Thermal Engineering PDF

Thermodynamics
Solutions for Volume – I _ Classroom Practice Questions
04. Ans: (b)

Chapter- 1 Sol: F + P = C + 2
Basic Concepts
No. of components, C = 2
No. of phases, P = 2
01. Ans: (d) F+2=2+2
dT V F=2
Sol:  dP
T T
1 V  V R 05. Ans: (d)
= dT  dP  PV  RT ,  
T T  T P Sol: When molecular momentum of system
1 R becomes zero, the pressure reaches its
 dT  dP
T P absolute zero values.
 MdT  NdP
1 R 06. Ans: (b)
M ;N  
T P Sol: Final equilibrium temperature can be
M N calculated by using conservation of energy
 0; 0
P T
i.e., first law of thermodynamics.
M N
  hence it is a property
P T
07. Ans: (b)
n N2
02. Ans: (a) Sol: Mole fraction of N2 =
Total no. of moles
Sol: Volume  Extensive property
n N2
Density  Intensive Property 0.3 =
1
Pressure  Point function
n N 2 = 0.3
Work  Path function
m N 2 = n N 2  molecular weight
Energy  Point function
= 0.3  28 = 8.4 kg
03. Ans: (b) m N2
Mass fraction of N2 =
Sol: A real gas obeys perfect gas law at very Total mass
high temperature and low pressure. 8.4
= = 0.233
36
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:2: ME – GATE _ Vol – I _ Solutions
08. Ans: (d) 10. Ans: (b)

Sol: m N 2 = n N 2  (molar weight) = 2 28 Sol: For N2 For CO2
= 56 kg n1 = 3 n2 = 7
P1 = 600 kPa P2 = 200 kPa
m Co 2 = n Co 2  (molecular weight) = 6  44
n = n1+ n2 = 10
= 264 kg
Pf = 300 kPa
m N 2  m Co 2 = 320 kg
 n1  3
PN 2 =  Pf =    300
m Co2
Mass fraction =  n1  n 2   10 
m Co 2  m N2
= 90 kPa
264
= = 0.825
320 11. Ans: (d)
Sol: V = 80 L
09. Ans: (a) n = n N 2  n CO 2
Sol: m N 2 = n N 2  (molar weight)
5 5
= 
= 2  28 = 56 kg 28 44
mCO2 = n Co 2 (molecular weight) PV = n R T
 5 5 
= 4 44 = 176 kg   
P n 28 44 
= = 
R 8.314 RT V 80
R N2 = 
Molecular weight 28 P1V1 = n1 R T
= 0.2969 kJ/kg.K  5   5 5 
    
R 8.31 P n 1  28   28 44 
RCO2 = =   =
molecular weight 44 R T V1 V1 80
= 0.1889 Kj/kg.K  V1 = 48.88 L
m N 2  R N 2  m CO 2  R CO 2
Rmixure = 12. Ans: (b)
m N 2  m CO 2
Sol: For Argon:
56  0.2969  176  0.1889 m = 3 kgs
=
56  176 Molar weight = 40
= 0.215 kJ/kg.K 5
= (monoatomic)
3

:3: Thermodynamics
R 8.314 14. Ans: (d)

(CV)Ar = 
M (   1) 5  5
40  1 Sol: For He: n1 = 3, =
3  3
= 0.311 kJ/kg.K 5
 8.314
R 3
(CP)He =  = 20.78 kJ/kg.K
For CO2:
  1  5  1
 
3 
4
m = 6 kgs, Molar weight = 44 ,  = For Ar:
3
R 8.314 5
(C V ) CO 2 =  n2 = 7,  =
M   1 3
4 
44  1
3  5
 8.314
R 3
= 0.566 kJ/ kg.K (CP)Ar =  = 20.78 kJ/kg.K
  1  5  1
m Ar  C V Ar  m CO 2  (C V ) CO 2  
(CV)mix = 3 
m Ar  m CO 2
n He C P He  m Ar (C P ) Ar
(CP)Mix =
=
3  0.31  6  0.566 n He  n Ar
3 6
3  20.79  7  20.79
= 0.4806 kJ/kgK =
3 7
QS = m  (C V ) mix  (T ) = 20.79 kJ/kg.K
= (3 + 6)0.4806(350 250) V1 V2 P

= 432.6 kJ T1 T2 1 2
V2
T2 =  T1
13. Ans: (b) V1
V
Sol: P1 = 1.2 MPa, P2 = 0.2 MPa V 2V
= 2 323 = 646 K
He = 30%, Ar = 70%
QS = n(CP)mix (T)
5
Adiabatic process,  = (monatomic) = (3+7) 20.79 (646 – 323) = 67 MJ
3
 1
T2  P2   15. Ans: 2.67 cm of Hg
 
T1  P1  Sol: At ground
5 4 3
3
1
Balloon volume, V1 = r
 0 .2  5 3
T2 = 673   3 = 328.7 K = 55.70 C
 1 .2  P1 = 72 cm of Hg.
In the air, R = 3r
4 T1 > T2
Balloon volume, V2 = 27  r 3
3 T 
 P2 =  2 P1
Temperature constant  Isothermal  T1 
 Process P1 V1 = P2 V2
 P2 < P1
 P2 = 72 r3/27r3 = 2.67 cm of Hg
17. Ans: (d)
16. Ans: P1 > P2 Sol: LFP = Lower fixed point
Sol: For isothermal process: T = c UFP = upper fixed point
 P1V1 = P2V2 C  LFP 0  300

V  UFP  LFP 100  300
P2 = P1  1 
 V2  C0 0  300

As per fig we can say T1 > T2 100  0 100  300
C = 150C
V 
 P1 > P2........  1  1
 V2 
18. Ans: 26.77C
V P2
Sol: tA = a + btB + ctB2
tA = 0C ; tB = 0C
V2 P1
tA = 100C; tB = 100C
V1 tA = 51C; tB = 50C
0=a+b0+c0
T a=0
(2) For isochoric : V = C
100 = 100b + 104 c  1
V P2 51 = 50 b + 2500 c  2
102 = 100 b + 5000 c
P1
_ 100 = _ 100b + 10000 c
2 1
– 5000 c = 2
2
c=  4  104
T2 T1 5000
T
50 b + 2500 c = 51
P1 P2 50b + 2500  (–410-4) = 51

T1 T2 50 b = 51 + 1
:5: Thermodynamics
52 20. Ans: 550N, –50C

b=  1.04
50 Sol: Freezing point of ice = 0C = 100 N
-4 2
 tA = 1.04 tB – 4  10 tB
Boiling point = 100C = 400N
tB = 26C Let new scale be given as
-4 2
tA = 1.04  26 – 4  10  26 N=at+b
= 27.04 – 0.2704 100 = a (0) + b
= 26.77C  b = 100
Unless the constructional features of 400 = 100 a + b
thermometer are given it is difficult to say  a=3
which thermometer is correct. when t = 150C
N = 3(150) + 100
19. Ans: 21.6C
N = 550 N
Sol: Given relation t = aln(K) + b
The new scale N and Celsius will be same if
K is 1.83 at ice point  t = 0C t = 3 t + 100
K is 6.78 at steam point  t =100C –2t = 100
As per given relation, t = a ln(K) + b  t = –50C
By condition 1  0 = a ln (1.83) + b
0 = 0.60 a + b
By condition 2  100 = aln (6.78) + b
100 = a 1.914 + b  a = 76.10
b = 45.66
 By putting value of a & b
t = 76.10 ln K – 45.66
(K = 2.42 given)
 t = 21.6C

02. Ans: (d)

Chapter- 2 Sol: P 1.4 n=
1.3
Work and Heat
n=1
n=0, P=C
01. Ans: (c)
n=0
Sol: Heat engine cycles as shown in fig n=1, T=C
n=1.3
VQ = QR, PQ = QS,
UP = PR = RT n=, V=C =1.4, PV =C
v
x x
P 03. Ans: (b)
W V
S Sol: Process 1 2 3 4
y dQ(kJ) 300 0 100 0
1
Q y dW(kJ) 300 250 100 250
y
T Heat supplied QS = 300 kJ
U P R
Work of expansion, WE = 300 + 250 = 550 kJ
x x x
Work of compression, WC = 100+250 = 350 kJ
v
Wnet = WE  WC = 550 – 350 = 200 kJ
Wnet
Work interaction for ‘WVUR’= 48Nm  thermal  = 0.67
Heat supplied
Area WVUR = 2x 2y = 48
Wnet 200
Work ratio =   0.36
 xy = 12 WE 550
From similar les PQR and PST
04. Ans: (c)
QR ST
 Sol: (A) W.D in polytropic process
PR PT
(P1 V1  P2 V2 )
y y1 =
  y1  2 y (n  1)
x 2x
(B) W.D in steady flow process    v dP
Work interaction for le ‘PST’
(C) Heat transfer in reversible adiabatic
1
2x y1 = 1 (2x)(2y) = 2xy process = zero
2 2
(D) W.D in an isentropic process
= 2  12 = 24 Nm
P1V1  P2 V2

 1
:7: Thermodynamics
05. Ans: (d) For isothermal process, PV = C

Sol: Given log (P) + log(V) = log(C)
For isothermal process log(P) = log(C) – log(V)
P1V1 = P2V2 Compare it with y = C + mx
P1 m1 = 1
 P1V1 =  0.55
10 For adiabatic process
3
 V1 = 0.055 m PV = C
For adiabatic process  log P + log V = log C
 
P1 V = P2 V
1 2  log (V) = logC – log V
P1 Compare with y = C + mx
 P1 V11.4   V21.4
10 m2 = 
 V21.4  10  (0.055)1.4  V2 = 0.284 m3  m1 < m2
06. Ans: (b) 09. Ans: (d)

Sol: Sol: The ratio of Cp/Cv for a gas with n degrees
cp 2
 Adiabatic  n  of freedom is equal to 1 
cv n
 Isothermal  n = 1
 Constant pressure  n = 0 10. Ans: (c)
 Constant volume  n =  Sol: Cp ; CV ;  ; values are constant for ideal
gases
07. Ans: (d)
Cp ; Cv values increase with temperature for
Sol: No. of degrees of freedom in diatomic
Real gases.
molecule = 5
No. of degrees of freedom in monoatomic Cp
Cv
molecule = 3
No. of degrees of freedom in Triatomic CP
Ideal gases
Cv
molecule = 6 or 7 

08. Ans: (a) Temp.
Sol: The slope of log P – log V graph for a gas
for isothermal change is m1 & for adiabatic Where as “” value decreases with
changes are m2 if gas is diatomic gas temperature.

11. Ans: (b) 1

Area of ABC =  6  2   6  4 
Sol: P = 320W 2
In 30 days the refrigeration runs is = 400 kN-m
1  W = (600 + 400) kN-m = 1000 kN-m
 30   7.5 days
4
So total consumption of a month in Watt-hr 14. Ans: (d) &
is 15. Ans: (c)
= 320  7.5  24 = 57600 W-hr Sol: P1 = 100 + 101.325 = 201.325 kPa
= 57.6 kWhr T1 = 288 K ,
So the electricity cost per month V1 = 2500 C.C
= 57.6  0.09 = $ 5.184 P1 V1 201.325  10 3  2500  10 6
m 
R T1 287  288
12. Ans: (a) = 6.089 10 3 kg
Sol: m1  6kg ; P1  3 atm
As volume is constant, dW = 0
T1 = 40C = 313K, P2 = 2.2 atm  dQ = dU = m CV dT
P1 V1  m1 RT1 = 6.089 10 3  0.718 10 3 15  5
P2 V2  m 2 RT2 = 43.7 J
As the tank is rigid, the volume is constant P1 P2

P1 m1T1 T1 T2
 
P2 m 2 T2 T2
P2 = Pressure on day of play  P1 
m1  P2  T1 T1
 T2 
P1 278
= 201.325 
6  2.2  313 288
 T2  = 460 K = 187C
3 3 = 194.33 kPa (absolute)
Gauge pressure on day of play
13. Ans: (d) = 194.33 – 101.325
Sol: Work done = Area enclosed in Pv diagram = 93 kPa = 0.93 bar
W = Area of ADC + Area of ABC P1 = Pressure to which it must be inflated
1 P1 P2
Area of ADC =  6  2   4  1 
T1 T2
2
= 6 bar–m3 = 600 kN-m P1 201.325

288 278
:9: Thermodynamics
288 1 – 2 Process
P1  201.325   208.56 kPa.
278 T1 = 350 K
Gauge pressure to which it must be inflated
T2 P
on previous day 3 2
T1 P1
= 208.56 – 101.3
T2 = 3  350 = 1050 K
= 107.24 kPa = 1.07 bar
1w2 =0
16. Ans: (a)
Sol: Work done in isothermal process 2 – 3 Process
V2 P2
 P1V1 n 2Q3 = 2w3 = RT2 n
V1 P3
 0.1   RT2 n 3
 500  0.8  n     831.77 kJ
 0.8 
kJ
= R 1050n3  1153.54R
kg
17. Ans: 251.62 kJ
Sol: m = 1.5 kg, P1 = 0.1 MPa,
3 1 – 3 Process
1 = 1.16 kg/m , P2 = 0.7 MPa
P=C
V  P 
W  P1V1 n  2   P1V1n  2  V3 V1 V3 T3 T2
 V1   P1   ;   3
T3 T1 V1 T1 T1
m
V1   1.293 m 3
1 As T3 = T2
 0.1  T 
W  0.1  1000  1.293  n   3w3 = P(V1–V3) = RT3  1 1
 0.7   T3 
= –251.62 kJ 1 
= 1050R  1
 Work done by piston is 251.62 kJ 3 
= –700 R kJ/kg
18. Ans: 130.16 kJ/kg
wnet = 1w2 + 2w3+3w1
Sol: P 2
= 0 + 1153.54 R – 700 R
T=C = 453.54 R kJ/kg
V=C
1 P=C 3 = 453.54  0.287 = 130.16 kJ/kg

: 10 : ME – GATE _ Vol – I _ Solutions
19. Ans: 2356.2 kJ/kg 21. Ans: 1742 kJ

Sol: (1cm)x = 300 kPa  a 
Sol: Given  P  2  (V  b)  mRT
(1 cm)y = 0.1 m3/kg  V 
1 cm2 Area = (1cm)x (1cm)y a mRT
P 
V 2
(V  b)
= 300  0.1 = 30 kJ/kg
mRT a
 P=  2
Area on P-V diagram = A  D 2 ( V  b) V
4
V V
2 2
 mRT a 

  102 W.D   P dV     2  dV
4 V1 V1 
( V  b) V 
= 78.5 cm2
v2
 V  2 1 
W.D  mRT n [V  b]  a  V2
V1 
Net work = 78.5 cm2   2  1  v1
= 78.5  30 = 2355 kJ/kg
W.D = mRTn V2  b   a  1  1 
 V1  b   V2 V1 
20. Ans: 29.7 kJ m = 10 kg, V1 = 1 m3,

Sol: A = 0.12 m2 V2 = 10 m3, T = 293 K,
P1 = 1.5 MPa = 1500 kPa a = 15.7  104 Nm4 =157 kNm4
P2 = 0.15 MPa = 150 kPa b = 1.07  10–2, R = 0.278 kJ/kg.K
l = 0.3 m W.D = (10)(0.278)(293)
1  10  (1.07  102 )  1 
P ln  2 
  157   1
 1  (1.07  10 )  10 
W.D = 1742.14 kJ
2
V 22. Ans: 686.62 kJ

V1 V2
Sol: P  D2
1
1W2 = (P1  P2 )Vs , Vs = V2 V1 P1 = KD12
2
P2 = KD22
1
 1W2 =  1500  150  (0.036) P1 = 100 kPa, D1 = 1 m
2
3  K = 100 kPa/m2
( Vs = Al = 0.12 0.3 = 0.036 m )
P2 = 350 kPa,
 1W2 = 29.7 kJ
D2 = ?

