UCSP LECTURE NOTE
obligations as dictates of reason that distinguishes
“Change is the only permanent thing in this world” –
Heraclitus
Nation state- is a sovereign state whose citizens or
subjects have common culture.
Personal identity- is the concept you developed about
yourself that evolves over the course of your life.
CULTURE refers to that complex whole which includes
knowledge beliefs, arts, morals, laws and customs and
any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as
member of society.
 A product of human interaction
 A social heritage that is complex and socially
transmitted
 Provides socially acceptable patterns for
meeting biological and social needs
 A distinguishing factor
 An established pattern of behavior
 Cumulative
 Meaningful human beings
Culture encompassed….
Language, medical cure, religion, food, folk art,
celebrations, jokes, manners, clothes and dressing,
working schedules
TYPES OF CULTURE
a.NON-MATERIAL CULTURE ( ideas, behavior, gesture,
habits, language and symbols and religion)
b. MATERIAL CULTURE (technological tools, food,
architectural structures, and fashion and accessories)
ELEMENTS OF CULTURE
a.KNOWLEDGE- refers to any information received and
perceived to be true
b. BELIEF- the perception of accepted reality-refers to
the existence of things whether material or non-
material
C. SOCIAL NORMS- these are established expectations
of society as to how a person is supposed to act
depending on the requirements of the time, place, or
situation
D.FOLKWAYS- the patterns of repetitive behavior which
becomes habitual and conventional part of living.
MORES- the set of ethical standards and moral
human acts as right or wrong or good from bad. They
define what is morally wrong and right
LAWS- These are norms that are enforced formally by a
special political organization. Component of culture
that regulates and controls the people’s behavior and
conduct.
VALUES- anything held to be relatively worthy,
important desirable or valuable
TECHNOLOGY- the practical application of knowledge in
converting raw materials into finished products.
ETHNOCENTRISM-it is a perception that arises from the
fact that cultures differ and each culture defines reality
differently.
Judging another culture solely by the values and
standards of one’s own culture.
CULTURAL RELATIVISM- the attempt to judge behavior
according to its cultural context.
The principle that an individual person’s beliefs and
activities should be understood by others in terms of
that individuals own culture.
To understand man’s social experience, it is necessary to
make a wider analysis of man’s relationship to his
natural environment.
SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDYING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND
POLITICS
1. Adaptation and integration
2. Patterns of acceptable behavior
3. Conveys and facilitate meaning
4. Production of man-made things
5. Contributes to overall human satisfaction
SOCIETIES- product of human social processes (human
interaction and interconnectedness) intended to meet
basic needs for survival.
SOCIETY- refers to group of people sharing common
culture within a defined territorial boundary.
SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDYING SOCIETY
1. Representation of our identity
2. Characterize the totality of a territory
3. Symbol of political interdependence
4. Avenue for economic interdependence
POLITICS- is…. c. Homo Sapiens ”Thinking Man”

