be avoided. On no account may the attempt be made to close cracks or reverse deforma-
tions by applying prestressing. Anchorages should only serve to prevent further deformation and secure the
structure.
7.4.5.5 The dimensioning and the number of the anchors depend on the static requirements.
7.4.5.6 The precise location of the anchor in the structure shall be matched to the suitability of the masonry with
respect to targeted drilling and with respect to the transfer of forces. If necessary, the planned location of
the anchors may need to be corrected during the construction work.
7.4.5.7 In addition to the dimensioning of the anchoring elements it shall be verified that the tensile splitting forces
in the masonry is absorbed.
7.4.5.8 For the horizontal prestressing of masonry walls a minimum imposed load has to be present in order to allow
the prestressing force to be transferred.
7.4.5.9 Prestressing without bond makes it possible to check the anchor force and thus the effectiveness of the
measure and apply additional tension if necessary. Inspections and control measurements of the prestres-
sing tendons shall be provided for in the monitoring plan.
7.4.5.10 The specifications in Section 7.4.4 apply analogously with respect to the drilling of the boreholes, bond
strength and corrosion resistance. If corrosion-resistant steel is not used, corrosion protection shall be guar-
anteed using other measures.
7.4.5.11 The end anchors of the prestressing tendons may be visible or concealed.
7.4.5.12 Prestressing steels may only be placed in clean and stable boreholes. The alignment of the borehole axes
shall be checked before the anchor is installed. It shall be possible to insert the prestressing steels into the
boreholes easily and without resistance. In order to ensure that the tie rods are positioned centrally within
the borehole, stable spacers shall be attached to the prestressing steels. The spacers may not obstruct the
throughflow of the grout.
7.4.5.13 Underpinning, excavation, drilling and chiselling work shall if possible be completed before the final pre-
stressing and grouting of the prestressing tendons in order to avoid additional spontaneous plastic defor-
mations of the masonry as a result of settlement, movements of the structure or vibrations. Concrete in
anchoring areas shall be applied in good time in order to ensure sufficient strength for the introduction of
the prestressing force.
7.4.5.14 When introducing the prestressing force the masonry shall be observed for any changes and the elonga-
tions of the installed anchors shall be monitored. The prestressing shall be applied in accordance with a pre-
viously defined prestressing programme. This shall specify the sequence of prestressing stages, the pre-
stressing forces and the pre-calculated elongations. A record shall be kept of the prestressing procedure.
7.4.6 Reinforcement
7.4.6.1 Reinforcement serves the purpose of increasing the resistance, stabilising the existing structure or ensuring
a controlled flow of forces in the case of alterations. They can significantly affect the appearance of a con-
struction works.
7.4.6.2 For example, the following reinforcement measures are possible in order to increase the resistance:
– installation of additional structural members
– installation of reinforcement, anchors and prestressing systems
– shotcrete layers.
7.4.6.3 In the case of reinforcement it shall be defined which static functions are to be performed by the original
masonry and which by the reinforcement components and elements.
7.4.6.4 In the case of reinforcement, the original structural behaviour can change due to changes in the stiffness of
structural members. The compatibility of the reinforcement with the existing masonry has to be guaranteed.
7.4.6.5 It must remain possible to monitor the condition of the masonry by means of inspections. If reinforcement
elements block access to the masonry, suitable measures shall be taken.

7.5 Faces
7.5.1 Prerequisites
7.5.1.1 The maintenance of faces is a key task. Their appearance is determined by the type of construction, existing
surface treatments as well as the type of weathering.
7.5.1.2 Unsuitable measures carried out on the faces as well as measures carried out on the structure that are not
suited to this task may, in addition to having adverse technical effects, lead to a significant reduction in the
cultural value of a construction works.
7.5.1.3 Successful measures require sufficient knowledge with respect to:

– the existing construction materials
– the original surface treatments
– the construction-material-specific weathering profile
– the nature and intensity of soiling as well as any biofilms and vegetation
– the level of contamination due to damaging salts
– the site-specific loading as a result of use, weathering and the permeation of harmful substances
– the deterioration mechanisms.
In natural stone masonry, in many cases the maintenance of the faces requires that specialists already have
to be consulted during the planning phase.
7.5.2 Cleaning
7.5.2.1 The cleaning of the faces of the masonry may be carried out using dry or wet, chemical or physical methods,
as well as using combinations of these. Cleaning measures carried out on listed structures have to be justi-
fied and the depth of cleaning specified.
7.5.2.2 The cleaning process shall be adapted to the damage scenario, the surface treatment and the present con-
struction materials and shall be carried out in such a way as to preserve the substance of the structure.
7.5.2.3 Test surfaces shall be used for the purpose of evaluation. In the case of listed structures, the preparation
and the documentation of test surfaces are mandatory.
7.5.2.4 Loose residues of masonry mortar and old repair mortars shall be removed or fixed properly in place without
any adverse effect on the faces.
7.5.2.5 It may be necessary to strengthen heavily weathered sandstones using suitable silicic acid esters before
cleaning.
7.5.3 Salt contamination
7.5.3.1 In the case of salt-contaminated masonry, the salt content may be reduced by applying poultices or absor-
bent plasters and an improvement is obtained in this way. As an accompanying measure, the salt-contami-
nated joint mortar or plastered areas should as far as possible be replaced.
7.5.3.2 The visible surface salts shall be removed in a dry state before applying the poultices or absorbent plasters.
7.5.3.3 If adjoining joints and areas of plaster contain more salts than the stones, the joints in question should be
chiselled out as deeply as possible. If other measures for reducing the level of salt contamination are not
possible, heavily salt-contaminated areas of plaster have to be removed and replaced.
7.5.3.4 The success of salt-removal measures shall be checked.

7.5.4 Reprofiling
7.5.4.1 Reprofiling with concrete or mortar represents an alternative to stone replacement.
7.5.4.2 Stone repair mortars in accordance with Section 3.4.9 shall be matched to the stone to be reprofiled, in
terms of technical characteristics as well as of colour and structure.
7.5.4.3 Larger or overhanging areas of stone repair mortar shall additionally be secured with corrosion-resistant
reinforcements.
7.5.4.4 The area of the reprofiling shall be cleaned using water or compressed air before applying the mortar.
Where mineral stone repair mortars are used, the substrate shall be moistened thoroughly prior to applica-
tion.
7.5.4.5 When applying the mortar it shall be well compacted, above all in the area where it meets the edges.
7.5.4.6 Freshly applied stone repair mortar shall be protected against very rapid drying-out as a result of direct
exposure to the sun and wind by means of a suitable curing.
7.5.5 Stone indents
7.5.5.1 Stone indents are suitable for repairing small-size deterioration and defects. The intervention remains visi-
ble, but allows a maximum of the original substance to be preserved.
7.5.5.2 Stone indents should have a minimum thickness of 60 mm.
7.5.5.3 The replacement piece and the area requiring repair shall be prepared in such a way that the width of the
joints does not exceed 2 mm.
7.5.5.4 Stone indents may not be formed across joints.
7.5.5.5 Overhanging or projecting stone indents shall in addition be mechanically secured by means of corrosion-
resistant anchors.
7.5.5.6 The surface treatment should match the adjoining natural stone in terms of its type, direction and thickness.
The surface treatment may only be carried out after the mortar has set.
7.5.6 Cladding
7.5.6.1 Claddings shall be applied over the full surface of the substrate using a suitable externally bonded mineral
mortar or backfilled with a grout following installation.
7.5.6.2 Cladding should have a minimum thickness of 60 mm.
7.5.6.3 The choice of stone, surface treatment and joint formation have to correspond to the adjacent original sto-
nework. The pattern of the existing joints should be adopted.
7.5.6.4 If several areas of cladding are installed next to one another or if a potential risk exists where large areas
of cladding are used, they shall be secured by means of corrosion-resistant anchors or interlocked by
means of graduated panel thicknesses (at least ± 20 mm).
Figure 3: Reprofiling, stone indents and cladding
Reprofiling Stone indent Cladding