: 11 : Thermodynamics
P1 D12 23. Ans: 116.67 kPa, 54.42 kJ


P2 D 22 Sol: Given, mw = 500 kg
Total tank volume, V= 4 m3
P2
D 2  D1
P1
N2 3.5m3
350
=1  1.8708 m
100 Water 0.5m3
3m3 N2
Volume of balloon
4 4 D
3
1m3 Water
V = R 3     
3 3 2 P1 = 100 kPa
4 D 3
mw = 500 kg, w = 1000 kg/m3
=  
3 8
500
 For state-1, V = = 0.5m3
V  D3 1000
6
For state-2, mw = 1000 kg, V = 1 m3
 For state 1 ‘N2’:
dV = 3  D 2dD
6
P1 = 100 kPa

= D 2dD V1 = Total volume – vol. of water
2
= 4 – 0.5 = 3.5 m3
D2 D2

1 W2   PdV   KD 2  D 2dD For state 2 (‘N2’):
D1 D1 2
V2 = Total volume – vol. of water
D2
K
  D 4dD = 4 –1 = 3 m3
D1 2
Condition: Isothermal process
100
1.8708
     D 4dD  From eqn P1V1 = P2V2
1 2
P1V1 100  3.5
D5
1.8708
 P2  
= 50 V2 3
5 1
 P2 = 116.67 kPa
1
w 2  101.87085  15 
V   3 
= 1022.9159  1  688.16 kJ 1W2 = P1V1ln  2  = 100  3.53 ln  
 V1   3.5 
 W = –54.42 kJ
Here ‘–ve’ sign indicates compression of N2
so system volume decreases
24. Ans: 320 kPa, 13 kJ 25. Ans: 2.5 kJ

Sol: Sol: Given Pa = 0.1 MPa = 100 kPa
V1 = 0.01m3 ; A1 = 0.05 m3
PatmA
V1 0.01
 l1 =   l1 = 0.2 m
A1 0.05
P1A V2 = 3V1
Gas
V1 = 0.05 m3, P1 = 200 kPa,

2
Ap = 0.25 m ,
Spring constant, k = 150 kN/m
V2 = 2V1 = 2  0.05 = 0.1 m3 0.2m
0.6m
V  V1 0.1  0.05
dx  2   0.2 m 0.2m
A 0.25 gas gas
P1A = PatmA PatmA kdx

P1 = Patm
Spring compression
P2A
Final force = Initial force + spring force Piston Expansion

l2 = 0.2m
P2A = P1A + kdx So spring compressed
dx 0.2m
P2 = P1  k.
A
= 200  150 
0.2 Find: Total W.D
0.25 Here rigid cylinder so area will be same
= 200 + 120 = 320 kPa Al2 = 3 Al1
l2 = 3l1
P(kPa) 320
 l2 = 0.6 m
 V2 = 0.03 m3
200
V(m3)
V1 V2 Total work = [work of gas + (work of spring
due to expansion by heating)]
1
Work done = 320  200  0.05  13kJ (Due to expansion of piston, spring is
2
compressed)

1 2
= PdV + Kx
2
1
Chapter- 3
= P (V2 –V1) + (25)(0.2)2 First Law of Thermodynamics
2
[ constant pressure process]
1 01. Ans: (c)
=100 (0.03 – 0.01) + (0.2) 2 (25)
2 Sol:
C B
Total work = 2.5 kJ
Pressure
26. Ans: 0.79 N-m, 6.95 W
Sol:
A D
Volume
PAtm=101.325 kPa
d=0.4m
Along A – B – C:
QAB WA-B = UA B
d = 0.4 m , time = 600 sec
180 – 130 = UB UA
W = 2 kJ , l = 0.485 m, N = 840 rpm
UB  UA = 50 kJ
WNet = Piston expansion work – WStirrer
Along A – D – B:
2 = PdV –Ws
QAB WA-B = UA B
2 = (101.325) Al – WS
QAB = 50 + 40 = 90 kJ
2 = (101.325)   0.42  0.485  WS
4 
WS = 4.175 kJ 02. Ans: –200 kJ
WS 4.175 Sol: For 1–2 process

 Power =   1W2 = 1U2
Time 600 1Q2
= 6.95  103 kW = 6.95 W  100  100=U2  U1

2NT  U2=U1
Now, PS =
60
60PS 60(6.95) For 2–3 process
T= 
2N 2  3.14  840 2Q3  2W3 = 2 U3
 T = 0.079 Nm   150 2W3 = U3U2 = U3 U1= 200
2W3 = 350 kJ

For 3 – 4 process  dU = 0
3Q 4  3W 4 = 3U 4 (d) dW = ve
3U4 = (U4 U3) = (U4 U1)(U3U1) dQ = 0 (Adiabatic)
= (U1U4)(U3U1) dU = +ve
= 50 200 = 250
3Q4 = 3U4 250 ……… (1) 04. Ans: (e)
Sol: m = 60 kg , P = 200 kPa
For 4 – 1 Process dQ
T = 25C , = 0.8 kW
 4W1 = 4U1 = U1  U4 dt
4Q1
t = 30 min = 1800 sec
4Q1  300 = 50
Well sealed = control mass
4Q1 = 350 kJ
(Non flow process)
Q = 1Q2 + 2Q3  3Q4 + 4Q1
dQ dW = dU
= 100  150 500 + 350 = 200 kJ
dQ dW
( Q = W) t  t = mCvdT
dt dt
W = 100 350 250 + 300 = 200 kJ
1800[0.8 (0.12)] = 60(0.718)(T 25)
T = 63.40C
03. Ans: (c)
Sol: (a) dW = 0 (Rigid)
05. Ans (d)
dQ = ve
Sol: Q = 2000 W
dU = ve t = 15 min = 900 sec
dQ dW = dU m = 75 kg
dU = ve Well sealed = control mass (Non flow
process)
(b) dQ = 0 (Insulated) dQ dW = dU
dW = + ve (Expansion) dQ dW
t  t = mCvdT
 dQ  dW = dU dt dt
0 dW = dU  dQ dW 
t   = mCVdT
dU = ve  dt dt 
900 [0(2)] = 75(0.718)dT
(c) dW = 0 (Free expansion) dT = 33.42C
dQ = 0 (Insulated)

06. Ans: (c) By equation PV  n RT

Sol: P1 = 0.25 kW ( ve sign indicates it is a  P1 V1  n 1 RT1
power consuming device)
P1 V1 0.1MPa  1m 3
P2 =  0.12 kW  n1  
RT1 8.314  300K
P3 = 1 kW
0.1  10 3 kPa  1m 3
P4 =  0.05 kW =
8.314  300
Temperature = constant
 n 1  0.040 moles
(Isothermal process)
dQ = dW ( dU = 0) 1  10 3  2
P2 V2
For n 2  
dQ = (0.25+ 0.12 +1 + 0.05)  3600 RT2 8.314  1000
= 5112 kJ/hr = 0.24 Moles

nf = n1 + n2 = 0.04 + 0.24 = 0.28 Moles
07. (i) Ans: (b), (ii) Ans: (c) Vf = V1 + V2 = 3m3
Sol: Here rigid & Insulated tank given
(ii) Ideal gas stored in Rigid insulated Tank.  dQ  0, dW  0
Total volume of Tank Vf  3m 3  Rigid  V  C  dW  0

State : 1  By 1st law
Tank has two compartments. dQ  dW  dU  C V dT  0
State : 2 Here dU 1  dU 2  0
Partition between two compartments  n 1C V dT  n 2 C V dT  0
Ruptured
 n 1C V Tf  T1   n 2 C v Tf  T2   0
0.040C V Tf  300   0.24C V Tf  1000  0
T1=300K T2.=1000K
nf =n1 +n2  C V 0.28Tf  241.2  0
Pf = ? V1=1m3 V2.=2m3
Tf = ?  Tf  900K
P1=0.1MPa P2.=1MPa
Again
PV  mRT  PfVf = nf R Tf
RT  n f RTf 0.28(8.314)(900)
 PV  m  R  R M   Pf = =
M  Vf 3
 m = 700 kPa
 PV  n RT  n  
 M  Pf = 0.7MPa

08. (i) Ans: (c) , (ii) Ans: (b) , (iii) Ans: (b) Process 2 – 3:(Isothermal Process)
Sol:  Q2-3  W2-3 = U2-3
P
3 Hence T = C  2U3 = 0
P3
V3
 Q 2-3 = W 2-3 = P2V2ln
V2
PV=C
P1=140kPa  0.028 
= 1400.103ln  
2  0.103 
1
V1=0.028m3. V2  2W3 =  18.79 kJ
V
Given
Process 3 – 1:(constant volume)
Process 1 2: (P = C),
3W1 =0
P1 = 1.4 bar,
 dQ  dW = dU
V1 = 0.028 m3,
 3Q1 = 3U1 = 26.4
W12 = 10.5kJ
 3Q1 = 26.4 kJ
Process 2 – 3: (PV = C),
For checking answer
U3 = U2
Q = 1Q2 + 2Q2 + 3Q1
Process 3 – 1: (V = C),
Q = 8.28 kJ
U1U3 = 26.4 kJ
W = 1W2 + 2W3 + 3W1
Process 1 – 2: (Constant pressure)  W = 8.28kJ
 Q12  W1  2 = U1  2  Q = W (First law proved)
Given 1W2 = 10.5kJ = P(V2 V1)

09. Ans: 74 kJ, 22 kJ
W1  2 = P1 (V2 V1)
Sol:
 10.5 = 140(V2  0.028) P
2
 V2 = 0.103m3
U3 = U2 & U1  U3 = 26.4kJ
3
 U1  U2 =  26.4kJ 1
 U2 U1 = 26.4 kJ. V
 1Q2 = 1U2 + 1W2 U1 = 512 kJ, P1 = 1 bar, P2 = 2 bar

 1Q2 = 26.4 + 10.5 U2 = 690 kJ, V1 = 1.5 m3
 1Q2 = 36.9 kJ Process 1-2:

Q1-2 = dU + W1-2 1 – 2 Process V=C

V  P1 P2
= U2 – U1 + P1V1 n  2  
T1 T2
 V1 
T2 400
P  P2   P1   100  133.33kPa
 690  512  100  1.5 n  1  T1 300
 P2 
T3 = 400 K = T2
1
 178  150 n   V3 = 1.5 m3
2
1W2 = 0 (∵ V = C)
Q1-2 = 74.02 kJ
Process 2-3 : P1V1 100  0.75
m   0.871kg
Q = dU + W RT1 0.287  300
–150 = U3 – U2 1Q2 = mcv(T2–T1)

–150 = U3 – 690 = 0.871  0.718 (400–300)=62.54 kJ
U3 = 540 kJ 2 – 3 Process T=C
Process 3-1 : P2V2 = P3V3
Q = dU + W V2 0.75
P3  P2   133.33   66.67 kPa
= U1 – U3 + 50 V3 1.5
= 512 – 540 + 50 V3
2W3 = 2Q3 = P2 V2n
Q3-1 = 22 kJ V2
1.5
= 133.33  0.75n  69.313 kJ
10. Ans: 69.3 kJ, 131.831 kJ 0.75
Sol: 1W3 = 1W2 + 2W3 = 0 + 69.313 = 69.313 kJ
P 2 1Q3 = 1Q2 + 2Q3
= 62.54 + 69.313 = 131.853 kJ
T=C
V=C
11. Ans: 516 kJ, 2454.6 kJ
1 3
Sol: mair = 3 kg, P1 = 200 kPa,
V T1 = 27C = 300 K, P2 = 400 kPa
Air :
P 2 3
P1 = 100 kPa
T1 = 300 K T1 = 300 K
3 mair = 3 kg 1
V1 = 0.75 m
V
T2 = 400 K
1 – 2 (V = C) Process 1 – 2: (P = C)
200 400 V1 V2
 
300 T2 T1 T2
T2 = 600 K 3
T
P1V1 = mRT1 V2 T2 4 1 3
    = 0.75
3  0.287  300 V1 T1 T1 4
V1 =  1.2915 m3
200 1Q2 1W2 = 1U2
V1 =V2 = 1.2915 m3, 1Q2  P(V2 V1) = (U2U1)
3
V3 = 2V2 = 2.583 m 1Q2 = CV(T2 T1)+ P(V2 V1)
2 – 3 (P = C)
T  V 
= CVT1  2  1  PV1  2  1
V3 T3 T  V 
  1   1 
V2 T2
= CVT1   1  PV1   1
3 3
T
2= 3 4  4 
600
1
T3 = 1200 K =  C V T1  PV1 
4
Work done = 0 + P  (V3–V2)
1
= 400  1.2915 = 516.6 kJ = C V T1  RT1 
4
1Q2 = mcv (T2–T1)
1 1 C T
= 3  0.717  (600–30) = T1 R  C V  = T1C P  P 1
4 4 4
= 645.3 kJ Process 1 – 2:
2Q3 = 2W3 + 2U3 = m cp(T3–T2) = P(V2 V1)
1W2
= 3  1.005 (1200–600)
V   RT1
= 1809 kJ = PV1  2  1 
V  4
 1 
Total heat transfer = 645.3 + 1809 = 2454.3
Process 2 – 3: (V = Constant)
2W3 =0
12. (i) Ans: (d) , (ii) Ans: (a) , (iii) Ans: (d)
2Q3 = 2U3 = U3 U2
Sol:
P
3 = CV(T3  T2)
T2= T1
4
= CV  1  1 
2 1(T1) T 3T
2 4 
1
= CVT1  
3 T3= T1 1
2 4
V

 C V T1 V
= = 1.5P  85
4 m
1Q3 = 1Q2 + 2Q3 V
= 1.5P  85
 C P T1  C V T1 1.5
= 
4 4 = (Pv  85) kJ/kg
 T1 u1 = P1V1  85 = 1000  0.2  85
= C P  C V  = (CV + CP) T1
4 4 = 115 kJ/kg
u2 = P2V2  85 = 200  1.2  85
13. (i) Ans: (c), (ii) Ans: (c), (iii) Ans: (b) = 155 kJ/kg
Sol: u2  u1 = 40 kJ/kg
m = 1.5 kg
P1 = 1000 kPa dU = m(u2  u1)
P2 = 200 kPa
= 1.5  40 = 60 kJ
3
V1 = 0.2m
V2 = 1.2 m3
dQ  dW = dU
P = a + bV
dQ = 60 + 600 = 660 kJ
u = 1.5Pv  85
u = Pv  85
1000 = a + 0.2b ……… (i)
= (a + bv)v  85
200 = a + 1.2b …….. (ii)
= av + bv2  85 = f(v)
By solving
b =  800
For Maximum internal energy
a = 1160
du
P = 1160  800V =0
dv
V2 v2
(ii) 1W2 =  PdV   (1160  800V)dV  a + 2bV = 0
V1 v1
 a  1160 3
1.2 V=  m = 0.725m3
=  (1160  800V)dV 2b  2  800
0.2
umax = (11600.725)  (800  0.7252) 85
= 1160(1.20.2)400(1.22  0.22)
= 335.5 kJ/kg
= 600 kJ   umax
Umax= m
(iii) u = (1.5 Pv  85) kJ/kg
= 1.5  335.5
V
= (1.5P  85) kJ/kg = 503.25 kJ
m