a.collective activity MAN CULTURAL EVOLUTION

b.initial diversity of views a. Paleolithic Age

b. Middle/Mesolithic Age-
c. reconciliation of difference c. Neolithic age
d. authoritative policy Characteristics of Human Society
POLITICS may be viewed…… 1. It is a social system
1.consensus and compromise 2. A society is relatively large
3. A society recruits most of its members from
2.society within
4. A society sustains itself across generation
3.power and distribution of resources 5. A society members share a culture
4. art of government SOCIAL EVOLUTION
5.public affair A .HUNTING AND FOOD GATHERING- the earliest form
6.academics of human society. People survived by foraging for
vegetable foods and small game fishing hunting larger
ANTHROPOLOGY- is the branch of knowledge which wild animals and collecting shellfish
deals with the scientific study of man, his works, his
body, his behavior and values, in time and space. B. HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES- people learned to use
human muscle power and hand held tools to cultivate
POLITICAL SCIENCE- is a systematic study of a state and fields. Classified as subsistence farming and surplus
its government, with the relationships of men in the farming.
community, with relations of men to the state itself.
1.SUBSISTENCE FARMING- involves only producing
IMPORTANCE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE enough food to feed the group, the settlement are small
1.Knowledge based and neighborhood is solid.Political organization is
confined in the village.
2.Competence based
2. SURPLUS FARMING- practice in thickly populated and
3.Skills based permanent settlements. There was occupational
specialization with prestige differences. Social
SOCIOLOGY- accdg. to Joseph Fichter, it is the scientific
Stratification was well established.
study of patterned, shared human behavior. It analyze
human interaction which is essential in understanding C. PASTORAL SOCIETIES- It relied on herding and the
man’s cultural make-up. domestication of animals for food and clothing to satisfy
the greater needs of the group. It was organized along
EVOLUTION- is a natural process of biological changes
male-centered kinship groups.
occurring in a population across successive generations
D. AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES- the societies were
BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTUION
characterized by the use of the plow in farming.
Ape/primates – the basis of origin of humans Creation of irrigation system provided farming enough
surplus in the community.
Charles Darwin
E. INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES It is characterized by more
“survival of the fittest” process of mutation
than just the use of mechanical means of production.
HOMO-means human constitute an entirely new form of society that requires
an immense mobile diversity, specialized high skilled
A .HoMo Habilis” Handy man”
and well-coordinated labor force
b. Homo Erectus “Upright Man”
F. POST INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES – it depends on AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATIONS
specialized knowledge to bring about continuing
*Family* school*church*media*work place*peer
progress in technology. It characterize by the spread of
group*
computer industries.
Value orientation of many societies
POLITICAL EVOLUTION
1. Achievement and success
Civilzation-
2. Activity and work
a. Mesopotamia River 3. Moral orientation
b. Ganghes River 4. Humanitarianism
c. Yellow/Yangtze River 5. Efficiency and practicality
d. Nile river valley
VALUES THAT HELD BY THE FILIPINOS
Developed and highly advanced cities
1. Emotional closeness and security in the family
• Well-defined city centers • Complex and systematic 2. Authority value
institutions • Organized and centralized system of 3. Economic and social betterment
government • Formalized and complex form of religion 4. Patience suffering and endurance
• Job specialization • Development of Social classe • SOCIAL STATUS-refers to the position an individual
Advance technology • System of writing and recording occupies in society and implies an array of rights and
AS a POLITICAL LEADER he… duties.

Craft laws • Implement laws • Impose justice and ASCRIBE STATUS

punishment • Collect taxes • Sometimes act as religious -Those which are assigned to the individual from birth
leaders as well
-it involves little personal choice like age and sex
BECOMING A MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY
-It carries with certain expectations of behavior
SOCIALIZATION- is a continuing process whereby
individuals acquires a personal identity and learn the ACHIEVED STATUS
norms values and behavior and social skills appropriate -it is required by choice, merit or individual effort
to his/her position.
-it is made possible through special abilities or talents,
Points of view…. performance or opportunities
OBJECTIVE SOCIALIZATION- It refers to the society acting -Choice in occupation, marriage joining a religious
upon the child organization are example.
SUBJECTIVE SOCIALIZATION- The process by which Essential in ROLE playing
society transmits its culture from one generation to the
next and adapts the individual to the accepted ways of -a definition of the role and an identification of self
organized social life.
-behavior in given situations appropriate to the role
FUNCTIONS OF SOCIALIZATION…
-a background related acts by others(counter
1. Personality and ROLE Development roles)which serve as cues to guide specific
2. Skills Development and Training performances
3. Values Formation
4. Social Integration and Adjustment -an evaluation by the individual and by others of the
5. Social Control and Stability performance of the role.