7.5.7 Repointing
7.5.7.1 The repointing of natural stone masonry as a surface measure shall be restricted to the damaged areas.
7.5.7.2 If joints need to be chiselled out to a greater depth due to more deep-reaching damage to the masonry mor-
tar, the instructions given in Section 7.4.1 apply.
7.5.7.3 Joint areas that are damaged or need to be replaced should be chiselled out at least to a depth correspon-
ding to 1.5 to 2 times the width of the joint.
7.5.7.4 The properties of the pointing mortar shall be matched to the existing masonry in accordance with Section
3.4.7.
7.5.7.5 In the case of historic masonry it may be necessary to investigate the mortar in order to reconstruct the ori-
ginal mortar formulas and produce the mortar as in the original manner. The use of modern additives to opti-
mise frost resistance and working properties is permissible from a technical viewpoint as long as they are
compatible with the existing masonry.
7.5.7.6 The pointing mortar shall be properly applied to the cleaned and pre-moistened joint in accordance with the
mortar manufacturer’s instructions and compacted.
7.5.7.7 Freshly applied pointing mortar shall be protected against very rapid drying-out as a result of direct expo-
sure to the sun and wind by means of a suitable curing. Spalling of the corners on new joints, also in the
form of hairline cracks, are not permissible.
7.5.7.8 Soiling of the faces of the natural stones by mortar residues shall be cleaned up thoroughly immediately fol-
lowing pointing.
7.5.7.9 In general, in addition to providing protection against weathering, pointing mortars have an important
aesthetic function. The joints should correspond as far as possible to the original joints both in terms of
colouring and in terms of form and surface structure. Figure 4 provides an overview of different joint types.
Code SIA 266/2 contains additional information on the detailing of mortar joints.
Figure 4: Overview of different joint types
Old intact joint with Repaired joint without

seal-like hard pointing separate mortar
mortar
Old joint pointed with Repaired joint with

excessively hard mortar separate mortar
leads to cracks in the
masonry units
7.5.8 Coatings, paintwork and protective treatments
7.5.8.1 In the case of natural stone masonry, the use of coatings in accordance with Section 3.4.11 on unplastered
faces represents an exceptional case. Code SIA 257 applies analogously.
7.5.8.2 The conservation and renewal of historic paintwork and murals (backing) shall be carried out on the basis
of restoration considerations.
7.5.8.3 In general, the use of water-repellent impregnations penetrating into the construction materials (hydropho-
bic impregnations) shall be avoided. Exceptions have to be justified object-specifically and from a specialist
technical viewpoint.

7.5.9 Stone hardeners
7.5.9.1 Stone hardeners allow the original substance to be preserved, even if the internal structural integrity has
been lost. Their use shall be restricted to damaged structural members.
7.5.9.2 The use of stone hardeners requires a sufficient knowledge of the condition of the rock (weathering profile,
salt contamination, etc.) and a clear objective in terms of the effect of the strengthening.
7.5.9.3 The product and quantity that is to be applied shall be determined on the basis of preliminary tests.
7.5.9.4 The stones to be hardened shall be cleaned free of dust prior to strengthening and have to be dry.
7.5.9.5 The hardened natural stones shall be protected against water and dust for at least two weeks.
7.5.9.6 If further work with mineral systems (e.g. reprofiling) is carried out following hardening, an appropriate wai-
ting time has to be observed depending on the hardening agents used (for example 3-6 weeks in the case
of silicic acid esters).
7.5.10 Plaster
7.5.10.1 The recommendation V SIA 242/1 basically applies to surfaces that are to be newly plastered. Deviations
are permissible in accordance with Section 3.4.8.1.
7.5.10.2 Plastering systems that are too hard and/or too dense shall only be completely replaced if consequential
damage is evident or to be expected and the removal of the plaster does not cause significant deterioration
to the masonry.
7.5.10.3 Existing plaster damaged by weathering and use may be preserved using conservation measures if their
preservation value justifies this. Such measures include:
– hardening using impregnation methods
– salt removal using poultices
– backfilling with mineral binding agents
– securing of loose sections by edge-filling with mortar.
7.5.10.4 If existing plaster is only locally replaced or completed, the surface structure of the repaired sections has to
be matched to that of the existing plasterwork.

APPENDIX A (normative)
OVERVIEW OF THE MOST IMPORTANT NATURAL BUILDING STONES

IN SWITZERLAND
Table 2: List of Swiss natural building stones in common use up until 1945
Rock type Commercial name Principal source areas and locations External Internal Colour Compr. Volume Density Water Workability
fabric fabric strength weight absorption
(texture) (structure)
[N/mm2] [kN/m3] [kg/dm3] [mass-%]
Granite Gotthardgranit Uri: Gurtnellen, Wassen, Göschenen white easy to split

black
Urnergranit Grisons: Andeer massive granular grey 160–240 24–27 2.56–2.7 0.2– 0.55 in different
flecks
Andeerergranit Valais: Monthey, Martigny greenish directions
Gneiss Tessinergranit Tessin: Rodì, Faido, Chiggiogna, depending on

