2016
4, APRIL 2014
Development and Analysis of Interturn Short
Fault Model of PMSMs With Series and Parallel
Winding Connections
Bon-Gwan Gu, Jun-Hyuk Choi, and In-Soung Jung, Senior Member, IEEE
Abstract—In this study, interturn short fault models of per-
manent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) employing series
and parallel winding connections are developed using deformed
flux models based on both fault winding flux information and in-
ductance variations caused by cross flux linkages that depend on
the distribution of same phase windings. As these models take
into account fault winding within a three-phase winding dynamics
analysis, they constitute fourth-order assessments. In the parallel-
winding model, an additional dynamical analysis is used to describe
variations in current distribution caused by the parallel connection
between fault and healthy windings. Based on deformed flux model-
ing and positive sequence current assumptions, the proposed model
is derived in both positive and negative sequence synchronous ref-
erence frames. A finite-element method-based simulation is applied
to validate the proposed PMSM model.
Index Terms—Fault model, motor interturn short fault, nega-
tive sequence, permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM),
positive sequence.
I. INTRODUCTION
WING to their high efficiencies and power densities, per-
O manent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) have been
widely used in applications such as industrial drives, home appli-
ances, electric vehicles (EVs), and wind power generators [17].
In some applications, such as EVs and wind power generators,
PMSM fault detection has been a primary issue, as faulting
can lead to problems with safety and time costs. One common
PMSM fault is the winding turn short, which is caused by coil
insulation failure [1], [3], [6], [13], [14], [17]. Because coil in-
sulation material is under high voltage and temperature stress,
it gradually degrades and finally loses its insulating characteris-
tics; this is called an interturn short fault, and when it happens,
the shorted turns will act as an extra circuit loop coupled to flux
linkages in other motor windings and in the rotor magnet. A high
fault current will thus be induced in the turn fault windings, gen-
erating ohmic loss and heat that further weakens surrounding
insulation material. Through this process of positive feedback,
an interturn fault can easily expand into nearby windings, easily
Manuscript received January 31, 2013; revised March 27, 2013; accepted
May 23, 2013. Date of current version October 15, 2013. Recommended for
publication by Associate Editor J. Hur
The authors are with the Korea Electronics Technology Institute,
Bucheon 420-140 Korea (e-mail: mrgu@postech.ac.kr; cjh@keti.re.kr; isjung@
keti.re.kr).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TPEL.2013.2265400
0885-8993 © 2013 IEEE
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 29, NO.
enlarging a slight turn short fault into a severe one. It is therefore
quite essential to detect and manage incipient interturn faults.
In an interturn short fault, there are imbalances between the
three-phase impedance and the back EMF; as a result, nega-
tive sequence terms are generated within the motor current or
voltage. A number of previous studies have used imbalance
data to detect interturn faults. Some schemes, for instance, have
used a comparison of negative sequence elements with a preset
threshold value as a method for simple turn short fault detec-
tion [1]–[6]. Arkan et al. [1] and Briz et al. [2] used nega-
tive sequence impedances and currents through high-frequency
injection. Cash et al. [3] used a line-neutral voltage measure-
ment system. Neural networks have also been used to reinforce
detection speed and accuracy in gathering negative sequence
voltage and current information [4], [5]. Kim et al. [6] used a
second-order harmonic current of negative sequence elements
in a synchronous rotating reference frame (SRF); because an
inverter with its field orientated control scheme synchronized to
the SRF is commonly used to control a PMSM, second-order
current harmonics are easy to obtain in this manner. Other sim-
ple detection methods involve frequency analysis; for instance,
Shamsi and Taghipour [7], Stavrou et al. [8], and Ebrahimi and