CONFORMITY - is a type of social influence involving a

change in belief or behavior in order to fit in with a
group.
Conformity can also be simply defined as “yielding to
group pressures”. Group pressure may take different
forms, for example bullying, persuasion, teasing,
criticism, etc. Conformity is also known as majority
influence (or group pressure).
1. COMPLIANCE-(group acceptance)
Occurs when individual accepts influence
because he hopes to achieve a favorable
reaction from another person or group. He
adopts the introduced behavior because he
expects to gain specific rewards or approval and
avoids specific punishment or disapproval by
conformity.
2. INTERNALIZATION-(genuine acceptance of
group norms) This occurs when an individual
accepts influence because the content of the
introduced behavior –the ideas and actions of
which it is composed-is intrinsically rewarding.
He adopts the introduced behavior because it is
congruent or consistent with his value system.
3. IDENTIFICATION( or group membership)-this
occurs when an individual accepts influence
because he want to establish or maintain a
satisfying self-defining relationship to another
person-group”
4. INTEGRATIONAL –This is when a person
conforms to impress or gain favor/acceptance
from other people. It is similar to normative
influence, but is motivated by the need for
social rewards rather than the threat of
rejection.
FUNCTIONS OF DEVIANCE
Accdg. to Ronald W. Smith and Frederick W Preston
deviance performs to support the social system in
the following.
1. Deviance serves as an outlet for diverse forms
of expressions
2. Deviance serves to define the limits of
acceptable behavior
3. Deviance may also promote in-group solidarity
4. Deviance can serve as barometer of social strain
SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF DEVIANCE
FUNCTIONALIST THEORY
Accdg.to Emile Durkheim deviance can serve a
number of functions for society
1.Deviance affirms cultural values and norms
2.responding to deviance clarifies moral boundary
3.responding to deviance promotes social unity
4. deviance encourages social change.
STRAIN THEORY
Robert Merton argued that in an unequal society
the tension or strain between socially approved
goals and an individual’s ability to meet those goals
through socially approved means will lead to
deviance as individual’s reject either the goals the
means or both.
Forms of deviance
a.CONFORMITY- it involves accepting both the
cultural goal of success and the use of legitimate
means for achieving that goal.
b. INNOVATION- this response involves accepting
the goal of success but rejecting the use of socially
accepted means of achieving it, turning instead to
unconventional illegitimate means.
c.RITUALISM- this occurs when people deemphasize
or reject the importance of success once they
realize they will never achieve it and instead
concentrate on following or enforcing these rules
than ever was intended.
d. RETREATISM-this means withdrawal from society,
caring neither about success nor about working.
e. REBELLION- this occurs when people reject and
attempt to change both the goals and the means
approved by society.
CONTROL THEORY
Travis Hirschi assumed that the family, school and
other social institutions greatly contribute to social
order by controlling deviant teandencies in every
individual.
SOCIAL CONTROL OF DEVIANCES
In order to regulate nonconformity with the social
norms, society created measures in order to limit
deviance.
INFORMAL SANCTIONS- these are unofficial, often
casual pressures to conform
Positive informal sanctions involve rewards for
conformity or compliance.

Negative sanctions involves penalties for non

conforming

FORMAL SANCTIONS- these are official

institutionalized incentives to conform and penalties
for deviance

These are needed in large, complex societies

The criminal justice system is the most important

and visible institution of social control

These may take the form of arrest, pre-trial,

sentencing or imprisonment

HUMAN RIGHTS AND DIGNITY

Human Rights-are natural rights of all human beings

whatever their nationality, religion, ethnicity and
sex, language and color.

DIFFERENT KINDS OF RIGHTS

1. Natural rights- these are rights inherent to man

and given to him by God as human being
2. Constitutional Rights- these are rights
guaranteed under the fundamental charter of
the country
3. STATUTORY RIGHTS- these are rights provided
by the law making body of a country or by law
such as the right to receive a minimum wage
and the right to preliminary investigation.
4. CIVIL RIGHTS- these are rights specified under
the Bill of Rights.
5. ECONOMIC RIGHTS- these are rights to property
whether personal real or intellectual.
6. POLITICAL RIGHTS- these are rights an individual
enjoys as a consequence of being a member of
a body politic.

DIGNITY OF HUMAN- means being essential concept

in the society as well as in morality because through
in the quality and honor the people can be
determined and from the sense of dignity the
concept of human right can also be measured.