Grade-8 Handout

Electricity/Electric Current
 is called the flow of electrons
 The unit of current is Ampere with the honor of Andre Marie-Ampere
 It can be measured by ammeter
 I=V/R
Voltage/potential difference-
 is the energy transferred to a circuit component per unit charge between the two terminals of the component. The unit of
voltage is volt with honor of Alessandro Volta( discovered the idea of battery).
 Equation is V=IR ………where; I is the current and R for resistance.
 Voltmeter will be used to measure voltage or potential difference
Resistance
 Is the ability of conductor to resist the flow of current or electrons.
 The unit of resistance is Ohm with the honor of George Simon Ohm
 R=V/I and it has a symbol Ω
 The smaller the wire, the higher its resistance the bigger its resistance is lower.
 Factors that affect resistance:
1.) Length( how long the material),cross-sectional area (diameter),kind of material and temperature( hotter material will
increase resistance)
Two types of circuit connections:
1.) Series Connection- a circuit in which the electrical appliances form a single pathway of electrons. When one load (ex.
Bulb) blown, the other loads will not work too because current is cut already.
2.) Parallel Connection- a circuit in which the electrical devices form parallel to each other. When one load blown or stop
working, the other loads will function normally since the electrons can flow to the other loads.
Comparison Between Series and Parallel Connection
Idea Series parallel
Total Current The same to each load Equal to the sum of the individual load
Total Voltage Equal to the sum of the individual load The same to each load
Total Resistance Increases with increasing load Decreases with increasing load

Meaning and components of a complete circuit

 Circuit is any arrangement of materials that provides the path of electrons to flow.
 It contains the power source, loads( either radio, bulb,TV,and other appliances), connecting wires, and a swich.
Types of Curents:
 Direct Current(DC)- is a current of which the electrons flow in one direction or the direction will not change. The source of
direct current is the battery. The electrons will move slowly in the conductor.
 Alternating Current(AC)- in this type of current, the electrons change in their direction back and forth. The source of AC is
the Generator form the power plant. The electrons here travel quickly in a conductor or wire.
Types of Multimeter:-
It is a device that measures continuity,resistance,current and voltage.

 Dial- multimeter that has a pointer in reading the measurement.

 Digital- multimeter that has digit of numbers shown to its monitor.
Short Circuit
 Is an event when the live or ground ( or – and +) wire exposed touch one other. In this process, the electrons will flow in a
short distance instead of passing to the loads. The loads will not work and the danger of this, is that, it can cause fire
because of too much flow of current that leads to heating of wires.
Over Loading of Circuit
 Happens when the current in the circuit exceeds the wire`s current rating. It will generate too much heat that can cause
fire.
  Octopus wiring- is a condition whereby it shows too many appliances plugged into a single outlet. It is one of the cause of
overloading.

Insulators
 The materials that hold the electrons very tightly
Conductors
 The materials that have many loosely held electrons and thus allow the electrons to move freely.
Examples of Insulators and Conductors
Insulator Conductor
Hard rubber Metals (gold,silver,copper,aluminum etc.)
Dry air Earth
Glass Moist materials
Plastics Salt solution
Dry Wood Human body

Other ideas
 Drop wires commonly contained 200-220V the connected to the households.
 Some devices/ appliances/outlets have surge protector. By this materials, the excess current will be passed to the ground
part so that overheating can be avoided.
 Circuit breaker in a modern era is used instead of fuse. It will cut the flow of current when overloading and short circuit
occurred.
 Fuse is circuit protector that contains thin lead wire. When overheating caused by overloading and short circuit, it will be cut
and the current will stop to avoid fire accident.
Electrical safety and hazards
1.) Don’t ignore flickering lights,blown fuse or spark and light switches, and outlets that feel warm to touch.
2.) Avoid octopus wiring.
3.) Don’t use old extension wire without checking them first.
4.) Don’t ignore switches and outlets that don’t work.
5.) Don’t use electrical appliances or talk to the phone when there is a storm.
6.) Keep away the children from exposed outlets.
7.) Check your home electrical panel board regularly. If it more than 10 years, buy a new one.
8.) Use surge protector whenever possible.
9.) Keep appliances away from water
10.) Screw bulb securely
11.) Unplug appliances by their gripping area.
12.) Never replace a blown fuse with a coin or any wire.
13.) Unplug electrical appliances when not in use.
14.) Never stand in a wet floor when using an electrical tool.
15.) Do not wear jewelries when working around electrical systems of any kind.
Effects of current to human body
Current Level( Ampere) Probable Effect
0.001 Slight tingling sensation
0.005 Slight shock felt; not painful but disturbing
0.006 to 0.03 Painful shock and muscular control is lost
0.05 to 0.15 Extreme pain,respiratory arrest, severe muscular
contraction. Death is possible
1 to 4.3 Rhythmic pumping action of heart ceases. Death is most
likely
10 Cardiac arrest, severe burns and probable death
Test-1 (Enumeration)
1-2( types of current)
3-4( types of Circuit Connections)
5-7( examples of Insulators)
8-10( examples of Conductors)
11-12( types of multi-meter)
13-14( events in a circuit that can cause fire accidents)
15-18( 4 components of a complete circuit)
19-30( Electrical Safety and Hazards)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

31-34( Things that a multi meter able to measure or test)

35-36(Examples of electrical loads)
37-40( Factors that affect resistance of materials)

Test-11 (Identification) 2 points each

1.) It is the unit of current.___________________
2.) It is the unit of potential difference.___________________
3.) It is the unit of Resistance.____________________________
4.) He is a scientist that leads the invention of battery_________________________________
5.) He is the scientist that the unit of current is named after him.______________________________
6.) He is the scientist that the unit of resistance is named after him.______________________________________
7.) He is the scientist that the unit of voltage is named after him.___________________________________
8.) It is the formula of Resistance.___________________
9.) It is the formula of Current.______________________________
10.) It is the formula of Voltage.___________________________
11.) These are wires from post that commonly possessed around 200 to 220 Volts towards the house.________________
12.) It is found in a panel board that functions to break the flow of current if overloading or short circuit occurs.__________
13.) It contains thin lead wire that will be melting easily when overloading or short circuit occurs.____________________
14.) It is a condition whereby it shows too many appliances plugged into a single
outlet.______________________________
15.) The materials that hold the electrons very tightly_______________________________________
16.) The materials that have many loosely held electrons and thus allow the electrons to move freely.__________________
17.) A type of current that comes from the battery.__________________________
18.) A type of current that comes from the generator.__________________________
19.) It happens when the current in the circuit exceeds the wire`s current rating._____________________________
20.) It is defined as any arrangement of materials that provides the path of electrons to flow.____________________
 21.) Is a circuit in which the electrical appliances form a single pathway of electrons._________________________
22.) A type of connection in which one load blown or stop working, the other loads will function normally_______________
23.) What is the specific thing to be used when we want to measure the current of the circuit._______________________
24.) What is the specific thing to be used when we want to measure the voltage of the circuit_______________________
25.) It is the ability of conductor to resist the flow of current or electrons( give only the symbol for this )_______________
26.) It is defined as the flow of electrons___________________________
27.) It is the another term for Voltage.__________________________________
28.) Which of these can cause death, electrical current or Voltage?__________________________
29.) Which of these has the lower resistance, thin wire or larger wire?______________________________
30.) It is a multimeter that has a pointer on it to read the measurement._______________________________

TEST-111 (Essay) Discuss the following:10 points

CRITERIA: Neatness=1; Grammar=2; Correct Explanation=7
1.) Why the phenomena such as short circuit and over loading can cause electrical fires?

2.) How to use the multi meter properly?