05-08-2019

Why relativity?
PHYSICS
• Why a new topic?
Special theory of relativity
• How science develops?
PH-1101 • What was the thesis?
Unit -5
• What was the anti thesis?
Lecture-1 • What was the contradiction?
• How the contradiction was resolved?
• Outcome of relativity

Introduction To special Relativity Galilean Transformation

• Newtonian Mechanics • 𝑥 =𝑥−𝑣𝑡 P(x,y,z)
S S’ 𝑣𝑡
– 1st Law of Motion • 𝑦 =𝑦 v
P’(x’,y’,z’)

• Galileo’s experiment • 𝑧 =𝑧 x x’
– Inertial Frame exists
• 𝑡 = 𝑡 → 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒
• Inertial Frame

𝑣 = − 𝑣 ⇒ u = u − v Newtonian velocity
addition law
(Newtonian relativity)

Velocity is not absolute .. it depends on the velocity of the observer

1
 05-08-2019

Contradiction between EMT and

Acceleration and Force
Newtonian Mechanics
u =u−v 𝑡 =𝑡 • Speed of light 𝑐= Source

According to Newtonian
velocity addition law
𝑑𝑢′ 𝑑𝑢
= ⇒𝑎 =𝑎 𝑐 =𝑐±𝑣
𝑑𝑡′ 𝑑𝑡

𝑚 = 𝑚 → 𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒 𝑣 = ±𝑣

𝑚 𝑎 = 𝑚𝑎 ⇒ 𝐹 = 𝐹
Observer
𝜇 =𝜇

𝜀 =𝜀 𝑐 =𝑐

Experiments showing limitations of

Possible options
Newtonian mechanics
• Newtonian Mechanics EMT

• 1

• 2 𝟏
𝒆𝑽 = 𝒎𝒗𝟐 𝑅=
𝑚𝑣
𝟐 𝑒𝐵

• 3 𝑉 = 10 MeV ⇒ 0.9 c
𝟐𝒆𝑽
𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒇𝒓𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒔 S𝒆𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒍𝒚 𝒊𝒏 𝒗=
𝒆𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓 𝒇𝒓𝒂𝒎𝒆 𝒎 𝑉 = 40 MeV 𝒗𝒆𝒙𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒅 = 𝟏. 𝟖 𝐜 𝒗𝒆𝒙𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟗 𝐜