Lavorgo, Bodio, Personico, Pollegio, orientation, very
Biasca, Iragna, Osogna, Lodrino,
white easy to split
black
grey 130–210 25.5–26.4 2.62–2.71 0.21–0.72
Cresciano, Claro lines can be split
greenish
Verzascagranit Brione-Verzasca into thin, even
Bevola Maggiatal: Ponte-Brolla, Cevio, Someo slabs
Limestone Alpenkalk St.Gall: Oberriet (Rheintal),

Siliceous Quinten, Weesen
limestone
Blauer Kalkstein Glarus: Näfels, Mollis
mostly fine
Lake Lucerne: Brunnen, Seewen, dark blue-grey 200–270 26.2–26.7 2.66–2.73 0.04–2.8 readily dressed
massive grained
Matt, Kehrsiten, Hergiswil, Rotzloch
Lake Thun: Balmholz
Lake Brienz: Ringgenberg
Dense Lägernstein Schaffhausen: Hemmental mostly almost
160–175
limestone Lägern: Dielsdorf, Baden massive grainless
Jurastein Jura: Läufelingen, Solothurn, Biel, light yellowish, 0.2–3.2
Reuchenette, La Neuveville, Valangin, white, light 140–200 25.8–26.8 2.70–2.74 readily dressed
La Chaux-de-Fonds yellow, grey, and worked
Oolithic St-Triphon-Marmor Vaud: St-Triphon dark (turns 100–150
(roe-like) Laufenerstein Jura: Laufen, Brislach, Muttenz, light grey) 0.1–2.6
110–150
Balsthal
Porous lime- yellow,
Hauterivestein Neuchatel: Hauterive, St-Blaise massive porous 110–160 0.6–5.5 easily worked
stone formed dark yellow
from deposits
of calciferous Vaud: Villeneuve (Arvel), Bex almost light, 180–210 readily dressed
massive 0.1–3.4
plankton (echi- Valais: Collombey grainless yellow-grey 110–180 and worked
noderm limes.)
Sandstone St.Margrethen St. Gall: St. Margrethen

Granitic Buchberger Obersee: Buchberg, Bollingen, Jona,
fine- grey-blueish 50–80 24.4 2.67 1.7–3.5
sandstone Bollinger Sandstein Schmerikon, Uznaberg massive
grained yellowish-grey 80–190 23.5–25.1 2.64–2.69 2.5–6.0 easily worked
(Zuger Sand-
Zuger Sandstein Zug: Menzingen, Lottenbach
stein)
Lime sand- Rorschacherstein St. Gallen: Staad-Rorschach fine- easily split
laminated greenish-blueish 80–110 24.5 2.66–2.72 1.0–2.5
stone, lamin., Rooterstein Luzern: Renggloch, Root, Rooterberg grained into slabs
unlayered Stockernsandstein
Berne: Stockern, Ostermundigen,
(Berner) Ostermundiger fine- easily cut
Krauchtal, Oberburg massive greenish-grey 25–40 21.5–22.6 2.67–2.72 5.5–7.6
Sandstein grained and worked
Freiburg
Sandspachstein
Lime-rich Appenzell: Waldstatt, Teufen
(Appenzeller) St. Gall: Ebnat, Krummenau
fine-
Obersee: Benken massive blueish-grey 110–170 26.6–26.7 2.73–2.78 0.3–1.0 readily worked
grained
Grès d’Attalens Westschweiz: Attalens, Chexbres, grey-yellow-
Grès de Corbières Echallens (Corbières) grey-blue
Quarz sand- Glarus: Matt (Sernftal)
stone Uri: Attinghausen
fine-
Flysch and Obwalden: Guber (Aplnach) massive greenish-grey 160–270 26.0–26.9 2.66–2.75 0.05–0.20
grained
others Berne: Mitholz (Kandersteg),
blueish-grey
Schwarzenburg-Gurnigel readily dressed
Freiburg: Plasselb
Valais: Massongex, St-Gingolph
St. Gall: Buchserberg, Sevelen 180–340 26.6–27.0 2.72–2.77 0.23–0.41
Nidwalden: Beckenried
Shelly Seelaffe St. Gall: Thal (Rorschach)
sandstone Mägenwilerstein Aargau: Mägenwil, Würenlos, coarse- grey-yellowish
massive 35–90 21.0–25.8 2.68–2.71 1.1–4.0 easily worked
Muschelkalkstein Othmarsingen grained grey-blueish
Freiburg: Seiry (Estavayer)
Conglomerate Appenzeller-Granit Appenzell: Herisau (Schachen) fine

difficult to
fine-grained St. Gall: Degersheim massive pea-sized light grey 140–150 27.4 – 0.1–0.5
dress
Zurich: Rüti matrix
coarse Schwyz: Goldau (rockfall/landslide coarse difficult to
massive mixed
area) matrix work
Source: Swiss Federation of Master Builders in collaboration with the Swiss Federal Railways, approx. 1945, units updated