14. Ans: (a) By Process 2 – 3

Sol: n = 1 mole 2Q3  2W3 = 2E3 = E3  E2
CV = 20.785 J/mol K 2Q3  P(V3 V2) = E3 E2
T1 = 300 K 105 100(0.060.3) = E3 (29.7)
P = 50 W E3 = 110.7 kJ
t = 120 sec
dQ = 0 (Insulated non flow process) 16. (i) Ans: (a) , (ii) Ans: (b)
dQ  dW = dU 41.87 0
Sol: CP = 2.093 + J/ C
0 (P t) = nCVdT t  100
50  120 = 120.785(T2 300) P = 1 atm
T2 = 588 K V1 = 2000 cm3 T1 = 0C
P1 V1 P2 V2 V2= 2400 cm3 T2 = 100C
For Ideal gas, 
T1 T2 Here CP = J/C form it should always in
T2 V1 J/kg C form
 P2 =   P1
T1 V2 So CP × kg = J/C
588  Sp. Heat × mass = Heat capacity
=  100
300 T2 100 0 C
 41.87 
P2 = 196 kPa = 0.196 MPa dQ   C P dt   2.093  t  100  dt
T1 00 C 
 2.093t 0  41.87 lnt  1000
100 100
15. Ans: (b)
Sol: = [2.093(100)] + [41.87 ln(200)  41.87
For process 1 – 2 : (P = C) ln(100)]
 1W2 = P1(V2  V1) = 209.3+[2218-192.81]
 1W2 = 100 (0.3  0.003)
 1W2 = 29.7kJ (i) dQ = 238.32J
Here constant pressure is given
By Ist law  1W2 = P1 (V2 – V1) = Patm (V2  V1)
 1W 2 = E2 E1 = 101325(2400  2000) 106

1Q 2
1W2 = 40.53J
 0  29.7 = E2  E1
( 1Q2 = 0)  dQ  dW = dU
29.7 = E2 0  dU = 238.32  40.53
E2 =  29.7 kJ dU = 197.79J

17. (i) Ans: (a), (ii) Ans: (b) , (iii) Ans: (a)
Sol: h1 = 3000 kJ/kg , h2 = 2762 kJ/kg 1
V1 = 60 m/s , V2 = ?
2 dW
A1 = 0.1 m ,
v2 = 0.498 m3/kg dt
v1= 0.187 m3/kg
dQ dQ
0  0.29kW
dt dt 2
Applying steady flow energy equation
V12 dQ V22 dW Applying steady flow energy equations
h1 +  h2  
2000 dt 2000 dt  Z1 g V12  dQ
m h 1 
  
(60) 2 V2  1000 2000  dt
 3000 +  2762  2
2000 2000
 V2 Z g  dW
 V2 = 692.5 m./s m
 h 2  2  2  
 2000 1000  dt
A 1 V1 A 2 V2
m
    39.81 33.33 
2
v1 v2  0.42 2785     0.29
 1000 2000 
m
 
0.160  m  32.08 kg
0.187 sec 
= 0.422512 
100 
2
 dW
 0 
Find, A2 = ?  2000  dt
A 2 V2 mV2 dW
m
   A2    112.51 kW
v2 v2 dt
32.08  0.498
 A2 
692.5 19. Ans: (a)
2
 A2 = 0.023 m Sol:
kJ
(2) h2
18. Ans: (a) kg
(h2 h1)=30 kJ/kg
Sol: Given:
P1 = 1.2 MPa, P2 = 20 kPa , T1=188C, dW
 90kJ / kg
h1 = 2785 kJ/kg, h2 = 2512 kJ/kg dm
kJ
V1 = 33.33 m/s, V2 = 100 m/sec. h1
kg dQ
(1) = 40kJ/kg
Z2 = 0 m , Z1 = 3 m , dm
 = 0.42 kg/sec
m

dW = 90 kN.m/kg = 90 kJ/kg h2 = 59 kJ/kg

(h2-h1) = 30 kJ/kg.  dQ 
   630  4  2520kJ / hr
dQ  dt  person
=  40kJ/kg
dm  dQ 
  =?
Heat rejected  dQ = ‘Ve’  dT  R cooler
By steady flow energy equation
According to Steady flow energy equation,
 1 h 1  
dQ   dQ 
m   
 dQ   dQ   dW   dt  person  dt  RCooler
h1      h2   
 dm  air  dm  w  dm 
 2 h 2  
dW   dW 
 dQ  dW  dQ  m   
   h 2  h 1      dt  fan  dt  bulb
 dm  air dm  dm  w
80  84 2520  dQ 
= 30  90 (40)   
3600 3600  dt  RCooler
=  20kJ
80  59
(ve sign indicates heat is rejected from the   (0.66)
3600
system)
 dQ 
    1.91 kW
 dt  RC
20. Ans: (b)
Heat is removed from a cooler is 1.91 kW
Sol:
kJ
  80 kg / hr
m   80
m
hr 21. (i) Ans: (a), (ii) Ans: (a)
 1 = 0.01kg/sec
Sol: m h1 = 2952 kJ/kg
R
h1 = h  84 kJ kJ
 2 = 0.1kg/sec
air
kg
h2=59 m h2 = 2569 kJ/kg.K
kg
 3 = 0.001kg/sec
m h3 = 420 kJ/kg
 dW  V1 = 20m/sec V2 = 120m/sec
  = 0.182 = 0.36 kW
 dt  fans
 dW  Engine
  = 3  0.1 = 0.3 kW Fluid 1
 dt  Bulb
Fluid 2
 dW 
  =  0.36 + ( 0.3) = 0.66 kW
 dt  Total Fluid 3
 air enter = 80 kg/hr.

m Fluid 4
h1 = 84 kJ/kg

1) Mass balance  a c pa 1  2   m

m  w c pw T2  T1   1
Mass entering/sec = mass leaving/sec 31.005[100–20] = 2  4.187(T2 – 15)+ 40
1 m
m 2m
 3 m
4
241.2  40
T2  15   39.02C
  4 = 0.109 kg/sec
m 2  4.187
(2) Energy balance 23. Ans: (d)

 V2   V 2  dQ Sol: 2
 1 h 1  1   m
m  2 h 2  2   T 3MPa
 2000   2000  dt
1
dW
m
 3h 3  m
 4h 4 
0.2MPa
dt
dQ s
Here =0
dt
T1 = 1023 K
0.01 2952  20   0.12569  120 
2 2
2000  2000  5
  Argon is a monoatomic gas, Ar =
3
= (0.001  420) + (0.109  h4) + 25
Molecular weight of Argon, M = 40
 h4 = 2401 kJ/kg
R
C PAr =
M   1
22. Ans: (c)
5
Sol:  8.314 
 W  2kg / sec
m cpw  4.187kJ / kg.K 3
= = 0.5196 kJ/kg.K
T2=Exit temperature 5 
T1=15C WATER 40    1
of water 3 
 1
0.4
Q1=40 kJ/sec P  
 0.2 
T2 = T1  2  = 1023  
 P1   3 
AIR = 346.28 K = 73.28C
1=100C 2=20C
 C PAr (T1T2)
Power (kW) = m
 a  3kg / sec ,
m = 50.5196(1023 346.28)
c pa  1.005 kJ / kg.K 1758.1
= = 1.758 MW
Heat lost to surrounding = Q1 = 40 kW 1000
Heat lost by air = Heat gained by water +
heat lost to surroundings

24. Ans: (b) By 1st law dU  dQ  dW

5  dU  0  C V dT  0
Sol: ‘He’ is monoatomic gas,  = , M = 4,
3
 dT  0  T= constant
5
 8.314 Temperature = constant (Isothermal)
R 3
(CP ) Ar   = 0.5196 kJ/kgK
M(   1) 5   P1 V1  P2 V2
40    1
3   20  15  P2  1500
5  P2  0.2 atm
 8.314 
R 3
(C P ) He   = 5.196 kJ/kgK
M (   1) 5 
4    1 26.
3 
Sol:
5
mixture = P ui; hi; Ti
3
CP mix = 0.5(CP)He + 0.5(CP)Ar
=0.50.519 + 0.55.19 = 2.857 kJ/kg.K P1=0 P2=P
 1 u2=?
T1=0 T2=?
P  
T2 = T1  2 
 P1 
0.4 Insulated Q=0
 100 
= 1200   = 477.72 K
Evacuated m1 = 0
 1000 
 a CP mix (T1T2)
Power (kW) = m Q = m2u2 – m1u1 – (m2 – m1)h
= 0.32.857(1200477.72) m2u2 = m2hi
= 619.05 kW Final internal energy = u2 = hi

cv T2 = cpTi
25. Ans: (a) cp
Final temperature = T2  Ti  Ti
Sol: Vc = V1 = 15 cm3 cv
VCO = V2 = 1500 cm3
V2.=1500cm3
P1 = PHe  20 atm
Helium
T1 = 40C
 dW  0 (Free expansion)
dQ = 0 (due to insulation)

04. Ans: (b)

Chapter- 4 Sol: T1 = 900K
Second Law of Thermodynamics
W = 50kW
01. Ans: (b) H.E
02. Ans: (c)

T2 = 300K
Sol: Given: H.E T
T1  T2 Q1  Q 2 Power kW  W kW 
 H.E   40kW=Q1  =
Q S kW  kg   kJ 
 f 
T1 Q1
H
m   C.V 
1200  300 40  Q 2  sec   kg 
 
1200 40 Q2 =? 50
 = 0.8
 Q2 = 10 kW T 3
 75000
3600
03. Ans: (c) T1  T2 627  27

C    0.67
T1 900
Sol: Given: Electric power generating station
means H.E  > c  Not possible
T1
Q1=36  108 kJ/h 05. Ans: (b)

1   E 1  0.75
H.E
W= 400MW
Sol: COP R   = 0.33
E 0.75
Q2= ?
T2 06. Ans: (a)

Q1  Q 2 W Sol: Assertion is true
 H .E  
Q1 Q1 Reason is true and reason is the correct
 Q2 = Q1 – W explanation.
KJ
Q2 = 36  10 8  400MW
h 07. Ans: (a)
36  10 8 Sol: PMM I  A machine which can supply
= (MW )  400MW
1000  3600 mechanical work continuously without
= 1000 MW  400MW consumption of any energy. So, statement (2)
Q2 = 600MW is wrong.

After eliminating statement (2) only one W 9 .3

3    0.328
option is available i.e., option (a). Q 3  1700 
 
 60 
08. Ans: (c) W 9.85
4    0.328
Sol: 1 Q 2 1 W2  1 U 2 Q 4  1800 
 
 60 
P1 V1  P2 V2
=  C V T2  T1  W
n 1  W =   Q1
Q1
=
R
T1  T2   R T2  T1 
n 1  1 2000
W = 0.328  kJ / sec  10.94kJ / sec
60
=
R
T1  T2   R T1  T2 
n 1  1
10. Ans: (a)
 1 1 
= R T1  T2     NREkW 
 n  1   1 Sol: COP 
WC kW 
   1  n  1 
= R T1  T2    10 4.187  103  23  6 
 n  1  1  3.1 = 
3600 WC
n
= R T  T  WC = 197 W
n  1  1 1 2
=
  n   R T1  T2  11. Ans: (a)
  1 n  1 Sol: COP = 3.2 , m = 1200 kg , P = 5 kW
 n  NREkW 
=   W  COP 
   1  WC kW 
= Heat transfer for polytropic process ma  C va  T a
=
WC kJ 
09. Ans: (d) 12000.71822  7 
W 8 .2  3.2 
Sol:  1    0.328 WC
Q1  1500 
  WC = 4169kJ
 60 
WC kJ 
W 8.75  Time 
2    0.328 WC kW 
Q 2  1600 
  4169kJ  834
 60  = =  13.5 min
5kJ / sec  60

12. Ans: (d) 15. Ans: 0.667 MJ

NRE NRE NRE Sol:
Sol: COP   
WC 680kWhr 680  3600 W Q1
=
 NRE = 680  3600  1.4 = 3427 MJ/yr Q1 W=0.3Q1
E R
W Q2=1 MJ
0.3 =
13. Ans: (d) Q1
Sol: W = 0.3Q1
W = 1kW
Q2
NRE = 4kW
ref
Q1 = 5kW
COP R 5
W
1 MJ
 Q1   0.667 MJ
5  0.3
Q2 = Q1 – W = 1kW
16. Ans: 0.68

Net effect = Q1 – Q2
Sol: T1 = 473 K T3 = 243 K
= 5 – 4 = 1 kW (heating)
Q1 Q3
14. Ans: (d) W
E R
Sol: Given
Q3 Q3+W
 E  0.4 Q1
Q 2  Q 4  3Q1 H.E R
T2 = 303 K
W
Q4 = Q3+W T1  T2 W
Q2 = 0.6Q1 E  
= Q3+0.4Q1 T1 Q1
Q1  Q 2 Q2 Q4
E  473  303 W
Q1   W = 0.359Q1
473 Q1
 0.4Q1  Q1  Q 2 = W T3 Q
COP R   3
 Q 2  0 .6 Q 1 T2  T3 W
Q 2  Q 4  3Q1 243 Q3

 0.6Q1+Q4 = 3Q1 303  243 0.359Q1
 Q4 = 2.4Q1 Q3
  1.45
Q3 = Q4  W = 2.4Q1  0.4Q1 = 2Q1 Q1
Q3 2Q 1 Q1
(COP)R   5  0.68
W 0 .4 Q 1 Q3

17. Ans: 86 kW 18.

Sol: Sol:
T1=1000K T3 = ? 873 K 313 K
Q1 = 2000kJ Q4
Q3= 2 Q2+W
Q1 = 50kW W P
H R
W= Q1– Q2
E HP Q3
Q2 360 kJ
313 K 253 K
Q2 2Q2
Q4
T2 = 300K
(a) Efficiency of heat engine
313 W
() = 1  
 E  0.4   Carnot 873 2000
W = 1283.93 kJ
T  T2 W
0.4  1 = P = W – 360 = 922.932 kJ
T1 Q1
253 Q
1000  300 = W COP R   3
0.4  313  253 P
1000 Q1
Q3 = 3891.69 kJ
 W = 0.28Q1
Energy balance :
Q2 = Q1 W Q1 + Q3 = Q4 + Q2 + 360
= Q1  0.28Q1 = 0.72Q1 Q2 + Q4 = Q1 + Q3 – 360
Q2 = 0.72Q1 = 2000 + 1283.93 – 360
Q3 = 2Q2 + W = 5531.69 kJ
= 1.44Q1 + 0.28Q1
Q3 = 1.72Q1 (b)   0.4  max
1.72Q1  T3 
 0.5   313 
 0.4  1  
0.28Q1  T3  300   873 
T3 = 326 K W
0.2565   W = 513.17 kJ
If Q1 = 50 kW 2000
Q3 = 2Q2 + W P = W – 360 = 153.17 kJ
= 2 0.72Q1 + 0.28Q1 (COP) = 0.4  (COP)max
= 1.72  50 = 86 kW  253  Q3
 0.4   
 313  253  P

Q3 = 1.68  153.17 = 258.34 kJ Q1 T1

COP H.P  
Q2 + Q4 = 2000 + 258.34 – 360 W T1  T2
= 1848.34 kJ 60,000 294
 
W 294  263
19. Ans: 15.168 W = 6326.5 kJ/hr
Sol: WHP 6326.5
T1 = 303K   0.1054
WEH 60,000
Q1 = Q2 + W With heat pump, initial investment is high
W=Q1 – Q2
R but running cost is less. With electrical heater
Q2 the initial investment is less but running cost
is high.
T2 = 275 K
Q2 = 20  420 = 8400 kJ/day 21.

COP actual  0.15 COP max Sol: (a)
T1=343 K T3=273 K
T2 Q
 0.15   2
T1  T2 W Q3
Q1
275 8400 W
 0.15  = E R
303  275 W
 W = 5701 kJ Q2 Q12
5701
1 kW hr = 3600 kJ  1.58 kW hr / day T2= 310 K
3600
Electricity bill 1000
 
m  0.277 kg / s
3600
= No. of unit/day  No. of days  cost/kWhr
 latent heat = 0.277×333.43
Q3 = m
= 1.58  30  0.32 = 15.168/-
= 92.36 kW
20. Ans: 6326.5 kJ/hr W T1  T2
E  
Sol: T1 = 294 K Q1 T1
Q1=60000 kJ/hr  343  310 

W   Q1
W  343 
HP
 W = 0.096 Q1 -----(1)
Q3 T3
(COP) R  
T2 = 263 K W T2  T3

333.43  10 3 273 T1 Q
 COP HP   1
W 310  273 T1  T2 W
 W = 45190.147 kJ 293 19.5
 
 45190.147 293  263 W
W  12.55 kW
3600  = 1.99  2 kW
W
From (1)
Q1 = 130.759 kW (b) T1
Q2 = Q1–W
Q
Q2 = 118.20 kW 1
W
333.43  10 3 R
Q4 = Q3+W = W
3600 Q2 = 0.65 (T1293)
= 92.62 + 12.55 = 105.17 kW
T2 = 293K
Q3 92.62
  0.708
Q1 130.75 Q2 = 0.65(T1  T2) = 0.65(T1  293)
Total heat rejected to lower temperature Q2 T2
COP R  
reservoir = Q2 + Qref W T1  T2
= 118.2 + 105.17 = 223.37 kW 0.65 T1  293 293
 
Energy of freezing water 92.62 1.99 T1  293
  0.706
Energy of heat engine 130.759
T1 = 323 K = 50C
Up to 50C outside temperature, the
22. Ans: 2 kW, 50C 0
temperature of room can be maintained 20 C.
Sol:
(a) T1 = 293K
23.
Q1 Sol: Initial diagram:
W
HP 400 K
Q2 Q1 = 5000 kJ
T2 = 263 K HE W=840 kJ
Q2 Q3
300 K 200 K
Q 1  0.65 T1  T2  = 0.65(293  263)
= 19.5 kW

For reversible heat engine,

dQ dS(reservoir at 800 K) + dS(reservoir at 600K) +
 T
0
dS(reservoir at 100K) + dS(working fluid) = 0
5000 Q 2 Q 3 6 8 Q
  0    00
400 300 200 800 600 100
Q 2 Q3 50  Q = 2.083 kJ
  
300 200 4 Wnet = 8 + 6 – 2.083 = 11.917
2Q 2  3Q 3 50 11.917
 th   85%
600 4 86
50
2Q2 + 3Q3 =   600
4
25.
2Q2 + 3Q3 = –7500 ------(i)
Sol: Efficiency of Carnot heat engine :
TL
Energy balance  1
TH
5000 + Q2 + Q3 = W
Q2 + Q3 = 840 – 5000 d 1 1
0  ---- (1)
Q2 + Q3 = –4160 ------- (ii) dTL TH TH
from eq.(i) d  T  T
 0    L2   L2 ----- (2)
Q2 = –4980 kJ , Q3 = 820 kJ dTH  TH  TH
Final diagram
d 1  TH T
   H2 ------(3)
400 K 200 K dTL TH  TH TH
Q3 =820 kJ
Q1 = 5000 kJ d T
E W=840 kJ
 L2 -----(4)
dTH TH
Q2 = 4980 kJ
∵ TH > TL, therefore, efficiency of heat engine
300 K
will increase faster rate with lowering
minimum temperature as compared to
24. Ans: (d)
800 K 600 K
increasing the maximum temperature.
Sol:
For reversible engine,
6 kJ 8 kJ
sgen = 0
HE
Q
100 K

P
1 , 1
Chapter- 5
Entropy 2
2
01. Ans: (c) 3 3
V
 dh 
Sol: C p    12, 12  constant temperature
 dT  p
2  3  constant volume
Tds = dh – vdp
As P = c , dp = 0 21  31  constant pressure
So, Tds = dh 3 1, 3111  Entropy constant
 Tds 
Cp    05. Ans: (c)
 dT  p
 s  06. Ans: (c)
C p  T. 
 T  p Sol: i) Temperature measurement is due to
Zeroth law of thermodynamics.
02. Ans: (b) ii) Entropy is due to Second law of
thermodynamics
03. Ans: (a) iii) Internal Energy is due to first law of
Sol: P1 thermodynamics
T
07. Ans: (b)
D P2 Sol:
A B C
P A
V=C T
S S=C V=C
1 2 P=C
04. Ans: (b) 3
P=C B
Sol: T=C 4
T S=C C T=C
1 2 2 D 5
1 V S
Slope of constant volume curve is more than
that of constant pressure curve in T-S
3
3 diagram. Similarly slope of adiabatic curve is
S more than that of isothermal curve in P-V
diagram.
08. Ans: (c) Q1  Q 2 600  450

  =0.25 = 25%
Sol: (dS)system = 0 Q1 600
(dS)surr = 0
(dS)univ = 0 13. Ans: (d)
Sol: Find the cycle of thermodynamic.
09. Ans: (c) T1 = 285 + 273 = 558 K
Sol: Tds = du + Pdv. T2 = 5 + 273 = 278 K
This process is valid for any process, dQ Q1 Q 2
reversible (or) irreversible, undergone by a  T
 
T1 T2
closed system. 1000 492
  = 1.79 – 1.76
558 278
10. Ans: (c) dQ
Sol: Area on T-S graph gives amount of heat  T
 0.022  0
supplied.  It is an impossible cycle.
11. Ans: (c) 14. Ans: (c)

Sol: Sol: Motor power = 5 kW.
T 4
T=C 3 P T = 20C = 293 K
B T=C
C Due to friction, there is heat between brake
V=C B V=C
S=C D and shoe and heat is transferred to
2 S=C
P=C A surroundings.
1 P=C
S V Q Power Time 5  3600
(dS)sur =  =
T T 293
dS = 61.4 kJ/K
12. Ans: (b)
dQ
Sol: Clausius inequality  T
0 15. Ans: (c)
dQ

dQ Q1 Q 2
  
600 450

Sol: Sgen = (S2– S1 )   T 800K
T T1 T2 1000 300
Q Q  1600 1600  1600kJ
dQ     
  0.9 kJ / K <0 T2 T1  400 800 
T 400K
 2 kJ / K
 Irreversible cycle

16. Ans: (b) 20. Ans: (c)

Sol: m s  100kg V 
Sol: (dS)Isothermal = mRln  2 
kJ  V1 
(dS) system  m(s 2  s1 ) = 100(0.1) = 10
K P 
kJ = mRln  1 
(dS)surrounding = (S2 – S1) = – 5  P2 
K
(dS)universe = (dS)sys – (dS)surr = 10 5
21. Ans: (d)
(dS)uni. = 5 kJ/K > 0  irreversible process
22. Ans: (d)

17. Ans: (b)
Sol: Q = T + T2
Sol:
T
hfg =1800 kJ/kg
dS  
Q


 T   T 2 
T T
T2
500K s1 s2 =  ln  2T2  T1 
T1
sf sg 23. Ans: (a)

2.6 kJ/kg.K s dQ Q Q
Sol: Sgen = (S2 – S1)–   
T T2 T1
h fg
sg  sf  600 600
Tsat =   0.11 W / K
278 293
1800
s g  2.6 
500
24. Ans: (a)
sg = 6.2 kJ/kg.K
Sol: T1 = 273+15 = 288 K ,
T2 = 288.2 K
18. Ans: (b)
dQ
Sol: T = 273 + 30 = 303 K (S2 – S1) –   Sgen
T
 = 55 106 W
dQ
Here dQ = 0
As heat is removed at constant temperature,
T 
dQ  55  S2–S1 = dS = mC p ln 2 
dS = = = 0.18 MW/K  T1 
T 303
 288.2 
= 8  4200  ln  = 23 W/K
 288 
19. Ans: (c)
25. Ans: 6.68 kJ/K W = Q1 = T1dS  

Sol: H2O T1 = 0C = 273K W = 623 1.44 0.518 = 464.7 kJ

H2O T2 = 164.97C = 437.97K (b) Given
 Power = 20 kW
Steam T3 = 164.97C=437.97K
kg   kJ 
 s 
Power (kW )  m   W 
T2
 sec   kg 
dQ  T2 
(dS)1  
T1
T
 mCpw ln  
 T1 
m
 s  0.043kg / sec
 0.043  3600 kg/hr
 437.97 
= 1  ( 4.187 ) ln    s  154.8 kg / hr
m
 273 
(dS)1 = 1.97 kJ/kg.K
27. Ans: –16.01 J/K
Q m  L.H 1  (2066.3)
(dS)2 =   Sol: Water T1 = 20C = 293 K
T T 437.97
 (dS)2 = 4.71 kJ/kg.K 
Water T2 = 0C = 273 K
(dS)Universe = (dS)1 + (dS)2

 (dS) Universe  6.68 kJ/kg.K
Ice T2 = 0C=273K

26. Ice T3 = –10oC = 263K
Sol: m = 10 g, CP = 4.2 J/gK
(a): Given Carnot cycle T2  273 
dS1  mC P n  10  4.2  n 
ds = 1.44 kJ/kgK T1  293 
T1=623K  2.96 J / K
Q1  m i L ice  10  335
W dS 2    12.27 J / K
E T2 273
Q2 T3  263 
dS3  mC Pice n  10  2.1n 
T2=300K T2  273 
 0.78J
T  T2 623  300
 Carnot  1 = = 0.518 (dS)system= dS1+dS2+dS3
T1 623
= 2.9612.270.78
W
= = 16.01 J/K
Q1

28. 29.
Sol: Sol: Case - 1:
I=10A Tatm= 27C Copper block
R = 30 m = 600 g, CP= 150 J/k, T1 = 100C
t=1sec
Lake Temperature = 8C = T2
3
mw = 10 gm, Cpw = 0.9  10 Find: (dS)Universe
With work transfer there is no entropy If CP is in J/K means mass is included and it
change so entropy change of resistor is equal is known as heat capacity.)
to zero. T2  281 
(dS) Cu block = mCP ln = 150 ln  
dSRe sister 0 T1  373 
Q I 2 Rt 10 2  30  1  (dS) Cu block  42.48J / K
dssurrounding     10 J / K
Tatm Tatm 300
dSH O  mCP ( T2  T1 )
(dS)universe = (dS)resistor +(dS)surrounding 2
T2
= 10 J/K (373  281)
 150  49.11J / K
When it is insulated: 281
Tatm=300K  (dS) Universe  (dS) Cu block  (dS) H 2 0
I=10A
R = 30 =  42.48 + 49.11
t=1sec
(dS)Universe = 6.626 J/K
2
Heat gained by wire = work done = I Rt
mw Cpw (T2Tatm) = I2Rt Case – 2 :
10  103(0.9103)(T2 300) = 102301 Same block, T2 = 8C = 281 K
As it is dropped from certain height, so there
T2 = 633 K
is change in potential energy. Work is done
dQ T
(dS)wire = = mwireCPwire  n 2 by the block
T T1
Change in entropy due to work interaction = 0
    633 
 10  10 3  0.9  10 3  n   (dS)block = 0
 300  Q mgh 0.6  9.81  100
(dS) H 2O   
 6.720 J / K T2 T2 281
(dS)surrounding = 0  2.09J / K
(dS)universe = 6.720 + 0 = 6.72 J/K  (dS) Uni  2.09 J / K

Case - 3 dQ T1 dT
dSH O = T21
T
T
=  m w CP w
T
Now by joining two blocks find (dS)uni 2 T2
T1 = 100C, T2 = 0C T 
= mCP ln  1 
Heat lost by block -1 = Heat gained by  T2 
block -2 Q  m w C Pw  (T1  T2 )
(dS)Reservoir =  =
C(T1 Tf) = C(Tf  T2) T1 T1
T1  T2 (dS) Universe  (dS) H 2O  (dS) surr
Tf   50 o C
2
  T   T  T2 
T  = mwCPw ln 1    1 
 ( dS )block 1  C ln f  T T
 T1    2   1 
 50  273    373   373  273 

 150n    21.58 J / K = 1(4.187)  ln  
 373    273   373 
(dS)universe = 0.183 kJ/kg.K
T 
 dSBlock 2  C n  f 
 T2  (b)
 50  273 
150 ln    25.22 J / K T1 =323K T1  373K
 273 
 (dS) Uni  21.58  25.22
Q
 (dS) Uni  3.64 J / K
(dS)Universe > 0 T2 =273 K T2  323K
So it is an irreversible process.
By providing one more reservoir at 323 K
30. 1st stage,(dS)universe,1st
Sol:  T  T  T2 
 (ds) universe1  m w C Pw ln 1   1 
(a)  T2  T1 
Reservoir
T1 =373 K
  323   323  273
(dS) univ,1st stage 1 4.18 ln  
  273   323 
Q= mwCPw(T1T2)
= 0.056 kJ/kg.K
H2O  (ds) univ, 2 nd stage
T2 =273 K   373   373  323 
 1  4187 ln  
m=1kg water   323   373 
= 0.041 kJ/kg.K
(dS)universe  dSuniv , 2 nd stage  dSuniv ,1st stage 7

Q = 21,700(1200 500) + (12002 5002)
2
= 0.041+ 0.056 = 0.097 kJ/kgK
= 19355 J
(dS)uni = 0.097 kJ/kg.K
 1200 
dS = 21700    71200  500
 500 
(c) From above problem, when compared to singe
= 2897.6716 J/K
stage heating in a two stage heating entropy is
halved. As the no. of stages of heating goes
32.
on increasing, entropy change of universe are
Sol:
decreasing. This way we can heat the fluid systemT1 T0
with almost no change in entropy of universe.

Q1
E W
31.
Q2 = Q1–W
Sol: Given CP = a + bT.
sinkT0
2 T2 T2
Q   dQ   mCpdT   m(a  bT) dT

1 T1 T1 For maximum work done condition the
T2 engine has to be reversible and for the
=  ma dT  mbT dT
T1
condition of reversibility entropy change of
universe is zero.
b
Q = a{T2 –T1 }+ T22  T12   T0
2 dSsystem   dQ
S2 T2 T
dT T1
S dS  T mC P T T0
C v dT  T0 
T T  C  n  
1 1
v
T2
dT  T1 
 dS  (S 2  S1 )   ma  bT 
1
T1
T dSsurrounding  Q1  W  C v T1  T0   W
T0 T0
T 
 (S2-S1)= am ln  2   bmT2  T1  (dS)univ = (dS)system +(dS)sink = 0
 T1 
 T  C (T  T0 )  W
CP = a + bT C v n 0   v 1 0
 T1  T0
25.2103 = a + b500 ……….. (1)
T 
30.1  103 = a + b 1200 ……….. (2) W  C v (T1  T0 )  T0 C v n 0 
 T1 
By solving   T 
a = 21700, b=7 = C v  T1  T0   T0 n  0  
  T1  
33. Ans: (c) Qs = Area of semicircle OAB + Area of

Sol: rectangle OBQP
2000 K

 300  d
QH  4  450  d
2
600 kW
= (37.5  + 450)d
QH–600
Wnet
300 K th 
Qs
 T  TL  75d
  41.5 %
Woutput   H   Q H 37.5  450d
 TH 
 2000  300 
   Q H  600 35.
 2000 
Sol: Net work, Wnet = Area of ABC
QH = 705.89
1
Entropy change of working fluid during heat   400  5  1
2
705.89
addition process = = 0.353 kW/K = 800 kJ
2000
Heat supplied,
Qs = Area of rectangle enclosed by line BC
34. Ans: (b)
= 800  (5 – 1) = 3200 kJ
Sol:
T (K) Wnet 800
A    25 %
600 Qs 3200
O B
300
C
P Q S (kJ/K)
d
Wnet = Area of cycle OABC


  300  d  75d
4
Heat supplied,

05. Ans: 11.2 kJ, 5.25 kJ

Sol:
Chapter- 6 1000 kJ = Q
Availability T1 = 675 1000kJ
T2 = 625
01. Ans: (b)
T02 = 338
Sol: Whenever certain quantity of heat transferred
T01 = 288
from a system available energy decrease
02. Ans: (d)  T   288 

AE  Q1  0   1001   = 57.33 kJ
Sol: Irreversibility is zero in the case of  T  675 
Reversible process  T   338 
AE I  Q1  02   1001   = 45.92 kJ
 T2   625 
03. Ans: (b)
Loss of available energy = 57.33 – 45.92
= 11.41 kJ
04. Ans: 26.77 kJ
Sol: T1 = 675
Tm1
T T2 = 625
835 500kJ T02 = 338

Tm2
T01 = 288
720
T1  T2 675  625
280 Tm1    650K
2 2
S
T01  T02 288  338
Loss in A.E = T0 Sgen Tm 2   = 313 K
2 2
Q Q  T 
= 280    AE   Q1  m 2 
 T2 T1   Tm1 
 500 500   333 
= 280    1001 
 720 835   =51.84 kJ
 650 
Loss in A.E = 26.77 kJ Loss in AE = AEI – AEII
= 57.33 – 51.84 = 5.49kJ

06. Ans: 5743 kJ 1400 P2


Sol: Given Ideal gas , n = 1 k mol 448 298
P1 = 1 MPa, P2 = 0.1 MPa , P2 = 931.25 kPa
T1 = 300 K Tf = T1 Non flow process:
T = constant  isothermal process Availability at state I
For isothermal process, AE1 = (u1 – u0) – T0 (s1–s0)
p   T P 
s2– s1 = mR ln  1   C v T1  T0   T0  C p ln 1  R ln 1 
 p2   T0 P0 
p  = 0.718 (448 – 298) – 298

= n R ln  1 
 p2   448 1400 
1.005 ln  0.287 ln 
 298 100 
For Non-flow process
= 211.3 kJ/kg
Wmax = (u1– u2) –T0(s1–s2)
Availability at state 2
Wmax = –T0(s1– s2) ( T = constant)
AEII = (u2 – u0) – T0 (s2–s0)
p 
Wmax = T0 n R ln  1  = T0(s1 s2)  T P 
 p2   C v T2  T0   T0  c p ln 2  R ln 2 
 T0 P0 
= T0(s2 s1)
= 0.718 (298 – 298) – 298
 1 
= 300 (1) (8.314) ln    298 931.15 
 0.1  1.005 ln  0.287 ln 
 298 100 
Wmax = 5743 kJ
= 190.82 kJ
Loss in AE = 20.47 kJ/kg
07. Ans: 222.7 kJ
Total Irreversibility
Sol: P1 = 1.4 MPa =1400 kPa
I = m  loss in AE = 222.7 kJ
T1 = 175 + 273 = 448 K; V = 1 m3
P1V 1400  1
m  = 10.88 kg 08.
RT1 0.287  448
Sol:
T2 = 25C = 298 K T1 =1273 K
T0 = 25C = 298 K Q1
V = constant
E W
P1 P2

T1 T2 Q1 –W
T2 =298 K

Maximum work obtained if reaction products 09. Ans: 25.83 kJ

could be directly used in heat engine. Sol: Loss in available Energy in pipe
Maximum work (A.E1) = Q– T0dS  p 
(E)lost = mRT0  
  T   p1 
A.E1 = mCp  (T1  T2 )  T0 ln  1  
  T2    0.1p1 
= 3  0.287  300  

5000   1273    p1 
3600 (1273  298)  298ln  298  
   = 3  0.287 300 (0.1)
A.E1 = 753.18 kW (E)Lost = 25.83 kJ
Now as per given
Heat gained by air = Heat lost by gas 10. Ans: 7.04 %
 g C Pg T g

m a Cpa(T)a = m Sol:
5000

m a  1(300 – 25) = 11273  298
3600
 4oC
m a = 4.92 kg /sec o
25 C
Resistance
T3 =573 K
heater
Q=54000 kJ/h
Q1
E W Second law efficiency,

Wrev Cop act
Q1 –W  II  or
Wact Cop rev
T2 =298 K
TH 298
Cop rev  
TH  TL 21
Now it is done by diffusion process
(Cop)act = 14.19
 T 
 a C Pa T3  T2   T0 ln 3
AE2 = m  Cop act 
Heating effect
  T2  Work input
 573 
= 4.92(1)[(573298)(298ln   )]
 298  For resistance heater, the entire work in
AE2 = 394.7 kW heating is lost as heat
Loss in A.E = AE1  AE2 = 753.18 – 394.7 54000
 COP act 
Loss in A.E = 358.48 kW 54000

(COP)act = 1
1
 II  Chapter- 7
14.19
Properties of Pure Substance
II = 7.04 %
11. Ans: 0.962 01. Ans: (d)

actual n 1
Sol: II  T P  n
reversible Sol: 2   2 
T1  P1 
actual 
1000  20  300  20  0.6734
1000  20
02. Ans: (b)
 reversible 
1000  300  0.7
1000
03.
0.6734
 II   0.962 Sol: Given Non flow process & adiabatic system
0.7
m = 1kg at P1 = 700 kPa, T1 = 3000 C,
v1= 0.371 m3/kg , h1 = 3059 kJ/kg
Due to Paddle work
T2 = 400C, v2 = 0.44m3/kg,
P2 = 700 kPa, h2 = 3269 kJ/kg
At P1 = 700 kPa from pressure Table
Tsat = 164.950C
 T1 > Tsat so it is in super heated state.
u 1  h 1  P1 v1  3059  700  0.371
= 2799.3 kJ/kg
u 2  h 2  P2 v 2  3269  700  0.44
= 2961 kJ/kg
It is a non flow process
P=C
1 W2  P(v 2  v1 )  7000.44 - 0.371
Ws = 1W2 = 48.3kJ/kg
For non flow process
u1  Q  u 2  W

W= WS+WP = Q + (u1 – u2) 05. Ans: (d)

Wp = Q + (u1 – u2) – WS Sol: At P = 1 atm, hfg = 2256.5 kJ/kg
= 0 + (2800 – 2961) – 48.3  w  h fg
m 0.5  2256.5
Power = =
= –209.3 kJ/kg time 18  60
= 1.05 kW
04.
Sol: Given Non flow constant volume process 06. Ans: (a)
P1 = 1.5MPa x1 = 0.9 Sol:
3 T
V = 0.03m P2 = 500kPa 8MPa 1
v1  x 1 v g  0.9  0.132  0.1188 m /kg 3

0.1MPa
2
h 1  h f  x 1 h fg  845  0.9  1947  2597.3kJ/kg
u1 = h1 – P1v1 = 2597.3–(15000.1188) s
 = 3 kg/sec
m
u1= 2419.1 kJ/kg , V = 0.03 m3
By applying steady flow energy equation to
V 0.03
(i) Mass of wet steam =   0.253 kg turbine
v1 0.1188
 = m
 h1 + Q
m 
 2h 2 + W
V = C (Rigid vessel)
 = 0 (For adiabatic)
Q
v1 = v2 = x2vg2
0.1188 = x2(0.375)  =m
W  (h 1  h 2 )
(ii) x2 = 0.317 At 8 MPa & 5000 C, h1 = 3399.5 kJ/kg
h2  h f 2  xh fg 2  640  0.317  2109 At 0.1 MPa, h2 = h g 2 = 2675 kJ/kg
h2 = 1308.55 kJ/kg  = 3(3399.5 2675) = 2173.5 kW
W
u2 =h2 – P2v2 = 1308.55 – 5000.1188
= 1249.15 kJ/kg 07. Ans: (a)
(iii) H = m(h2 – h1) = –1288.750.253 Sol: At 200 kPa, vf = 0.001061 m3/kg,
= –326.054 kJ vg = 0.8857 m3/kg
U = m(u2–u1) =0.253(1249.15–2419.1) v = 300 m3, P = 200 kPa
U = –295.997 kJ mf + mv = m
For constant volume dV = 0, 1W2  0 vf + vv = v
(iv) 1 Q 2  mu 2  u1  = U (0.25m0.001061)+(0.75m0.8857) = 300
U = –295.997 kJ m = 451.44 kg

08. Ans: (d) 10.

Sol: At P = 10 MPa, Tsat = 311C Sol:
T = 500C h
P1
T > Tsat  superheated state

P2
1
At 10 MPa and 5000C 2
3
v = 0.032811 m /kg
V 3
Mass =  = 91.43 kg
v 0.032811 s
P1 = 3 MPa = 30 bar,
09. Ans: (a) h f1 = 1008.41 kJ/kg, h fg = 1795.7 kJ/kg
Sol: P2 = 0.1 MPa, T2 = 1200C
T T1= 500C From steam tables
4MPa dQ At P2 = 0.1 MPa,
 25kW
dt
0.5MPa T2= 250C Tsat =99.610C and T2 = 1000C,
T2 > Tsat ( superheated)
s h = 2676.2 kJ/kg
From tables
At P2 = 0.1 MPa and T2 = 1500C
h1 = 3446 kJ/kg
h = 2776.4 kJ/kg
h2 = 2961 kJ/kg
m  1350 kg / hr At P2 = 0.1 MPa and T2 = 1200C,
Applying first law h2 = ?
dQ dW 1500C  2776.6 kJ/kg
 h1 
m m
 h2 
dt dt 1000C  2675.8 kJ/kg
dW dQ
 h1  h 2  
m dT = 500C  dh = 100.8 kJ/kg
dt dt
dT = 300C  x = 60.48 kJ/kg
1350
= 3446  2961  25 h2 = 2716.12 kJ/kg = h1
3600
(For throttling process)
= 156.875 kW
 If dryness fraction is x
 h1 = h f1 + xh fg1
1008.41+ x(1795.7) = 2716.12
 x = 0.95
11. mv
=x=  0.8488
Sol: Given separating & throttling calorimeter m total
P1 = 15 bar = P2 , m1 = 0.55 kg As quality of steam at boiler is < 90% so
0
T1 = 198.3 C = T2 , m2 = 4.2 kg only throttling calorimeter can not be used.
0
P3 = 1 bar, T3 = 120 C
 h3 = 2716.3 kJ/kg 12.
(1)
Sol:
(1) 1.25 bar 1 bar (2)
CV (2) TV (3)
1300C 1300C
m2=4.2kg
mw=0.55 kg 2 kW capacity
From steam tables
h
P 1 = P2 At 1 bar, 1500 C, h = 2675.8 kJ/kg
0
At 1 bar, 100 C, h = 2776.6 kJ/kg
P3
2
3
A 1 bar, 1300 C, h2 =?
1
P2 = 100 kPa, Tsat = 99.61C
T2 >Tsat (Superheated state)
100C 2776.6 kJ/kg
s
1300C  h3 = ?
m2 150C 2675.8 kJ/kg
(Dryness fraction)separator, x1 =
m1  m 2
dT = 50C 100.8 kJ/kg
4.2 dT =20C  x
=  0.88
4.2  0.55
100.8  20
For throttling x=  40.32kJ / kg
50
h2 = h3
h2 = 2776.6 – 40.32
h f 2  x 2 h fg 2  h3 h2 = 2736.28 kJ/kg
844.55 + x2 (1946.4) = 2716.2  3.4 kg 3.4
m   0.0113 kg/s
x2 = 0.9616 5 min 300
Mass of vapour = mv= x2m2 = 0.964.2 By steady flow energy equation
= 4.032 kg  m

 h1  Q
m  h2  W
(Dryness fraction)Boiler


Q
h1  h 2 
m Chapter- 8
2 Air Cycles
 2736.28   2559.28 kJ/kg
0.0113
h 1  h f1  xh fg1  444.36  x  2240.6 01. Ans: (a)
x = 0.9439 Sol: 1–2  Isothermal
31  Adiabatic process
13. Ans: (a)
0.025 m3 02. Ans: (d)
Sol: v1 = specific volume = = 0.0025
10 kg. Sol: For Maximum specific output in case of Otto
v1  v c (critical volume ) after heating at cycle, the temperature of working fluid at the
constant volume it goes into liquid region end of compression and expansion should be
hence level of liquid in the vessel rises. equal
P 3
3
T Qin
v=c exp T2 = T4
2
4
4
2
v =c Qout
comp
1 1
S
V
03. Ans: (c)
04. Ans: (c)

Sol: Otto cycle
05. Ans: (c)

Sol: Carnot  Stirling
(If 100% effectiveness of heat exchanger is
given then carnot efficiency equals to stirling
efficiency)

06. Ans: (d)

T
Sol: For equal rk & heat rejected 3
2772.54K
 otto   Dual   Diesel
1206.8K
2 4
689.2K
07. Ans: (a) and (d)
Sol: For same maximum pressure in Otto & T1 = 300K
1
Diesel cycle
S
 Diesel   Otto
1  11.4
And rk Diesel  rk Otto P  
 100  1.4
T2  T1  1   300   
 P2   1837.9 
08. Ans: (c) = 689.2K
QS = Cv (T3 – T2) = 1500 kJ/kg
09.  0.72  (T3 – 689.21) = 1500
Sol: Qs = 1500 kJ/kg, P1=100 kPa, T3 = 2772.54 K
T1 = 27C = 300 K Process 2  3
V1 8 V4 P2 P3
rk = 8 =    
V2 1 V3 T2 T3
(Cv)air = 0.72 kJ/kgK T3 2772.54

 P3  P2  = 1837.9 
T2 689.2
For process 1- 2
P3 = 7393.57 kPa
P1 V1  P2 V2 Process 3  4

V   P3 V3 = P4 V4
 P2  P1  1  = 100  81.4
 V2  V 

1
1.4
 P4 = P3   3   7393.47   
= 1837.9 kPa  V4  8
P  P4 = 402.2kPa
3
7393.57 kPa T3 V3 1  T4 V4 1
 T4 = 1206.8K
1837.9 kPa
2 1 1
4  Otto  1  1 
T1 = 100 kPa
s=c 402.2 kPa rk   1 1.4 1
8
1 W
 Otto = 0.56 = W = 847 kJ/kg
V 1500
10. Ans: (c) 13.

Sol: Vc = 0.2 Vs Sol:
P
rk = Compression ratio 3
2
VS  VC VS  0.2VS s=c
=  6
VC 0.2V
 1
4
1.41
1 1 s=c
th  1    1  
 rk  6 1
V
= 0.5116 or 51.16%
V1
rk   15  V1 = 15V2
11. V2
Sol: VC = 2000 CC 6.5
 2 
V3  V2  V1  V2  = 6.5 15V2  V2 
VS  D L   152  45  7948.125CC 100 100
4 4
= 0.91 V2
Compression Ratio
V3 = 0.91V2+V2 = 1.91V2
V  VC 7948.125  2000
rk  S  V3
VC 2000 rc   1.91
V2
= 4.974
1
 1
1 rc  1
th  1     th  1   1
.
  rk rc  1
 rk 
 1 
1.41
1  1.911.4  1 
= 1    0.4376 or 47.36 %  1 .   60.8%
 4.974  1.4  15 0.4  1.91  1 
12. Ans: (a) 14. Ans: (c)

V1 2 .5 Sol: V1 = 3L,
Sol: rk    10 ,
V2 0.25
V2 = 0.15L
T1 = 20C = 293K
Compression ratio
5
He    V1 3
3 rk    20
V2 0.15
5
1
T2  293  10 3
 1370.46 K V3 0.30
rc   2
T3  T2 = 700C V2 0.15
T3 = 700 + 1097.46 = 1797.46C

1 1 r 1 16. Ans: 235.5 kPa

 Diesel  1    1  c
 rk rc  1 Sol: D1 = 500 – 200 = 300 kPa
1. 4
D2 = 0.03 – 0.01 = 0.02 m3
1 1 2 1
=1     0.6467 
1.4 20 1.41 2  1 1W2 =  D1  D 2
4
= 64.67% 1V2 = V2 – V1 = 0.03 – 0.01 = 0.02 m3

 D1  D 2
15. Ans: 63.44 % work done W
mep  1 2  4
Sol: swept volume 1 V2 V1  V2 
P 
2 3 P2 = P3 = 48.5 bar  300  0.02
 4
0.02
4 = 75  = 75  3.14 = 235.5 kPa
P1 = 1 bar
1
17. Ans: (b)
VV Sol: Swept volume = Vs = 0.03 m3
Compression ratio = rk  1
V2 work kW  1000

work     30 kJ
Nrps  2000
net
V4 V1
Expansion ratio = rE =   10 60
V3 V3
Wnet kJ  30
mep    1000kPa  1MPa
Vs m 3  0.03

P1V1  P2 V 2

1 1
V  P    48.5 1.4
rk  1   2      16 18. Ans: (b)
V2  P1   1 
1 1
V r 16 Sol: v1    0.833 m 3 / kg
Fuel cut off ratio = rC  3  k  = 1.6 1 1.2
V2 rE 10
V1 2.2
1  rC  1 rk    8.46
th  1   1   V2 0.26
.rk  rC  1 
0.834
V2   0.098m 3 / kg
1 1.61.4  1 8.46
1
1.4161.41  1.6  1  Wnet 440
mep    598.8 kPa
1 1.9309  1 V1  V2 0.833  0.098
1  0.6344
1.4  3.0314  1.6  1 

19. RT2 0.287  626.16 m3

v2    0.1186
1
 1
1
0.4
P2 1515.4 kg
Sol:   0.54  1     1   
 rk   rk   kJ 
Wnet  
P
3 mep   kg   958.77
v1  v 2  m  0.82656  0.1186

3
2  kg 
4
958.77
=  1354.27 kPa
1 0.70796
V
0.4 20.
1
   0.46 Sol:
 rk  L
cos 
2 TDC
1
rk   6.97
0.462.5 L=2r L/2
Le
P1 = 1 bar
40
T1 = 273 + 15 = 288 K EVO
P3 = 75 bar BDC
P2 = P1rk = 1  (6.97)1.4 L = 14 cm ,  = 40 , D = 10 cm

= 15.154 bar Effective stroke length
T2 = T1 rk–1 = 288(6.97) 1.4–1
= 626.16 K L
Le  L / 2  cos 
P3 75 2
T3 = T2   626.16   3099K
P2 15.154 = 7+7cos 40 = 12.36 cm
Heat supplied = Cv  (T3–T2)
Effective stroke volume
= 0.718(3099–626.16)
 2 
Qs = 1775.5 kJ/kg Vs eff D L e   102  12.36  970.75cm3
4 4
Work done = th  Qs VC = 157 cm 3
W = 0.54  1775.5 = 958.77 kJ/kg Vs eff  VC 970.75  157

rk effective    7.18
Heat rejected = QS – W = 1775.5 – 958.77 VC 157
= 816.73 kJ/kg  1 0.4
1   1 
RT1 0.287  288 m3  th  1     1  
v1    0.82656  rk   7.18 
P1 100 kg
= 0.54 or 54%

21. Volume corresponding to fuel cutoff

Sol:  2 
Lf V3  V2  D L f   10 2  0.42
4 4
TDC
FVC = 32.98 cc
Le 20 L/2 V3  40.2 = 32.98.

L V3 = 73.18
60 V3 73.18
rc    1.82
EPC
V2 40.2
BDC 1 rc  1
 th  1   1
.
rk rc  1
D = 10 cm , L = 14 cm
1 1.821.4  1
 1 
1.4  21.51 1.82  1
0.4
P FVO FVC
2 3
= 66.5%
4 22.
p mi L A N n
1 Sol: IP 
V 120,000
Ad
kLA Nn
L L Ld
Le   cos  = 7+7cos 60 = 10.5 cm 
2 2 120000
Ad 
 25  106  L  0.15  216  1
2
L L
Lf   cos 1 0 .1 L 4
2 2 4
120000
 7  7 cos 20 0 = 0.42 cm
Ad = 503 mm2
 2 
Vs eff  D L e   10 2  10.5
4 4
 824.6cm 3
VC = 40.2 cm3
Vs eff  VC
rk effective   21.51
VC

04. Ans: (c)

Chapter- 9 Sol: Case (A): Moist air is adiabatically saturated
Psychrometry Case (B): Moist air is isobarically saturated
isobaric
01. Ans: (b) 
W.B.T
Sol:  adiabatic
 Case-(A): Adiabatically saturated  W.B.T

2 1
Case-(B): isobarically saturated  D.P.T
DBT
05. Ans (b)
During sensible cooling of air Sol: For dehumidification, the coil temperature
DBT decreases, WBT decreases, h decreases should be less than the dew point
and  = constant, temperature of the incoming air.
DPT = constant, R.H increases
06. Ans: (d)
02. Ans: (c) Sol:
A
Sol: B 
2 C 
 
1 
BC
DBT By pass factor =
AC
During adiabatic saturation process DBT
decreases, WBT = constant, h = constant, 07. Ans: (b)
specific humidity () increases, DPT
increases, relative humidity increases. 08. Ans: (d)
Sol:
1  2
03. Ans: (b) 
Sol: When warm saturated air is cooled, excess
moisture condenses but relative humidity During chemical dehumidification
remains unchanged Enthalpy & W.B.T remains constant, specific
humidity decreases, dew point temperature
decreases and relative humidity decreases.

09. Ans: (c) 15. Ans: (c)

Sol: L.H.L = 0.25 S.H.L
10. Ans: (a) SHL
Sol: Tcoil is greater than dew point temperature but S.H.F =
SHL  LHL
less than dry bulb temperature hence it is S.H.L
S.H.F =  0.8
sensible cooling. 1.25  S.H.L
11. Ans: (c) 16. Ans: (d)

Sol: Temperature of water spray is greater than Sol: Tsat = 25C   = 100%
dew point temperature hence it is a heating Psat = 3.1698 kPa
process and water molecules are mixing with Ptotal = 100 kPa
air hence it is humidification. PV
  1  PV  Psat  3.1698 kPa
Psat
12. Ans: (b) PV 3.1698
Sol: Heat is absorbed so it is absorption or   0.622  0.622 
Patm  PV 100  3.1698
chemical process in which WBT remains
kg Vap
constant & DBT increases.  0.0204 
kg dry air
mv
13. Ans: (a) =
ma
 P  Psat  Pb  Ps
Sol:      atm    m V  100  0.0204  2.04 kg
 Patm  Pv  Pb  Pv
17. Ans: (c)

14. Ans: (a)
m v 0 .6 kg of Vapour
Sol: Sol:     0.012
ma 50 kg of dry air
T1 T2 Tcoil Tsat  25 0 C ,

Psat = 3.1698 kPa
20oC 40oC 45oC

Pv
  0.622  0.012
DBT 95  Pv
Tcoil  T2 45  40 PV = 1.798 kPa
By pass factor = 
Tcoil  T1 45  20 Pv 1.798
   0.567  56.7%
BPF = 0.2 Psat 3.1698

18. Ans: (c) Psat = 7.38 kPa

Sol: Tsat = 30C  Psat = 4.2469 kPa Pv P
  0.5   v
PV Psat 7.38
Patm  90 kPa ,    75%
Psat Pv = 3.692
PV  0.75  4.2469  3.185 kPa Pv
  0.622
Patm  Pv
Pa = Patm – Pv
Pair  86.815 kPa 3.692
 0.622 
101  3.692
Pa V 86.815  40
ma    39.93 kg kgVap
R a T 0.287  303   0.0235
kg da
As gas is compressed partial pressure
19.
increases in the same ratio,
Sol: Tsat = 30C
5.05
Patm = 100 kPa Pv  3.692 
1.01
Psat = 4 kPa At 150oC,
Pv (Patm  Psat ) PV 100  4 Psat = 475.8 kPa
  0.24  
Psat Patm  Pv  4100  Pv 
Pv 18.46
   100 = 3.9 %
400  0.24 – 0.24 Pv = 100 Pv – 4Pv Psat 475.8
96.24 Pv = 400  0.24
400  0.24 21. Ans: 1.125 kPa
Pv =  0.9975 kPa
96.24 Sol: P1 = 100 kPa
Relative humidity P2 = 500 kPa
Pv 0.9975 DBT = 35C
   0.2493 or 24.93%
Psat 4
PVS = 5.628 kPa
Pv PVS 5.628
 = 0.622 S  0.622  = 0.622 
Patm  Pv P2  PVS 500  5.628
0.9975 kg.vap = 7.08103 kg vapour/kg dry air

= 0.622   0.00627
100  0.9975 kg.d.a 2 = s3 = 7.08103
( pressure remains constant in after cooler)
20. Moisture is same throughout the process i.e.,
Sol: Patm = 101 kPa in compressor no moisture is removed or
o
Tsat = 40 C added and in after cooler, the pressure is

constant so the moisture content will not Cooling load on coil h1

change. 
 C P a T1  0  1 h fg 00 C  C PV T1  0 
PV  1.005  30  0  0.0232500  1.8830  0
1  0.622 
P1  PV = 88.94 kJ/kg of dry air
7.08  10 3

PV 
h 2  C Pa T2  0   2 h fg 0 0 C  C P V T2  0 
0.622 100  PV   1.00515  0  0.0152500  1.8815  0
 PV = 1.125 kPa = 52.99 kJ/kg of dry air
Total heat load = ma (h2h1)
22. Ans: (d) = 0.7(52.9988.94) = 25 kW
Sol: Tsat = 20C, Psat = 2.339 kPa
 = 0.5 24. Ans: (a)
PV Sol:
  PV  0.5  2.339  1.169 kPa 2
Psat
Corresponding to partial pressure of vapor 1
whatever the saturation temperature is the
temperature at which the water vapor present 150C 250C
in air starts condensing and this beginning of Ptotal = 90 kPa, Tsat = 15C, Psat = 1.7057 kPa
this condensation is called as dew point PV1
1   0.75
temperature. Psat1
At 5C  0.8725 PV1 = 1.278 kPa
T2 - ?  P2 = 1.169 PV1 1.278
1  0.622   0.622 
10C 1.2281 Patm  PV1 90  1.278
1.2281  0.8725 10  5 kg of vapour

  0.0089
1.169  0.8725 T2  5 kg of dry air
T2 = 9.16 C Tsat = 25C, Psat = 3.1698 kPa,  = 0.75

PV 2
23. Ans: (d)   PV 2  2.377 kPa
Psat 2
Sol: 1
1=0.023 Pv 2
 2  0.622 
Patm  PV2
2
2=0.015 2.377 kg of Vap
 0.622   0.0168
90  2.377 kg of dry air
150C 300C
Mass of vapour added , kg of vapour

 0.0096
 a 2  1 
v m
m kg of dry air
 40.0168  0.0089  RH=65%

 0.03 kg of vapor / sec
2
25.
Sol: Psat = 3.166 kPa,
1
Tsat = 25C = 298 K
20C 45C
P P
 = 0.74 = v  v
Psat 3.166 T2 = 45C, 2 = 100 %
Pv = 0.74  3.166 = 2.34 kPa, PV2  Psat  9.557 kPa
0
At 2.34 kPa , Tsat = 20 C = 293 K = DPT
9.557
Corresponding to saturation temperature  2  0.622 
100  9.557
whatever the saturation pressure, the water kg of vapour
vapor starts condensing.  0.066
kg of dry air
dT = 298 293 = 5 K
6.5 K drops in temperature = 1000 m
1 2
5
5 K drop temperature =  1000 T1 = 20C T2 = 45C
6.5 1 = 65% 2 = 100%
= 769 m m =1kg
t=40 min
=2400sec
26.
Sol: At T1 = 20C
Mass of water absorbed by air
Psat = 2.337 kPa, 1 = 0.65  a   2  1 
w m
m
PV1
1   PV1  1Psat  0.65  2.337 1
Psat  a 0.066  0.0096
m
2400
= 1.52 kPa = 0.0073 kg/sec
PV1  a = 0.0073  3600 = 26.6 kg/hr
m
1  0.622
Patm  PV1
1.524
 0.622 
100  1.524

27. Ans: 0.02

Sol: m  m a  m v1 Chapter- 10
Rankine Cycle
m m
 1  v1
ma ma
01. Ans: (d)
m
 1  1 Sol: Assertion is false and Reason is true
ma
Steam rate or specific steam consumption
10.1
 1.01 1 kg 3600 kg
ma = 
WT  WC kW sec WT  WP kW.hr
10.1
a=
m  10 kg/sec For Carnot cycle as pump work is very high
1.01
so specific steam consumption is very high.
 v1  1  m a  0.01 10  0.1 kg / sec
m
For Carnot cycle the mean temperature heat
 v 2 = 0.1 kg/sec
m addition is greater than Rankine cycle,
Total mass of vapour after mixing so C > R
m
v m
 v1  m
 v2
02. Ans: (d)
 0 .1  0 .1
 0.2 kg / sec 03. Ans: (d)
Sol: Process ABCDE is heat addition process in
Specific humidity of mixture boiler.
 v 0.2 kg / sec
m
 
 a 10 kg / sec
m 04. Ans: (b)
= 0.02 kgvap/kgd.a Sol: The expansion process in turbine like 1-2 is
carried out in modified Rankine cycle.
05. Ans: (c)

Sol: Due to reheating in Rankine cycle :
1 5
T
2
4
3 2 5
s
(i) Work output of turbine increases as 0.15

5000  200
expansion is carried in two stages. 0.75 = 60
W(without reheat) = h1 – h2 Pi
W(with reheat) = (h1 – h2) + (h5 – h5) Pi = 16 kW

(ii) Turbine efficiency increases as mean
temperature of heat addition increases. 08. Ans: 3.6
3600 3600
(iii) Specific steam consumption = Sol: Specific steam consumption =
Wnet Wnet
As Wnet increases so specific steam WT = 3103 – 2100 – 3 = 1000 kJ/kg

consumption decreases. 3600
Specific steam consumption =
1000
06. Ans: (b) = 3.6 kg/kW-hr
Sol: T 1
09.
3 Sol: At T1 = 500C and 7 MPa
2 h1 = 3410.3 kJ/kg
s1 = 6.7975 kJ/kgK
S At 10 kPa
h1 = 3514 kJ/kg h3 = h f 3 = 191.83 kJ/kg
WHP = 3 kJ/kg s3 = s f 3 = 0.6493 kJ/kgK
h2 = 613 kJ/kg,
v3 = v f 3 = 1.01  10-3 m3/kg
WLP = 1 kJ/kg
s g 2 = 8.1502 kJ/kgK
h3  h2 = WHP
h3 613 = 3 T
h3 = 616 kJ/kg
1
QS = h1 h3 = 3514 616 4 7MPa
= 2898 kJ/kg
07. Ans: (d) 3 10kPa 2
PW vdp s
Sol:  = 
Power input Power input

Process (1-2) 3600

Heat rate =  9254 kJ/kW-hr
Q = 0, s = c  th
kJ  s  Wnet = 30  103
Power = m
s1 = s2 = 6.7975 kJ/kg K < 8.1502
kgK
30  10 3
So point 2 is in wet state  s=
m = 24.01 kg/sec
1249.35
s2 = sf2 + x2 s fg 2 Boiler capacity is mass flow rate of steam
6.7975 = 0.6493 + x2 (8.1502 – 0.6493) expressed in kg/hr
x2 = 0.82 = 24.01  3600 kg/hr
h2 = h f 2 + x2 h fg = 86436 kg/hr
2
= 191.83 + 0.82  2392.8  s (h2 – h3)

Condenser load = m
= 2153.92 kJ/kg = 24.01 (2153.92 – 191.83)
= 47109.7 kW
Process (3-4) (T)w = rise in temperature of water
s3 = s4 = 0.6393 kJ/kgK Heat gained by water = condenser load
Wp = h4 – h3 = Vf 3 (Pboil – Pcond)  w Cpw (T)w = 47109.7
m
= 1.01 10-3 (7000 – 10) 47109.7
(T)w = = 5.63C
= 7.05 kJ/kg 2000  4.186
h4 = 7.05 + 191.83 = 198.88 kJ/kg
WT = h1 – h2 = 3410.3 – 2153.92 10.
= 1256.4 kJ/kg Sol: State – 1
Heat supplied, QS = h1 – h4 P1 = 10 MPa
3410.3 – 198.88 = 3211.5 kJ/kg T1 = 5000 C
Wnet = WT – WP = 1256.4 – 7.05 h1 = 3373.7 kJ/kg
= 1249.35 kJ/kg s1 = 6.5966 kJ/kgK
Wnet 1249.35 T
Work ratio = =  0.99
WT 1256.4 1 3
5000
10MPa
Wnet 1249.35 6
th =   38.9% 1MPa 2
QS 3211.5
3600
Steam rate = = 2.8816 kg/kW-hr
Wnet 5 10kPa 4

State – 2 State – 5
P2 = 1 MPa P5 = 10 kPa
0
T2 = ? Tsat = 179.91 C , h2 = ? h5 = (hf)w = 191.83 kJ/kg
s1 = 6.5966 kJ/kg = s2 s5 = s f 5 = 0.6493 kJ/kg K
T  v5 = 0.0010 m3kg
s2 = s g 2 + C PVapur  ln  2 
 Tsat  State – 6
(As s2 > sg2 it is in superheated state) P6 = 1 MPa
s2 = 6.5966 kJ/kgK S6 = 0.6493 kJ/kg.K
 T2  Wp = v f 5 (P6 – P5)
= 6.5865 + 2.1ln  
 ( 273  179.91)  = 0.0010  (10103 10) = 9.99 kJ/kg
T2 = 455.09 K Wp = (h6 – h5)
h2 = h g 2 + C Pvapour  (T2 – Tsat) h6 = Wp + h5
= 2778.1+2.1[455.09–(273 + 179.91)] = 9.99 + 191.83 = 201.82 kJ/kg
= 2782.67 kJ/kg WT = (h1 h2) + (h3 h4)
=(3373.72782.67) + (3478.52441.03)
State – 3
= 1628.5 kJ/kg
P3 = 1 MPa
Wnet = WT WP = 1628.5  9.99
T3 = 5000 C
= 1618.51 kJ/kg
h3 = 3478.5 kJ/kg
Wnet 1618.51
s3 = 7.7622 kJ/kg K Work ratio =  = 0.99
WT 1628.5
State – 4 Heat supplied QS = (h1 h6) + (h3 h2)
P4 = 10 kPa = (3373.7201.82)+(3478.5 2782.67)
T4 = 45.81C = 3867.71 kJ/kg
h4 = ? Wnet 1618.51
s4 = s3 = 7.7622 kJ/kg K th =  = 0.418 = 41.8%
Q S 3867.71

s4 = s f 4 + x4 s g  s f
4 4

11.
= 0.6493 + x4(8.1502 0.6493)
Sol: State - 1: (super heated)
x4 = 0.94  (wet state)
P1 = 6 MPa

h4 = h f 4  x 4 h g 4  h f 4  T1 = 450C
= 191.83 + 0.94 (2584.6 – 191.83) h1 = 3301.8 kJ/kg
= 2441.03 kJ/kg s1 = 6.7193 kJ/kgK
State - 4: (saturated)
T 1
P4 = 20 kPa
h4 = h f 4 = 251.40 kJ/kg
7 6MPa
State - 5: (compressed)
6 2 P5 = 0.4 MPa
5 0.4MPa
State – 6: (saturated)
20kPa 3
4 P6 = 0.4 MPa
s h6 = h f 6 = 604.74 kJ/kg
State - 2: (wet state)
s6 = 1.7766 kJ/kg.K
P2 = 0.4MPa
State – 7: (compressed)
h2 = ?, T2 = ?
P7 = 6 MPa
s2 = 6.7193 kJ/kg
High pressure pump work
s g 2 = 6.8959 kJ/kg K
WHP = v f6 (P7 – P6)
As s2 < s g 2 this is in wet state
=1.084  103 (6  103 – 0.4  103)

s2 = s f 2  x 2 s g 2  s f 2  = 6.0704 kJ/kg
6.7193 =1.7766 + x2(6.8959 – 1.7766) h7 = h6 + WHP
x2 = 0.96 = 604.74 + 6.0704 = 610.08 kJ/kg
2

h2 = h f 2 + x2 h g  h f
2
 Low pressure pump work
= 604.74 + 0.96 (2738.6 – 604.74) WLP = v f 4 (P5 – P4)
= 2653.24 kJ/kg = 1.017  103 (0.4  103 – 20)
= 0.386 kJ/kg
State - 3: (wet state)
h5 = h4 + WLP
P3 = 20 kPa
= 251.40 + 0.386 = 251.786 kJ/kg
h3 = ?
The mass of steam m1 extracted from turbine
s2 = s3 = 6.7193 kJ/kgK
at 0.4 MPa
s g3 = 7.9085 kJ/kg K
6.7193 = 0.8320 + x3(7.9085 – 0.8320) Energy balance:
x3 = 0.83 mh2

h3 = h f3 + x3 h g3  h f3 
= 251.4 + 0.83 (2609.7 – 251.40)
1 kg (1-m)
= 2208.8 kJ/kg h6 h5

Energy in = Energy out

(1m) h5 + mh2 = 1h6 Chapter- 11
 m (h2 h5) = h6 h5 Gas Turbines
h6  h5
m=
h2  h5 01.
604.74  251.786 Sol:
  0.146 kg T 3
2653.24  251.786
WT = (h1 – h2) + (1m) (h2 – h3)
2
= (3301.8–2653.24) + (1 – 0.146) 4
 (2653.24–2208.8)
= 1028.12 kJ/kg 1
WP = WHP + WLP S
= 6.0704 + 0.386 = 6.456 kJ/kg Given

T1 = 300 K
Wnet = WT – WP = 1028.12 – 6.456
P1 = 0.1 MPa
= 1021.66 kJ/kg
Qs = h1 – h7 P2 P
 6.25  3
P1 P4
= 3301.8 – 610.07 = 2691.73 kJ/kg
W net 1021.66 T3 = 800 + 273 = 1073 K
th =  = 0.379 = 37.9%  1
Qs 2691.73 T2  P2  
 6.251.4 { = 1.4 for air}
0 .4
 
T1  P1 
12. Ans: (a) T2 = 506.4 K
Sol: At 5 MPa, 0 .4
T3  P3  1.4
    6.251.4
0 .4
Tsat = 263.9C,
T4  P4 
At 2 MPa,
1073
 6.251.4
0.4
Tsat = 212.38C
T4
263.9  212.38
Carnot   0.095
263.9  273 T4 = 635.6 K
Work done = 0.095  380 = 36.5 kW (a) Work done on the compressor
Note: Correct answer is option (a) WC = m  Cp  (T2–T1)
= 1  1.005  (506.4–300)
= 207.432 kJ/kg

(b) Work done by Turbine 1.4 1

= 300  4 1.4
= 446 K
WT = m  Cp  (T3–T4)
The isentropic efficiency of the compressor
= 1  1.005  (1073–635.6)
Ws  c C T  T1 
= 439.587 kJ/kg c =  P 2
Wactual C P T2  T1 
445.8  300
(c) Heat supplied  0.8 =
T2  300
QS = mCp  (T3–T2)
 T2 = 482.5 K
= 1  1.005  (1073 – 506.4)
QS = 569.433 kJ/kg
T2 = actual temperature at exit of
WT  WC 439.587  207.432 compressor
(d) th  
QS 569.433
= 40.77% Process 3-4: Q=0, S=C
 1
T3  P3  
02.  
T4  P4 
Sol:
T 3 T3 1148
T4  0.4
 0.4
4 4 1.4
4 1.4
2 4
2 T4 = 773 K
Wact CP T3  T4 
ηT  
1 WS C CP T3  T4 
S
T4  1148  0.851148  773
Caloric value (CV) = 42000 kJ/kg T4  829K
T = 0.85 , c = 0.8
WT = CP(T3 – T4 ) = 1.0051148  829 
Tmax = T3 = 8750C = 1148K
= 320.32 kJ/kg
P1 = 1 atm
WC  C P T2  T1   1.005483  300   184 kJ/kg
T1 = 300 K
Q S  C P T3  T2   1.0051148  484
P2
= 4 = rp = 668.325 kJ/kg
P1
Wnet =WT – WC = 320.32 – 184
The temperature after isentropic compression
 1 = 136.32 kJ/kg

T2 = T1 (rp )

Wnet 03.
Work ratio =  0.428
WT Sol:
Tmax=T3=1200K
WC T 3
Back work ratio   0.571
WT
2
Wnet 4
 th   20.5%
QS
3600 kJ 1
Heat rate =  17560.97
η th kW/hr S
3600 kg Tmax = 1200 K, Tmin = 300 K

Air rate =  26.22
Wnet kWhr
At rp opt , T2 =T4 = T1T3  600 K
Tm1  

h 3  h 2 CP T3  T2
=768 K
 WC = CP (T2 – T1)
s 3  s 2  T3 
C P  ln  =1.005(600300) = 301.5 kJ/kg
 T2 
WT = CP (T3 – T4) = 1.005(1200 – 600)
Tm2
h  h l C P T4  T1
 4 =
 
=520.4 K = 603 kJ/kg
s 4  s1  T4 
C P  ln  Tmin
 T1  th, (rp)opt = 1
(m  f ) Tmax
CV, comb 300

0 = 1  50%
1200
m a a
(m m  f )
Cpa, T2 Cpa, T3
04. Ans: (a)
Sol:
Energy balance:  Due to Regeneration thermal efficiency
 f CV ηcomb  m
 a CPa T2  m
m  a CPa T3 increases as heat required in combustor is
less.
a
m 
m
 f CV ηcomb  a CPa T3
CPa T2  m  Reheating decreases thermal efficiency as
f
m f
m
mean temperature of heat rejection increases.
AFR CPa T2  CV ηcomb  (AFR)CPa T3  When maximum temperature of the cycle is
AFR1482.5+420000.9 = AFR11148 increased, thermal efficiency increases as
AFR = 56.56:1 mean temperature of heat addition increases.
05. Ans: (d)

 rp    T2  445.8 K { = 1.4 for air}

06. Ans: (a) T2  1
Sol: During regeneration process, turbine work T1

and compressor work remain unchanged and T2  T1 445.8  300
C  0.83  
only heat supplied decreases so thermal T2  T1 T2  300
efficiency increases. T2  475.66 K
 rp    41.4  T5  560.56 K

T4  1 0.4
07. Ans: (d) T5

Sol:
T 3 T4  T5 833  T5
P1 = 100 kPa, T  0.85  
3 T4  T5 833  560.56
P2 = 400 kPa
4 T5  601.43 K
T1 = 298 K, 2
T3 = 1473 K Q act T3  T2 T3  475.66

1   
Q max T5  T2 601.43  475.66
400
rP  4 S
100  T3 = 569.98 K
 1 0.67
WT  WC mcp  T4  T5   mcp  T2  T1 
T2  T1 rP   298  4 1.67
 519.7K th  
m  c p  T4  T3 

QS
T3
T4   1
 844.61K

833  601.43  475.66  300  21.26%
rP   833  569.98
The maximum temperature up to which we
09. Ans: (d)
can heat the compressed air is turbine 3 (Tmax)
Sol: T
exhaust temperature and this will happen
when effectiveness of the heat exchanger 4
3
must be unity. 2 Tactural (T)max
i.e. T3'  T4  844.61K  573o C

1
S
08. P1 = 80 kPa, P2 = 400 kPa,
4
Sol: T1 = 300 K T1 = 283 K T3 = 1273K
rp = 4 3 400
5 rP  5
T4 = 833 K 2 2 80
5
T = 0.85 T31 = 450 + 273 = 723 K
C = 0.83 T3 1273
T4   1
 0.4  804K
1
 = 0.75 rP   51.4
Effectiveness of heat exchanger.

T act T3'  T2 Chapter- 12
   100 = 77%
T max T4  T2 Refrigeration
10. Ans: (c) 01.

Sol: Tmin =T1 = 20 + 273 = 293 K, Sol: Refrigeration effect = 1 tonne
Tmax= T4= 900 + 273 = 1173 K = 210 kJ/min
 = 1.3, rp = 6 = 3.5 kW
Work input = 1.5 kW
Tmin
rp  
 1
(B)ideal regeneration = 1 
Tmax 3.5
COP   2.33
1.5
 293  1.3  1
= 1    6 1.3
 1173 
02.
= 0.62 or 62%
Sol: Maximum COP = Carnot COP
11. Ans: (d)  30  273
=
Sol: Whenever we reheat, we reheat to the same 273  32  273  30
temperature until unless mentioned in the 243
= = 3.92
problem. Whenever, we intercool to the 62
same temperature, if there are infinitely Actual COP = 0.753.92 = 2.94
large number of reheats and if there are 5
2.94 
infinitely large number of intercoolers then Winput
reversible adiabatic expansion becomes  Winput = 1.7 kW
isothermal expansion and reversible
adiabatic compression becomes isothermal 03.
compression and thermal efficiency of Sol: Actual COP = 0.15  Carnot’s COP
Brayton cycle becomes equal to Ericsson 273  2
= 0.15 
cycle. 273  30  273  2
  th Braton   th Ericsson = 1.473
Ericsson cycle is an ideal gas turbine cycle 8000
R.E = kN = 0.093 kW
Ideal ()Ericsson = ()Carnot 24  60  60
Tmin 0.093
()Carnot = 1   76% 1.473 
Tmax Win

Win = 0.063 kW T2 Q
COP Carnot Re frigerator   2
= 0.063 kJ/s  360024 s T1  T2 W
= 5443.2 kJ 268 0.35
 
1 kW-h = 3600 kJ 293  268 W
5443.2 kJ = 1.5 kW-h  Wmin = 33 W
04. Ans: (a) 06. Ans: 12 kW

Sol: Sol:
T 300
3 800 KPa
2 R
31.31C
140 KPa 250

18.77C
4 1
Total heat to be removed
S = 36002[27–(–3)]+3600230+3600200.5
P1 = 140 kPa, P2 = 800 kPa = 1080000 kJ
From steam table 1080000
Rate of heat removed = = 30 kW
h2 = hg = 267.29 kJ/kg 10  3600
h3 = hf = 95.49 kJ/kg 250
Actual cop = 0.5  = 2.5
QR = h2h3 300  250
= 267.29  95.49 = 171.82 kJ/kg 30
2.5 
Power
QR T2
COP HP   Power input = 12 kW
W T2  T1
171.82 273  31.31
 07. Ans: (c)
W 273  31.31  273  18.77 
Sol: T
W = 28.54 kJ/kg 2
3
05. Ans: (b)
4 1
Sol: For minimum required power input condition
S
the COP has to be maximum and the
Ideal vapour compression means the
maximum COP is the reversed Carnot cycle
compression starts from dry and saturated
COP.
vapor line.
P1 = 120 kPa, P2 = 800 kPa   183  75

5= m
h1 = 236.97 kJ/kg   0.0463 kg / s
m
h3 = h4 = 95.47 kJ/kg Power input to the compressor
Net refrigeration effect (NRE) = 32 kW   h 2  h1 
= m
 r h 1  h 4 
=m
= 0.0463  (210–183)
 r  0.23kg / sec
m = 1.25 kW
(iii) Heat transfer at the condenser
08. Ans: (d) = 0.0463  (h2–h3)
 r  0.193kg / sec
Sol: m = 0.0463  (210 – 75)
s1 = s2 = 0.93 kJ/kgK = 6.25 kW
After compression the refrigerant is in super
heated state with entropy = 0.93 at a pressure 10. Ans: (b)
1.2 MPa Sol: h3 = 107.32 kJ/kg = h4 at 1 MPa
h1 = 251.88 kJ/kg 
h4 = h f 4  x h g 4  h f 4 
h2 = 278.27 kJ/kg
107.32 = 22.49 + x (226.97 – 22.49)
h3 = 117.73 kJ/kg
Dry fraction of liquid, x = 0.4
 r h 2  h 3   30.98 kW
Heat supply = m
Mass fraction of liquid = 1x = 0.6
09. 11. Ans: (d)

Sol: Sol:
2 T 2
T
3 3
1.2 MPa
4 1
0.32 MPa
4 1
s
S
h3 = 117.71 kJ/kg at 1.2 MPa
Refrigeration effect = 5 kW h1 = 251.8 kJ/kg at 0.32 MPa
h4 = 75 kJ/kg, h1 = 183 kJ/kg, h2 = 278.27 kJ/kg
h2 = 210 kJ/kg h1  h 4 251.8  117.71
COP    5.07
Re frigeration effect h1  h 4 h 2  h1 278.27  251.8
(i) COP=  4
work input h 2  h1
  h1  h 4 
(ii) Cooling capacity = m
12. Ans: (d) WC(kW) = 0.402 28.92 = 11.62 kW

Sol: NRE 15  3.517
T 2 COP    4.54
WC 11.62
3 800 kPa
1 14. Ans: (a)

4 160 kPa
Sol: T 2
S
h1 = 241 kJ/kg 3
h2 = 286.69 kJ/kg 1
h4 = h3= 95.47 kJ/kg 4
S
h 1  h 4 NRE
COP   = 3.2
h 2  h1 WC T3  308K
T3 308
13. T4  
r 
 1 0.4
p
  280  1.4
Sol:  
T  80 
2
9.6bar T4 = 58C
3
4 2.19bar 1 15. Ans: (b)

S Sol:
T 250kPa 2
h3 = h4 = 64.6 kJ/kg , h1 = 195.7 kJ/kg 3
3 100kPa 1
v1 = 0.082 m /kg
4
n = 1.13 S
 r h 1  h 4 
NRE (kW) = 3.517  15 = m
For Helium,  = 1.67
 r  0.402 Kg / sec
m
  0.2 kg/sec, T1 = 100C = 263 K
m
 n 1

n   P  n P2 250
WC kJ / kg   P1v1    1
2 Pressure ratio, rp    2 .5
n 1  P1   P1 100
 
T2  T1  rp 
 1 0.67
 1.131
   263  2.51.67  379.84K
1.13  9 .6  1.13
  219  0.082    1 T3 293
1.13  1  2.19   T4   = 202.87 K
 
r 
 1 0.67
p
 2.5 1.67
= 28.92 kJ/kg
 C P T2  T1 
WC  m
R Chapter- 13
m
 T2  T1  Thermodynamic Relations
M   1
0.2  1.67  8.314
 379.84  263
41.67  1
01. Ans: (b)
= 121 kW
Sol: Clayperon equation is given by
R
WE  m
 T3  T4  h g  h f 
M   1  dP 
  
 dT  h Ts v g  v f 
0.2  1.67  8.314
 (293  202.87)
dTs h g  h f 
=
4  1.67  1
 v g  v f  
= 93.3 kW dP Ts
Wnet = WC  WE
= 121 93.3 = 27.7 kW 02. Ans: (a)
Sol: Joule Thomson coefficient is
16.  dT 
j   
Sol:  dP  h
400 K 300 K It is the constant enthalpy line in
Q QR temperature pressure curve of real gases.
R
03. Ans: (c)
100 W
Sol:
250 K
2
For minimum value of heat required

(a) c p  c v   T V   P 
 T  P  V  T
Sgen = 0
 P 
dS(reservoir at 400 K) + dS(reservoir at   is always negative
 V T
250K) + dS(reservoir at 300K) + dS(working
 cp – cv > 0
fluid) = 0
Hence, cp is always greater than cv .
 Q 100 Q R
   0  0 ……….. (i) (b) For an ideal gas
400 250 300
Pv = RT
QR = 100 + Q ………… (ii)
 dP 
Solve (i) and (ii)   vP0
 dv T
Q = 80 W

 dP  P 08. Ans: (b)

   -----(1)
 dv T V
 dv   R   v  09. Ans: (d)

        -----(2)
 dT  P  P   T 
From (1) and (2) 10. Ans: (b)
Sol: Clapeyron’s equation for dry saturated
v 2  P  Pv
 c p  c v  T     R steam is given by
T2  v  T
 dT  h g  h f 
 cp – cv = R v g  vf    s 
 dP  h Ts
 P 
(c)   is always negative.
 v T
2
11. Ans: (c)
 v 
  is always positive
 P  P
(d) For water (incompressible fluid)
 cp  c v
04. Ans: (a)

Sol: Gibb’s energy ‘G’ is given by
G = H – TS
05. Ans: (c)
06. Ans: (c)

Sol: Helmholtz function is given by
H = U – TS
07. Ans: (b)

Sol: Joule Thomson coefficient is
 T 
 j    = slop of constant
 P  h
Enthalpy line in on T-P diagram

where,
Chapter- 14 C = clearance ratio,
Reciprocating Air Compressors P2 = delivery pressure,
P1 = suction pressure
n = index of expansion
01. Ans: (b)
Sol: n = 2, Ps = 1.5 bar, Pd = 54 bar 06. Ans: (c)
Intercooler pressure, Pi  Ps Pd  1

  P  n
Sol: v  1  C    1
2
 P1  
 54  1.5  
 Pi = 9 bar where,
C = clearance ratio,
02. Ans: (a)
P2 = delivery pressure,
P1 = suction pressure
03. Ans: (a)
 1

  P  n
Sol: v  1  C    1
d 07. Ans: (d)
 Ps  
  Sol: Total work of 3-stages is given by
If clearance (C) is large volumetric  n 1


3n   P2  3n
W P1V1    1
 
efficiency (v) decreases hence volume flow n  1  P1  
rate decreases.  
04. Ans: (c) 08. Ans: (a)

Sol: Mass of air in clearance volume has no 1
effect on work done per kg of air.  P n

 1  C  C  2 
n
Sol:  Vol ; P1 V1n  P2 V2
 P1 
n
05. Ans: (d) V   V1  P
Vol  1  C  C  1  ;    2
Sol: Volumetric efficiency is given by  V2   V2  P1
 1
  0.04 
  P2  n
 vol  1  0.05  0.05
v  1  C    1
   = 0.95 or 95 %
 0.02 
 P1  
 

09. Ans: (b) 11. Ans: (a)

Sol: Advantages of multi-stage compression are Sol: Delivery pressure
P
 Improved overall volumetric efficiency. If
Isentropic
all compression were done in one cylinder B
2 2 2 Compression
the gas in the clearance volume would Poly tropic

Isothermal Compression
expand to a large volume before the new Compression
intake could begin. This results in a very Suction pressure
A 1
low volumetric efficiency. By cooling the
V
gas between the stages a much higher C D E
P-V representation of cycle in a
efficiency can be obtained. reciprocating compressor
 A reduction in work required per stroke, and

therefore the total driving power. From the P.V. diagram we can see that work
 Size and strength of cylinders can be done is minimum when the compression
adjusted to suit volume and pressure of gas. process is isothermal.
 Multi-cylinders give more uniform torque
and better mechanical balance thus needing 12. Ans: (b)
smaller flywheel.
13. Ans: (d)
10. Ans: (d) Sol: Cooling of reciprocating compressor
1. increases volumetric efficiency
 1

  P2  n
Sol: v  1  C    1 2. decreases work input
 P1  
 
14. Ans: 3
n 1
where, C = clearance ratio, T P  n
Sol: 2   2 
P2 T1  P1 
= pressure ratio
P1 1.251
423  P2  1.25
We can observe from the above expression  
300  1 
P2
that as C and increases v decreases. P2 = 5.57 bar
P1
For optimum intercooling pressure ratios
are same

P2 P3 P4 Pn 1 Pa Va P1  V1  V4 
   
P1 P2 P3 Pn Ta T1
n
 P2  180 101.325  Va 97  8.1  10 3
   = 
288 293
 P1  1
(5.57)n = 180
(i) Va = 7.622  10-3 m3/cycle
 n  3.023
Va = 7.622  10-3  500 = 3.81 m3/min
 n = 3 stages.
(ii) Power required

15.
 n 1

Sol: n  P  n
= P1 V1  V4  2   1
P n 1  P1  
 
3 2
 550 11.3.31 
1.3  
=  97  8.1  10  
3
  1
1.3  1  97  
 
1
= 1.676 kJ / cycle
4
V 500
 1.676   13.97 kW
60

Swept volume, VS = V1–V3 =  D2  L
4 1
  P n
=  0.22  0.3  9.42  103 m 3 (iii) V  1  C  C 2 
4  P1 
Clearance volume = V3 = 0.05  (V1 – V3) 1
 550 1.3
= 4.71  10-4 m3 = 1  0.05  0.05   
 97 
V1 = VS + V3 = 9.89  10-3 m3
= 86%
1 1
V4  P3   550 
n 1 .3
   
V3  P4   97 
V4 = 1.79  10-3
Effective swept volume = V1–V4

= 8.1  10-3 m3

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Thermodynamics

Solutions for Volume – I _ Classroom Practice Questions

04. Ans: (b)

08. Ans: (d) 10. Ans: (b)

= 0.1889 Kj/kg.K  V1 = 48.88 L

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R 8.314 14. Ans: (d)

52 20. Ans: 550N, –50C

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02. Ans: (d)

05. Ans: (d) For isothermal process, PV = C

06. Ans: (b) 09. Ans: (d)

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11. Ans: (b) 1

1 P=C 3 = 453.54  0.287 = 130.16 kJ/kg

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19. Ans: 2356.2 kJ/kg 21. Ans: 1742 kJ

20. Ans: 29.7 kJ m = 10 kg, V1 = 1 m3,

V 22. Ans: 686.62 kJ

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P1 D12 23. Ans: 116.67 kPa, 54.42 kJ

24. Ans: 320 kPa, 13 kJ 25. Ans: 2.5 kJ

V1 = 0.05 m3, P1 = 200 kPa,

P1A = PatmA PatmA kdx

Final force = Initial force + spring force Piston Expansion

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WS 4.175 Sol: For 1–2 process

= 6.95  103 kW = 6.95 W  100  100=U2  U1

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06. Ans: (c) By equation PV  n RT

= 5112 kJ/hr = 0.24 Moles

Total volume of Tank Vf  3m 3  Rigid  V  C  dW  0

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Process 1 – 2: (Constant pressure)  W = 8.28kJ

 Q12  W1  2 = U1  2  Q = W (First law proved)

Given 1W2 = 10.5kJ = P(V2 V1)

 U2 U1 = 26.4 kJ. V

 1Q2 = 1U2 + 1W2 U1 = 512 kJ, P1 = 1 bar, P2 = 2 bar

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Q1-2 = dU + W1-2 1 – 2 Process V=C

–150 = U3 – U2 1Q2 = mcv(T2–T1)

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14. Ans: (a) By Process 2 – 3

By Ist law  1W2 = P1 (V2 – V1) = Patm (V2  V1)

 1W 2 = E2 E1 = 101325(2400  2000) 106

29.7 = E2 0  dU = 238.32  40.53

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dW = 90 kN.m/kg = 90 kJ/kg h2 = 59 kJ/kg

 air enter = 80 kg/hr.

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1) Mass balance  a c pa 1  2   m

(2) Energy balance 23. Ans: (d)

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24. Ans: (b) By 1st law dU  dQ  dW

= 0.32.857(1200477.72) m2u2 = m2hi

= 619.05 kW Final internal energy = u2 = hi

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04. Ans: (b)

01. Ans: (b) H.E