Faiz [9] used high frequency harmonic comparison. Although
these fault detection schemes are simple and easy to implement,
they require that the fault threshold level be predefined based on
rich motor pretest data due to the absence of accurate PMSM
models under an interturn short fault. If accurate interturn short
models of PMSM are derived, a pretest to define the threshold
level will be much simpler.
Other studies [10]–[17] have produced turn short fault models
of PMSMs by using the winding function [10], [15] or a simpli-
fied model [11]–[13], [16], [17] to derive the motor inductance
arising from turn short faults. However, such models are in-
accurate with respect to multipole motors as they ignore flux
couplings between turn faulted windings and healthy windings
in the same phase.
In this study, a direct quadrate (d-q) model of PMSM undergo-
ing interturn short faulting is developed in positive and negative
sequence SRFs. Both series and parallel winding PMSMs are
modeled based on an assessment of flux coupling between the
fault winding and other healthy windings in the same phase.
This flux coupling effect is especially important in high-pole
PMSMs, in which there are many possible flux paths that can
affect the flux linkage between same-phase windings. A finite-
element method (FEM) simulation is then conducted to validate
the proposed model.
GU et al.: DEVELOPMENT AND ANALYSIS OF INTERTURN SHORT FAULT MODEL OF PMSMs
Fig. 1. (a) 6-pole-9-slot PMSM motor cross-sectional figure and (b) series
connected winding configuration with turn short fault.
II. PMSM MODEL WITH SERIES CONNECTED WINDING
Fig. 1 shows (a) 6-pole-9-slot PMSM motor with concentric
winding and (b) the winding configuration of a series connec-
tion under an interturn short fault. Here, a1, a2, a3, b1, b2,
b3, c1, c2, and c3 are the winding numbers of each phase, and
ia , ib , ic , va , vb , and vc denote the phase currents and voltages,
respectively, of the a-, b-, and c-phase windings. As insulation
failures do not provide a zero resistance path [17], the failure
spot can be described as a fault resistance denoted by Rf , with a
turn short fault current of if . It is assumed that the a-phase wind-
ing has a turn short fault. The turn short fault winding shown
in Fig. 1 makes another fault circuit loop composed of fault
resistance Rf , a fault winding inductance, and a fault winding
flux linkage. As every motor winding is both electrically con-
nected and magnetically coupled to every other winding, cross
coupling effects need to be considered in this analysis.
Based on the fact that the turn number of the a-phase wind-
ing will be reduced by the number of shorted turns, the motor
model will vary depending on the number of faulted turns. To
establish a fault inductance model, therefore, the magnetic flux
path must be understood. Fig. 2(a) shows an equivalent PMSM
magnetic circuit, in which Rg , Ry 1 , and Ry 2 denote the mag-
netic reluctance of the air gap and slot, the stator back iron, and
2017
Fig. 2. (a) Equivalent magnetic circuit for inductance calculation and
(b) magnetic flux flow generated by the a1 winding.
the rotor back iron, respectively, and N denotes the number of
turns in one winding. The values of Ry 1 and Ry 2 are much less
than that of Rg ; indeed, by assuming that they are both zero, Gu
et al. [18] derived a turn short fault model. However, under the
more realistic assumption that they are not zero, Ry 1 , and Ry 2
will obstruct the flux flow, as the additional reluctance cause a
decrease in flux flow past a typical winding corresponding to the
increase in flux path. As the PMSM pole number increases, the
resulting difference between the maximum and minimum flux
path reluctances increases; therefore, the model derived in [18]
is not accurate for a PMSM with a high pole number. Fig. 2(b)
shows the magnetic flux flow through winding a1. Because c3
and b1 are adjacent to a1, their magnetic flux flows are large,
whereas b2 and c2, which are furthest from a1, experience the
smallest magnetic flux flows.
As the site of the turn short fault, the a1 winding is composed
of the healthy and faulted winding. Although the magnitude of
current in the healthy winding remains the same by series con-
nection, that in the faulted winding changes; the flux coupling
2018 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 29, NO. 4, APRIL 2014