APPENDIX B (normative)
INVESTIGATION METHODS
Table 3: Evaluation of common investigation methods
Evaluation Methods
no reliable information or method non-destructive minimally-destructive destructive

inappropriate visual inspection, non-destructive borehole endoscopy, opening of the masonry, laboratory analyses
1 information with limitations surveying, tapping measuring and testing core sampling exploratory excavation, following sampling
2 confirmed information, locally methods trenches (hand samples, drilling
3 confirmed information, area-wide dust, core samples)
Overall structure
Dimensions, geometry (also of foundation) 3 1–3 2 2

Situation and exposure of the structure 3
Importance in terms of use, hazard scenarios 3
Division into different structural members, joints
3
between structure or structural members
Alterations, added floors, strengthening 1–3 1–3 2 2
Foundation (settlements) 2 2
Actions (water, traffic loads, etc.) 3
Drainage installations, distribution of moisture,
2–3 2–3 2
damp
Water flow in the surrounding area 2–3
Vegetation 3
Bond between structural members (cracks) 3 1–3 2 2
Structural members (walls, pillars, arches, etc.)
Masonry type (single- or double-faced solid

1 1–3 2 2
masonry, primary walling, facing)
Type of foundation 2 2
Single, mixed masonry, wall thicknesses
1–3 2 2
(ashlar facings, core, fills, etc.)
Bond type (Code SIA 266/2) 1–3 2 2
Change in construction materials, e.g. due to
2–3 1–3 2 2
structural changes (dimensions and shape)
Structural changes due to subsequent
1–3 1–3 2 2
openings, grouting, etc.
Localisation of prestressing tendons, brackets,
2–3
nails (iron)
Deformation of structural members, settlements 2–3 1 2
Subsequently created voids 1 1–3 2 2
Loss of cross section (due to weathering) 3
Construction joints and cracks 2–3 1–3 2 2
Separation between cladding/core 1 1–3 2 2
Masonry bond
Execution of the transverse bond 1 2

Variation in stone size, joint width, etc.,
1–3 2 2
exceptions in the bond
Distribution of construction material in the cross
1–3 2 2
section (stone-mortar ratio)
Execution quality (e.g. voids, regularity of the
1 1–3 2 2
bond)
Masonry strength 1 2 1 2
Condition of joints (consistency of masonry
1 2 2
mortar, voids)
Construction materials
Identification of construction materials: type of

1–3 1–2 1–2 2
stones and mortar
Strength (compr. strength, modulus of elasticity) 2
Bulk density, porosity (masonry units) 2
Water absorption (masonry units) 2
Structural condition of masonry units
2–3
(macroscopic)
Structural condition (microscopic) 2
Salt contamination of construction materials 2
Moisture contents 2

Abbreviations for the organisations represented in the commission SIA 266
ETH Zürich Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich

Project Management – Codes for Existing Structures Working Group SIA 269/6-1
Existing structures – Natural stone masonry
Dr. Paul Lüchinger, dipl. Ing. ETH, Zurich (chairman) Dr. Philipp Rück, dipl. Geol. ETH/SIA, Schinznach-
Prof. Dr. Eugen Brühwiler, dipl. Ing. ETH, Lausanne Dorf ( chairman)
Thomas P. Lang, dipl. Ing. ETH, Berne Bruno Portmann, dipl. Arch. ETH/SIA, Stein-
Prof. Thomas Vogel, dipl. Ing. ETH, Zurich hauer, Niedergösgen
Prof. Dr. Joseph Schwartz, dipl. Ing. ETH, Zurich
Thierry Berset, dipl. Ing. ETH/SIA, Winterthur
Dr.-Ing. Bernd Kister, dipl. Geophys., Horw
Dr. Nebojša Mojsilović, dipl. Ing. TU/SIA, Zurich
Hans Ulrich Remensberger, dipl. Ing. ETH/SIA,
Zurich
Gianfranco Sciarini, dipl. Ing. ETH/SIA, Vira
Gabi Zwyssig-Gall, dipl. Ing. ETH, Zug
Commission SIA 266 “Masonry”
President Prof. Dr. Joseph Schwartz, dipl. Ing. ETH, Zurich ETH Zürich
Thierry Berset, dipl. Ing. ETH/SIA, Winterthur Consulting Engineer
Ralph Gantenbein, dipl. Ing. ETH/SIA, Buchs Industry
Members
Dr. Nebojša Mojsilović, dipl. Ing. TU/SIA, Zurich ETH Zürich

