DENTAL POLYMERS

PRESENTED BY,
SMIJAL
CONTENTS

 Resins used in Dentistry

 Classification of Resins
 Polymerization
 Classification of Polymers
 Stages of Polymerization
 Inhibition of Polymerization
 Physical properties of polymers
RESINS USED IN DENTISTRY
 Resins are hard, brittle glassy polymers.
 Principal polymers- Vulcanized rubber for denture bases.
 Later- Acrylic resins.
 Polymers in dentistry are:
 Vinyl acrylics- relining material.
 Epoxy resins- die material.
 Polyether- impression material.
 Polysulphide - “ “
 Silicone “ “
 Polycarbonates- temporary crown material
 Polyacrylic acid- denture base material
 Polystyrene, Polyethylene, Poly vinyl acetate
DENTAL POLYMER
 THERMOPLASTIC
 Resins are softened &
molded under heat &
pressure.
 No chemical change.
 Soluble in organic solvents
& fusible.
 Eg: Acrylic resin
Impression comp.
Plastics in dentistry
THERMOSET
 Final product cannot
softened by reheating.
 Set by chemical reaction.
 Insoluble in organic solvents
& infusible.
 Superior abration
resistence.
CLASSIFICATION OF RESINS

 Based upon their origin.

Natural resin - e.g : Gum
Synthetic resin Thermoplastic
Thermoset
Synthetic
elastomers
 Based on Thermal Behaviour.

Thermoplastic
Thermoset
Based on structural units.
 Vinyl Resins
 Polystyrene
 Acrylic Resins
 Epoxy “
 Multifuctional acrylate resins
APPLICATIONS IN DENTISTRY

 Dentures (bases, liners, artificial teeth).

 Cavity filling materials ( “Composites” ).
 Sealants.
 Impression materials.
 Cements (resin based).
 Orthodontics (elastics).
 Equipments (mixing bowl)
POLYMERIZATION

 Chemical reaction in which monomers of a low

molecular weight are converted into chains of
polymers with a high molecular weight.
 Monomer molecules are bonded by covalent bonds.
 It is an ongoing reaction, never fully complete.
 Average degree of polymerization= no. of structural
units/ total no. of units.
DENTAL POLYMERIZATION
CLASSIFICATION OF POLYMERS

 Based on Nature of monomer.

1) Homopolymer :Same chemical
composition.
2) Copolymer : Different chemical
composition.
 Based on Spatial Arrangement :

1) Linear
2) Branched
Based on Type of Poymerization.

 Addition Polymerization
 Condensation “

Based on Type of Copolymerization.

 Random copolymerization
 Graft type “
 Block type “
Polymerization unit
ADDITION POLYMERIZATION

 Reaction between two molecules to form a

larger molecule by addition reaction without
the formation of byproducts.
 Formed polymers have better dimensional
stability.
 3 types :
 Free- radical polymerization.
 Ring- opening “
 Ionic “
Free- radical polymerization

 Initiatorreleases free- radicals which bring

about the Polymerization reaction.
 Eg : Benzoyl peroxide releases free- radicals
to bring polymerization in acrylic resins.
Ring- opening poymerization

 Ring structure in the polymer chain is opened

& crossing- linking occurs.
 Eg : Epoxy resin, Polyether impression
material.

Ionic polymerization :
 Catalyst bring about exchange of ions
resulting in cross- linked polymer.
 Eg : Addition silicones
CONDENSATION POLYMERIZATION
[ Step- growth ]

 Reaction b/w 2 molecules to form a larger

molecule with elimination of a small molecule
 As the rtns proceed, longer chains including
trimers, tetramers form through other
estrification rtns until the rctn contain a
mixture of polymer chains of large m.wt.
 Thus, formation of polymers by this process
is slow due to step – growth.
2 types
 a) Condensation rctn where it gives a
byproduct
 Eg : Condensation silicone impression
material.Gives ethyl alcohol as byproduct.
 Byproduct may evaporate & affect the
dimensional stability.
 b) Condensation rctn which occurs by the
additon of a reactive part & the elimination of
a byproduct.
 Eg ; Polyurethane
COPOLYMERIZATION

 Polymer chain contains 2 or more chemically

different types of monomer units.
 3 types
 1) Random copolymerization
 2) Graft type “
 3) Block type “
CO POLYMER LIQUED CRYSSTALINE
COPOLYMER
Random copolymerization

 Different monomer units are randomly

distributed.
 They could be either Linear or Branched.

Block Copolymerization
 When specific number of monomer units are
repeated together in a particular pattern.
Graft copolymerization

 Ifthe same occurs in a branched polymer it

is called Graft copolymer.

Requirements of Polymerization
 1) Momomer (reactive gp) with functional gp C=C.
 2)Side gp on polymer determines the physical
properties of resulting polymer.
 Side group is usually pendent group.
STAGES OF POLYMERIZATION

 1) Initiation
 2) Propagation
 3) Termination
 4) Chain transfer
1) Initiation

 First step involves formation of free- radical.

 An initiator is converted to a free- radical by
the action of heat / chemical rctns.
 This free- radical initiates polymerization rctn
 Eg : Conversion of benzoyl peroxide into
free- radical initiates polymerization in acrylic
resins.
 Activation by heat or chemical rctns.
Second step is rctn of free-radical &
monomer.

 Free- radical converts monomer into polymer

 The electrons from lower energy levels pair
with electrons of higher energy levels
resulting in atomic bonding.
 Results in repeated linking of monomer units
to form polymer
Egs :

 In Heat cure acrylic resins,

 Initiator : Benzoyl peroxide
 Activator : Heat
 In chemical activated resins,
 Initiator : Benzoyl peroxide
 Activator : Tertiary amine
 In light activated resins,
 Initiator : Camphoroquinone
 Activator : Visible light
2) Propagation

 Initiation followed by propagation & linking more

monomer units to form polymer units.
 Increase in polymer chain requires energy.
 The process continues with considerable velocity, is
accompanied with evolution of heat.
 If ideal conditions is there,propagation continue untill
all monomer get changed to polymer.
 Usually this never happens.
3) Termination

 Polymerization rctn can be controlled by

termination.
 This can be either by direct coupling or by
exchage of H2 atom from the growing chain
to another.
4) Chain transfer

 Termination can occur due to chain transfer.

 The activated radical is converted into an
inactive molecule.
 A new nucleus growth is created.
INHIBITION OF POLYMERIZATION

 Inhibitedby impurities.
 These react with activated free- radical or
any activated nucleus or with an activated
growing chain to prevent further growth.
 Eg: Hydroquinone

Presence of O2
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
POLYMERS.

1) Deformation & Recovery

 Applied forces within polymers produces’
 a) Plastic deformation- Permanent change
 b) Elastic “ - Reversible “
 c) Viscoelastic “ - Combination of both
 In viscoelastic, recovery occurs over time.
2)Rheometric properties

 The rheometry, or flow behaviour, of solid

polymers involves a combination of elastic &
plastic deformation (viscous flow) & elastic
recovery when stresses are eliminated.
3)Solvation properties

 Polymers are usually slow to dissolve.

 Solvation charecteristics are sensitive to
Mw,Mw/Mn (piolydispersty), cross-linking,
crystallinity & chain branching.
 Longer chain- polymer dissolve slowly.
 Highly cross-linked – not dissolve.
 Polymers absorb a solvent, swell, &soften,
rather than dissolve.
4) Thermal properties

 Higher
the temperature, softer & weaker the
polymer .
THANKYOU