model between the a1, a2, and a3 windings must therefore

take differential current magnitudes into account. As shown in
Fig. 2(b), flux coupling between same-phase windings will de-
pend on the winding structure. To define this flux linkage, we
use γ12 and γ13 to represent the winding coupling factors be-
tween windings a1−a2 and a1−a3, respectively, in Fig. 2(b).
If there are n windings per phase, the magnetic flux linkage of
windings a1, a2,. . ., an can be given as

⎡ ⎤
λa1
⎢ ⎥
⎢ λa2 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ . ⎥
⎢ . ⎥
⎣ . ⎦
λan
⎡ Lsm Lsm ⎤
Lsm + Lsl −γ12 ··· −γ1n
⎢ 3P/2 − 1 3P/2 − 1 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ −γ21 Lsm Lsm + Lsl ··· −γ2n
Lsm ⎥
⎢ 3P/2 − 1 3P/2 − 1 ⎥
=⎢
⎢
⎥
⎥
⎢ .. .. .. .. ⎥
⎢ . ⎥
⎢ . . . ⎥
⎣ ⎦
Lsm Lsm
−γn 1 −γn 2 ··· Lsm + Lsl
3P/2 − 1 3P/2 − 1
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
ia1 1 Fig. 3. Magnetic flux linkage couplings: (a) interphase and (b) interwinding.
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ a2 ⎥ L
i ⎢1⎥
⎢ ⎥ m ⎢ ⎥
×⎢ . ⎥− (ib + ic ) ⎢ . ⎥ (1)
⎢ . ⎥ 2n ⎢ .. ⎥
⎣ . ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
A. Dynamic Equation of Series-Connected PMSM With Turn
ian 1 Short Fault
The slot currents all have the same magnitude, i.e., ia = ia1 =
where λa1 , λa2 , . . ., and λan denote the flux linkages of wind- ia2 . . . = ian . Since the target PMSM has one winding per phase
ings a1, a2 . . ., and an, respectively, ia1 , ia2 . . ., ian denotes per 2 poles, the number of windings n is equal P /2. Here, we
the winding current, Lsm and Lsl denote the self and leakage define the healthy turn ratio of a1 using x = Nhealthy /N, where
inductance, respectively, of one winding without a turn short Nhealthy denotes the a1 winding healthy turn number. In the
fault, and Lm and P denote the phase self inductance and the absence of a turn short fault, x equals 1. From (1) and (2), the
pole number, respectively. The denominator in the first matrix a-phase flux linkage with a turn short fault is obtained
of the right-hand side of (1) represents the number of the pos-
sible flux coupling paths with other windings. Here, since the   
target PMSM has 3 slots per 2 poles, the denominator is de- λa1h + λa2 · · · λan Ls11 Ls14 ia
=
fined as −(3P/2–1). For a different winding configured PMSM, λa1f Ls41 L44 if
this denominator and sign should be modified depending on the ⎡
⎤
1 1−x
winding distribution. Fig. 3 shows the coupling inductance of ⎢ − + ⎥
2 P
(a) a1 with the b- and c-phase windings and (b) a1 with a2 +⎢
⎣
⎥ Lm (ib + ic )
⎦
and a3. Because the winding coupling factor relies on winding 1−x
distribution, it must satisfy P
(3)
γij = γj i and γij = γk l if |i − j| = |k − l| or |i − j|
= |k − l + n| or |i − j| = |k − l − n| . (2) where Ls11 = ( P2 − 1 + x2 )(Lsm +Lsl )−γLsm ( P2 −2+2x),
If we assume that both the stator and rotor back iron reluctance
(Ry 1 = Ry 2 = 0) are zero, then γ12 = γ13 . . . γ1n = 1. But as
Ry 1 and Ry 2 are not zero and affect the flux linkage between
windings of the same phase, ignoring them in describing a high-
pole PMSM will incur severe errors in the model.
Ls14 = Ls41 = −(1 − x)γL sm +x(1−x)Lsm , Ls44 = (1−x)2
n
Lsm + (1 − x) Lsl , γ = k=2 3Pγ/2−1
2 1k
.
Here, λa1h and λa1f denote the flux linkages of a healthy
and faulted winding of a1, respectively, and γ satisfies 0 <
γ ≤ (P/2 − 1)/(3P/2 − 1) and can be calculated using the
magnetic equivalent circuit model by Sheikh–Ghalavand et al.
[19] or obtained by means of FEM simulation. Assuming the
absence of a turn short fault (x = 1), the one winding self and
GU et al.: DEVELOPMENT AND ANALYSIS OF INTERTURN SHORT FAULT MODEL OF PMSMs 2019

leakage inductances will satisfy B. Steady-State Fault Current and Voltage Equation of
Series-Connected PMSM
2 Lm
Lsm = (4) In an inverter-fed PMSM, negative sequence current can eas-
P 1−γ
ily be rejected using a negative sequence current controller, as
2
Lsl = Ll (5) discussed by Jeong et al. [17]. To simplify the model, we can
P therefore assume that only positive sequence phase current flows
where Ll is the phase leakage inductance. Based on (3), (4), and through the winding
(5), the PMSM voltage equation can be derived as follows:
ia = −Iq sin θ + Id cos θ (7)
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
va ia ia
ib = −Iq sin (θ − 2π/3) + Id cos (θ − 2π/3) (8)
⎢ vb ⎥ ⎢ ib ⎥ d ⎢ ib ⎥
⎢
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎥ ic = −Iq sin (θ + 2π/3) + Id cos (θ + 2π/3)
⎢ ⎥ = Rs ⎢ ⎥ + Ls ⎢ ⎥ (9)
⎣ vc ⎦ ⎣ ic ⎦ dt ⎣ ic ⎦
where Id and Iq denote the d-q axis currents in the SRF. Using
0 if if
the fourth row of (6) and (7)–(9), we can obtain the fault circuit
⎡ ⎤
− (1 − 2(1 − x)/P ) sin θ current If (s) in the s-domain
⎢ − sin (θ − 2π/3) ⎥
⎢ ⎥ 0 = Rs41 Ia (s) + Rs44 If (s) + Ls42 Ib (s) + Ls43 Ic (s)
+ ωψm ⎢ ⎥ (6)
⎣ − sin (θ + 2π/3) ⎦
2 ω 2 ψm (1 − x)
−(1 − x) (2/P ) sin θ + Ls44 If (s) − (10)
P s2 + ω 2
where ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ where Ia (s), Ib (s), and Ic (s) are the a-, b-, and c-phase cur-
Rs 1 1 0 0 Rs 1 4 Ls 1 1 Ls 1 2 Ls 1 3 Ls 1 4
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ rents in the s-domain, respectively. Using ia + ib + ic = 0 and
⎢ 0 Rs 2 2 0 0 ⎥ ⎢L L L L ⎥ L42 = L43 , the fault circuit current If (s) in the s-domain can
Rs = ⎢
⎢ 0
⎥ , Ls = ⎢ s 2 1 s 2 2 s 2 3 s 2 4 ⎥
⎣ 0 Rs 3 3 0 ⎥
⎦
⎢L L L L ⎥
⎣ s31 s32 s33 s34 ⎦
be obtained
Rs 4 1 0 0 Rs 4 4 Ls 4 1 Ls 4 2 Ls 4 3 Ls 4 4 δ1 s + δ 2 ω −δ1
If (s) = 2 2
+ . (11)
s +ω sLs44 + Rs44
2
Rs11 = R + (x − 1) R + Rf , Rs14 = Rs41 = −Rf Equations δ1 and δ2 , as shown at the bottom of the next page.
P
From (11), if can be derived
2
Rs22 = Rs33 = R, Rs44 = (1 − x) R + Rf
P if = δ1 cos ωt + δ2 sin ωt − δ1 e−(b 4 4 /a 4 4 )t . (12)


2/P 2 γ4/P Because the last term of (12) is an exponential function, it de-
Ls11 = Lm 1 + (x − 1) + (1 − x)
1−γ 1−γ creases to a steady state of zero with a time constant of a44 /b44 .

 In the event of a turn short fault, the effects of the last term are
2 2 2
+ x +1− Ll transitory; thus, in a steady-state analysis of the turn short fault
P P

 model, the third term should be assumed to be zero. By sub-
1 1−x stituting (12) into (6) and assuming a steady state, the voltage
Ls12 = Ls21 = Ls13 = Ls31 = − + Lm
2 P equation becomes
1 ⎡ ⎤
Ls22 = Ls33 = Lm + Ll , Ls23 = Ls32 = − Lm ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ia
2 va Rs11 0 0 Rs14 ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ib ⎥
2 Lm ⎣ vb ⎦ = ⎣ 0 Rs22 0 0 ⎦⎢ ⎥
Ls14 = Ls41 = −(1 − x)γ ⎣ ic ⎦
P 1−γ vc 0 0 Rs33 0
if
2 Lm 2 ⎡ ⎤
+ x(1 − x) + x(1 − x) Ll − (1 − 2(1 − x)/P ) sin θ
P 1−γ P
⎢ ⎥
1−x + ωψm ⎣ − sin (θ − 2π/3) ⎦
Ls24 = Ls42 = Ls34 = Ls43 = − Lm
P − sin (θ + 2π/3)
2 Lm 2 ⎡ ⎤
Ls44 = (1 − x) 2
+ (1 − x)2 Ll ⎡ ⎤ ia
P 1−γ P Ls11 Ls12 Ls13 Ls14 ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ d ⎢ ib ⎥
+ ω ⎣ Ls21 Ls22 Ls23 Ls24 ⎦ ⎢ ⎥ . (13)
ω(= dθ/dt) and ψm denote the electrical angular velocity and dt ⎣ ic ⎦
the back EMF constant, respectively. Equation (6) represents a Ls31 Ls32 Ls33 Ls34
if
full dynamic model of a PMSM with a turn short fault in this
case, a 1.5 slot/pole (6 poles, 9 slots) motor with concentric From (13), the positive and negative sequence voltage equa-
winding. The turn short fault model for a differently configured tions can be derived as (14) and (15), shown at the bottom of
motor can be developed by modifying Rs and Ls in (6). the next page.
2020 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 29, NO. 4, APRIL 2014

the sum of these is ia (ia = ip1 + ip2 ). Without a turn short,

ip1 and ip2 are both ia /n, and ia (n−1)/n. However, because a
turn short fault will lower the impedance in a1 winding, ip1 and
ip2 will develop differing current magnitudes and phases; thus,
in analyzing a parallel-connected winding, not only the fault
current but also the current distribution in the healthy winding
must be considered.
As with a series connection, the flux linkage of the a-phase
winding with a turn short fault can be obtained from (1)
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤
λa1h Lp11 Lp12 Lp15 ip1
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎣ λa2 = λa3 · · · = λan ⎦ = ⎣ Lp21 Lp22 Lp25 ⎦ ⎣ ip2 ⎦
Fig. 4. Parallel connected winding configuration with turn short fault. λa1f Lp51 Lp52 Lp55 iaf
⎡ ⎤
+ + T − − T −xLm /2
Here, Vde Vq e and Vde Vq e denote the positive and ⎢ ⎥
+⎣ −Lm /2 ⎦ Lm (ib + ic ) (17)
negative sequence voltages, respectively. By multiplying the
rotor flux linkage terms with the winding current, the torque − (1 − x) Lm /2
equation is derived
2
3P where Lp11 = Lsm x2 +x2 Lsl , Lp12 = Lp21 = −xγ Lsm
T = Iq ψm − (1 − x)ψm P −2
22

 Lp15 = Lp51 = Lsm x(1 − x) + x(1 − x)Lsl
sin 2θ (Id − δ1 )

× sin2 θ (Iq + δ2 ) − . (16) 2 2γ 2
2 Lp22 = Lsm 1 − γ + + Lsl
P −2 (P − 2) P −2
The first term of (16) represents the nominal motor torque
equation, and the second term is induced by turn short fault- (1 − x)γLsm
Lp25 = Lp52 = − , L55 = Lsm (1 − x)2
ing, and thus is zero when the PMSM has no turn short fault P/2 − 1
(x = 1).
+ (1 − x)2 Lsl
III. PMSM MODEL WITH PARALLEL-CONNECTED WINDING 
n
γ1k P Lm P
γ= , Lsm = , Lsl = Ll .
A. Dynamic Equation of Parallel-Connected PMSM With Turn 3P/2 − 1 2 1−γ 2
k =2
Short Fault
Note, however, that this formula for a parallel-connected
Fig. 4 shows a parallel-connected winding configuration with winding motor has an additional row to represent the healthy
a turn short fault. Here, ip1 and ip2 denote the remnant healthy a1 winding, because this has a different current magnitude than
a1 winding current and other winding currents, respectively; the other windings. Using (17), the overall dynamic equation of

 
Rs44 (ω (Ls41 − Ls42 ) Iq − Rs41 Id ) − ωLs44 Rs41 Iq + ωψm (1 − x) P2 + ω (Ls41 − Ls42 ) Id
where δ1 = 2
Rs44 + (Ls44 ω)2
 
Rs44 Rs41 Iq + ωψm (1 − x) P2 + ω (Ls41 − Ls42 ) Id + ωLs44 (ω (Ls41 − Ls42 ) Iq − Rs41 Id )
δ2 = 2
Rs44 + (Ls44 ω)2

 
+
Vde 1 Id (Rs11 + 2Rs22 ) + Rs14 δ1 + ωδ2 (Ls14 − Ls24 ) + ωIq (−Ls11 + 2Ls12 − 2Ls22 + Ls23 )
=
Vq+e 3 Iq (Rs11 +2Rs22 )−Rs14 δ2 +ωδ1 (Ls14 −Ls24 )−ωId (−Ls11 −2Ls22 +Ls23 +2Ls12 )+ωψm (3−2(1−x)/P )
(14)
 − 
Vde 1 Id (Rs11 − Rs22 ) + Rs14 δ1 + ωδ2 (Ls14 − Ls24 ) + ωIq (−Ls11 + 2Ls12 + Ls22 − 2Ls23 )
= (15)
Vq−e 3 −Iq (Rs11 −Rs22 )+Rs14 δ2 −ωδ1 (Ls14 −Ls24 )+ωId (−Ls11 +2Ls12 +Ls22 −2Ls23 )+ωψm 2(1−x)/P

⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
va  +   −
 1 0   
⎢ ⎥ Vde Vde ⎢ √ ⎥ cos θ sin θ +
Vde
where ⎣ vb ⎦ = Te−Jθ + TeJθ , T = ⎣ −1/2 3/2 ⎦ , eJθ =
Vq+e Vq−e √ − sin θ cos θ Vq+e
vc −1/2 − 3/2
GU et al.: DEVELOPMENT AND ANALYSIS OF INTERTURN SHORT FAULT MODEL OF PMSMs 2021

TABLE I
MOTOR SPECIFICATION

where
⎡ ⎤
Rp11 0 0 0 Rp15
⎢ 0 0 ⎥
⎢ Rp22 0 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
Rp = ⎢
⎢ 0 0 Rp33 0 0 ⎥
⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 0 0 Rp44 0 ⎦
Rp51 0 0 0 Rp55
⎡ ⎤
Lp11 Lp12 Lp13 Lp14 Lp15
⎢L Lp25 ⎥
⎢ p21 Lp22 Lp23 Lp24 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
Lp = ⎢
⎢ Lp31 Lp32 Lp33 Lp34 Lp35 ⎥
⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ Lp41 Lp42 Lp43 Lp44 Lp45 ⎦
Lp51 Lp52 Lp53 Lp54 Lp55

PR PR
Rp11 = x + Rf , Rp15 = Rp51 = −Rf , Rp22 =
2 P −2
PR
Rp33 = Rp44 = R, Rp55 = (1 − x) + Rf
2
P Lm 2 P 2 P Lm
Lp11 = x + x Ll , Lp12 = Lp21 = −xγ
2 1−γ 2 P −21−γ
xLm
Lp13 = Lp31 = −
2
P Lm P
Lp15 = Lp51 = x(1 − x) + x(1 − x)Ll
Fig. 5. FEM simulation model: (a) PMSM mesh model, (b) FEM circuit model
2 1−γ 2
of series-connected windings, and (c) FEM circuit model of parallel-connected

P Lm 2γ P
windings. Lp22 = 1+ + Ll
P −2 (1 − γ) (P − 2) P −2
Lm
Lp23 = Lp32 = Lp24 = Lp42 = −
2
a parallel-connected PMSM can be derived as follows: P Lm
Lp25 = Lp52 = −(1 − x)γ , Lp33 = Lp44 = Lm
P −2 1 − γ
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ Lm
va ip 1 ip 1 −x sin θ Lp34 = Lp43 = − , Lp35 = Lp53 = Lp45 = Lp54
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ 2
⎢ va ⎥ ⎢ ip 2 ⎥ ⎢ ip 2 ⎥ ⎢ − sin θ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ (1 − x)Lm
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ d ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ vb ⎥ = Rp ⎢ ib ⎥ +Lp ⎢ ib ⎥ +ωψm ⎢ − sin (θ − 2π/3) ⎥ =−
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ dt ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ 2
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ vc ⎦ ⎣ ic ⎦ ⎣ ic ⎦ ⎣ − sin (θ + 2π/3) ⎦ P Lm P
(x − 1) sin θ
Lp55 = (1 − x)2 + (1 − x)2 Ll .
0 if if 2 1−γ 2
(18)
2022
Fig. 6. Series winding connection PMSM plots of (a) phase voltage v a ,
(b) turn fault resistor current iR F , and (c) the torque with the FEM simula-
tion results and the proposed model at 4000 rpm, x = 0.666, Iq = 14 A, and
Id = 0.
B. Steady-State Fault Current and Voltage Equation of
Parallel- Connected PMSM
As was done in the previous section describing a series-
connected winding, the Laplace transform can be used to de-
velop a steady-state equation for a parallel-connected winding.
The a1 winding current, ip1 , and fault current, if , can be given
as
ip1 = α1 sin θ + α2 cos θ (19)
if = β1 sin θ + β2 cos θ. (20)
A detailed description of α1 , α2 , β1 , and β2 is provided on
the last page of this paper. As with the fault current of the
series-connected motor, ip1 and if have transient terms that
are not shown in (19) and (20), as they quickly vanish. By
substituting (19) and (20) into (18) and using the steady-state
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 29, NO. 4, APRIL 2014
Fig. 7. Series winding connection PMSM: (a) negative sequence voltage and
(b) peak fault current for 4000 rpm using FEM simulation and proposed model
for a turn short fault in the a-phase winding.
current assumption in (7)–(9), the phase voltage equation can
be given as (21), shown at the bottom of the next page.
Using (21), the positive and negative sequence voltage equa-
tions can in turn be derived as (22) and (23), shown at the bottom
of the next page.
Again, the torque equation is given by multiplying the rotor
flux linkage terms with the winding current
3P P
T = Iq ψm − (1 − x)ψm sin θ (if − ip1 )
22 2
3P P
= Iq ψm + (1 − x)ψm sin θ (α1 cos θ + α2 sin θ)
22 2
P
− (1 − x)ψm sin θ (β1 cos θ + β2 sin θ) . (24)
2
IV. FEM SIMULATION AND DISCUSSION
To validate the model proposed in this paper, we performed
a series of FEM simulations. Fig. 5 shows (a) an FEM mesh
generation of the model, as well as external circuit models of
(b) the series- and (c) parallel-connected windings. In Fig. 5(b)
and (c), a1 is composed of three windings, and the turn short
fault winding is connected to Rf and a switch that, when turned
on, puts the winding under a turn short fault. Three windings
of a1 are located at inner, middle, and outer of the slot. Here,
all FEM simulation results are with outer winding fault since
there are small difference by faulted winding location. Balanced
GU et al.: DEVELOPMENT AND ANALYSIS OF INTERTURN SHORT FAULT MODEL OF PMSMs 2023

Fig. 9. Parallel winding connection PMSM: (a) negative sequence voltage and
(b) peak fault current for 4000 rpm using FEM simulation and proposed model
for a turn short fault in the a-phase winding.

three-phase current sources are connected to each of the phase

Fig. 8. Parallel winding connection PMSM plots of (a) phase voltage v a ,
(b) turn fault resistor current iR F , and (c) the torque with the FEM simulation
results and the proposed model at 4000 rpm, x = 0.666, Iq = 14 A, and Id =
0.
windings.
The system parameters are shown in Table I. Lm , Ll , and γ
were obtained from FEM simulations. Under dc current Idc1
injection into a-phase windings which are a1, a2, and a3, Ll
and Lm are given with windings flux linkage data from FEM

⎡ ⎤
ip1
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎢i ⎥
va Rp22 0 0 ip2 − sin θ Lp21 Lp22 Lp23 Lp24 Lp25 ⎢ p2 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢
d ⎥
⎣ vb ⎦ = ⎣ 0 Rp33 0 ⎦ ⎣ ib ⎦ + ωψm ⎣ − sin (θ − 2π/3) ⎦ + ω ⎣ Lp31 Lp32 Lp33 Lp34 Lp35 ⎦ ⎢ ⎢ ib ⎥
⎥
dt ⎢ ⎥
vc 0 0 Rp44 ic − sin (θ + 2π/3) Lp41 Lp42 Lp43 Lp44 Lp45 ⎣ ic ⎦
if
(21)
⎡  I R  
−ωLp22 + 2ωL
 
− 2ωLp33 + ωLp34 + α1 ωLp21 − ωLp22 − ωLp31 + ωLp32
 ⎤
  d p22 + 2Rp33 + Iq  p23
+
Vde 1⎢ +α2 (−Rs22 ) + β1 ωLp25 − ωLp35 ⎥
= ⎢⎣
      ⎥
Vq+e 3 I −ωLp22 + 2ωLp23 − 2ωLp33 − ωLp34 /2 + Iq −Rp22 − 2Rp33 + α1 −Rp22 + α2 (−ωLp21 + ωLp22 ⎦
− d  
+ωLp31 − ωLp32 ) + β2 −ωLp25 + ωLp35 − 3ωψm
(22)
⎡
I R    
− Rp33 + Iq −ωLp22 + 2ωLp23 − 2ωLp34 + ωLp33 + α1 ωLp21 − ωLp22 − ωLp31 + ωLp32
⎤
 − d 
p22
Vde 1⎢ +α2 −Rp22 + β1 ωLp25 − ωLp35 ⎥
−
= ⎢⎣
      ⎥
⎦ (23)
Vq e 3 I d −ωL p22 + 2ωL p23 − ωL
p34
/2 + ωL p33 + I
 q
−R p22 + R p33 + α 1 −R p22 + α 2 ( −ωL p21 + ωL p22
+ωLp31 − ωLp32 ) + β2 −ωLp25 + ωLp35 .
2024
Fig. 10. Negative sequence voltage plots for a, b, and c phase fault for Iq = 0, 3.5, 7, 10.5, and 14 A, 0.5 < x < 1, (a) series winding connection PMSM for
0.001 < R f < 0.1 Ω and (b) parallel winding connection PMSM for 0.009 < R f < 0.9 Ω.
simulation
Lm = − (λb1 + λb2 . . . + λbn + λc1 + λc2 . . . + λcn ) /Idc1
Ll = (λa1 + λa2 . . . + λan ) /Idc1 − Lm .
Under dc current Idc2 injection into only a1, γ are obtained
with (4) and (5)
Lm Idc2
γ = 1 − P .
2 λa1 − Ll
At the start of the simulation, the switch is turned OFF and
the motor is healthy. An FEM simulation is then conducted for
the healthy state and, following one electrical angle rotation
(θ > 2π), the switch is turned ON and an FEM simulation is
conducted for the turn short fault state.
Fig. 6 shows plots of the FEM simulation of the proposed
model with a series winding connection at 4000 rpm, x = 0.666,
Iq = 14 A, and Id = 0 (Id is assumed to be zero, as this PMSM
has no reluctance torque). Equations (12), (14)–(16) are used
to emulate the proposed model in a steady state. For 2π < θ <
2π + π/3, the dynamic model results are slightly different than
that of the FEM, owing to the transient element in the last term
on the right-hand side of (12). As the time constant of this
element is 0.915 ms, which is equivalent to an electrical angle
of π/3 at 4000 rpm, it will vanish at θ > 2π + π/3, making the
proposed model simulation results almost identical to those of
the FEM simulation in this region.
Fig. 7(a) and (b) compares the negative sequence voltage
vector in the SRF and the fault current magnitude of the series
winding PMSM, respectively, derived using FEM simulation
and the proposed model. The results from (15) and the magni-
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 29, NO. 4, APRIL 2014
tude of ia −if are not very different from the FEM results. As
the speed of rotation increases, the negative sequence voltage
in the SRF increases, and as the phase current increases, the
(25) negative sequence voltage vector rotates anticlockwise.
Fig. 8 shows plots using FEM simulation and the proposed
(26) model for a parallel winding connection at 4000 rpm, x = 0.666,
Iq = 14 A, and Id = 0. Equations (19), (20), (22), (23), and (24)
were used to emulate the parallel-connected motor. As was true
for the series connected PMSM, the dynamic modeling results
differ slightly with those of the FEM for 2π < θ < 2π + π/3,
owing to the transient element. For θ > 2π + π/3, the transient
(27)
element vanishes, and again, the proposed model simulation
results are almost identical to the FEM simulation results.
Fig. 9(a) and (b) compares the negative sequence voltage vec-
tor in the SRF and the fault current magnitude of the parallel-
connected PMSM, respectively, calculated by using FEM sim-
ulation and the proposed model; it can be seen that the model
results are very close to those of the FEM.
Fig. 10(a) and (b) shows the calculated negative sequence
voltage vectors for series- and parallel-connected PMSMs, re-
spectively, with a-, b-, and c-phase turn short faults at Iq = 0,
3.5, 7, 10.5, and 14 A and, 0.5 < x < 1. The fault resistances
of the series- and parallel-connected PMSMs are set at 0.001 <
Rf < 0.1 and 0.009 < Rf < 0.09 Ω, respectively, and for each
phase fault, the voltage vector has a separated positional region
with a ±2π/3 vector angle displacement.
V. CONCLUDING REMARKS
In this paper, we proposed an interturn short fault model for
PMSMs with both series and parallel winding connections. To
do this, deformed flux modeling of the linkage between same
phase windings was used to derive proposed models within
positive- and negative-sequence synchronous reference frames.
GU et al.: DEVELOPMENT AND ANALYSIS OF INTERTURN SHORT FAULT MODEL OF PMSMs 2025

    
By using this dynamic model, a PMSM fault can be analyzed + −Lp51 + Lp53 Rp22 + Lp53 − Lp52 Rp11 Iq
without the need for complex simulation and the turn short fault  
detection rules can be easily developed. To validate the proposed + Lp51 − Lp52 + Lp11 − 2Lp21 + Lp22 ωψm (x − 1)
model, an FEM simulation with electric circuit was conducted  
g2 = ω Rp51 Lp23 − Rp51 Lp13 + Rp11 Lp53 + Rp22 Lp53 Id
for a PMSM.  
− Rp22 Rp51 Iq + Rp51 + Rp11 + Rp22 ωψm (x − 1)‘
APPENDIX
Description of α1 , α2 , β 1 , and β2
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[19] B. Sheikh-Ghalavand, V. Zadeh, and Lsfahani, “An improved mag-
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Bon-Gwan Gu received the B.S. degree from Kyung-
Pook National University, Daegu, Korea, in 1998, and
the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from Pohang University
of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea, in 2000
and 2005, respectively, all in electrical engineering.
He is currently a Senior Research Engineer at
Korea Electronics Technology Institute, Bucheon,
Korea. His research interests include ac motor con-
trol, dc–dc converters, and PWM converter/inverter
system.
In-Soung Jung (S’96–A’00–M’03–SM’07) was
born in Korea, on March 10, 1971. He received the
B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineer-
ing from Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea, in 1993,
1995, and 2000, respectively.
Since 2000, he has been with the Korea Electronics
Technology Institute (KETI) in Bucheon, Korea. He
is currently the Director of the Intelligent Mechatron-
ics Research Center of KETI. His research interests
include electromagnetic design of electric machines
and motor control.
He is a senior member of the KIEE.

Jun-Hyuk Choi was born in Daegu, Korea, in 1974.

He received M.S. degree from the School of Elec-
trical and Electronic Engineering, SungKyunKwan
University, Suwon, Korea, in 2003, where he is
currently working toward the Ph.D. degree in the
Power Electronics Laboratory at the SungKyunKwan
University.
He is also with Korea Electronics Technology
Institute (KETI), Bucheon, Korea. His research in-
terests include power electronics and motor control
systems.