Dr. Kerstin Pfyl-Lang, dipl. Ing. ETH/SIA, Zurich Administration
Ruedi Räss, dipl. Ing. ETH/SIA, Sursee Research
Dr. Philipp Rück, dipl. Geol. ETH/SIA, Schinznach-Dorf Material Research
Stefan Schmid, Produktmanager, Dättwil Mortar Industry
Gianfranco Sciarini, dipl. Ing. ETH/SIA, Vira Consulting Engineer
Gabi Zwyssig-Gall, dipl. Ing. ETH, Zug Consulting Engineer
Approval and validity
The SIA’s central committee for codes and regulations approved the present code SIA 269/6-1 on 23 November 2010.
It is valid as from 1 January 2011.
Together with Code SIA 266/2, it replaces the recommendation SIA V 178, 1996 edition.
Copyright © 2011 by SIA Zurich
All rights are reserved, including the right to print extracts, partial or full reproduction (photocopy, microcopy, CD-ROM,
etc.), storage in data processing systems and translation.
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SIA 269/6-1:2011 Civil Engineering 505 269/6-1

Erhaltung von Tragwerken – Mauerwerksbau, Teil 1: Natursteinmauerwerk

Existing structures – Stone masonry,

Entwurf vom 14. Januar 2016

Reference number Published by

Number of pages: 40 Copyright © 2011 by SIA Zurich Price category: 34

2011-01 1st Edition

2 SIA 269/6-1, Copyright © 2011 by SIA Zurich

Foreword .................................................... 4 Appendix

0.2 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 in Switzerland (normative) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

0.3 Deviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 B Investigation methods (normative) . . . . 35

2.2 Construction materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

3.2 Original construction materials . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

4.2 Examination values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

6.2 Quantitative analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

SIA 269/6-1, Copyright © 2011 by SIA Zurich 3

4 SIA 269/6-1, Copyright © 2011 by SIA Zurich

– Recommendation V SIA 242/1 Plasterwork and stucco

– Code SIA 246

– Code SIA 262

– Code SIA 267/1

– Code SIA 269/2

– Code SIA 269/6-2

– Code SIA 270

– Code SIA 271

– Code SIA 272

– Code SIA 469

– Documentation SIA D095

SIA 269/6-1, Copyright © 2011 by SIA Zurich 5

1.1 Technical terms

Cladding Surface, panel-type replacement technique used on natural stone

Coat, coating Decorative coating.

Concrete sealing Replacement of individual masonry units or whole areas of ma-

Face Visible masonry surface.

Rodding Strengthening masonry against tensile and shear by installing

Stone indent Insertion of small replacement pieces in individual natural

Stone repair mortar Mortar used for local repairs (reprofiling).

Stone replacement Replacement of an entire dimensional stone or masonry unit in

6 SIA 269/6-1, Copyright © 2011 by SIA Zurich

1.2.1 Latin upper case letters

Ebk characteristic value for the modulus of elasticity of masonry unit

Emk characteristic value for the modulus of elasticity of masonry mortar

1.2.2 Latin lower case letters

fbk characteristic value for cube compressive strength of masonry unit

1.2.3 Greek letters

ϕ angle of internal friction

SIA 269/6-1, Copyright © 2011 by SIA Zurich 7

2.1 Service life

2.2 Construction materials

2.4 Preservation value

2.5 Construction documents

8 SIA 269/6-1, Copyright © 2011 by SIA Zurich

3.1 Description and requirements

3.1.1 Description and designation of masonry

3.1.2 Requirements depending on time of use

3.2 Original construction materials

3.2.1.3 Information provided in construction documents shall be checked for plausibility.

3.2.2 Masonry units

SIA 269/6-1, Copyright © 2011 by SIA Zurich 9

3.2.3.4 Existing original plasterwork is to be checked for the following criteria:

3.2.4 Coverings, sealings and paintwork

3.2.5 Supplementary components

3.2.5.1 Supplementary components include: