Heredity: Inheritance and Variation Module 2

Name: ___________________________ Date: ______________

Gr. & Sec.: ________________________ Score: _____________

Activity 1
Phenotypes and Genotypes in Incomplete Dominance
Objectives:
Explain incomplete dominance pattern of inheritance
Illustrate by means of Punnett square a cross involving incomplete dominance pattern of inheritance.

Materials:
Activity sheets pen

Procedure:
1. Read the given problems:

Problem 1.In four o’clock plants, R is the allele for red color and W is allele for white color. Two pink
flowered four o’clock plants were crossed.

Problem 2. Cross was made involving a red flowered four o’clock plant and a pink flowered four o’clock
plant.

Show the possible outcome of the cross between two pink flowered four o’clock plants by using the
Punnett square.

Problem 1 Problem 2

R W R R

R R

W W

Guide Questions:

Q1. How many types of gametes will each parent produce in

Problem no. 1? Parent 1____ Parent 2 ____ Problem no. 2? Parent 1 ____ Parent 2 ____

Q2. What is the phenotype of a heterozygous four o’clock flower?__________

Q3. What are the possible phenotypes of the offspring from the cross of the parental plants in
Problem no. 1?_________________ Problem no. 2?_____________

Q4. What are the possible genotypes of the offspring from the cross of the parental plants in
Problem no. 1?_________________ Problem no. 2?_____________

Key Concepts
Incomplete dominance is a form of intermediate inheritance in which one allele for a specific trait is
not completely dominant over the other allele. This results in a third phenotype in which the
expressed physical trait is a combination of the dominant and recessive phenotypes.
 Heredity: Inheritance and Variation Module 2

Activity 2
Mystery Bull

Objectives:
List the genotypes of the bull and cow in the given problem
Diagram and complete a Punnett square
Give phenotypic percentages of the offspring

Procedure:
1. Read the given problem:

MangMarcelino owns purebred red cows. In his farm he noticed that after a typhoon several months ago,
all of the fences that separate his cattle from his neighbor’s cattle were destroyed. During the time that
the fences were down, three bulls, one from each neighbor, mingled with his cows. For awhile, he thought
that none of the bulls found his cows, but over the months, he noticed that all of his cows are pregnant.
He suspected that one of the bulls is the father. Which bull is it? Help Mang Marcelino look for the father
by solving the given problem.
Determine the possible traits of the calves if :
a red (RR) bull is mated with a red (RR) cow 1
a red(RR) bull is mated with a white (WW) cow 2
a roan(RW) is mated with a red(RR)cow 3

2. Illustrate your answers using a Punnett square.

Cow 1 cow 2 cow 3

R R R R R W
Q5.
R W Will R
you
be
R W able R
to

trace the father of the calves?

Ans._________________________________________________________________________
What are the possible phenotypes of the calves for each cow?
Ans. Cow 1______________ Cow 2___________________ Cow 3____________________
Q6. Do you think you will make Mang Marcelino happy about the result of your investigation?
Ans._________________________________________________________________________
Q7. How are you going to explain it to him?
Ans._________________________________________________________________________
Q8. How would you apply what you have learned to improve the breeds of livestock in your area?
Ans._________________________________________________________________________
Q9. What possible suggestions can you give to animal breeders in your area?
Ans. ________________________________________________________________________
Key Concepts
In codominance, both alleles are expressed equally in the phenotype of the heterozygote. For
example, red cows crossed with white cows will have offspring that are roan cows. Roan refers to cows
with red hair and white blotches.
 Heredity: Inheritance and Variation Module 2

Glossary

Allele – a different form of a gene that controls a certain trait.

Codominance– two dominant alleles of a contrasting pair fully expressed at the same time in
the heterozygous individual.
Incomplete dominance - occurs when the phenotype of the offspring is somewhere in
between the phenotypes of both parents; a completely dominant allele does not occur.
Multiple Alleles – when more than two alleles control the inheritance of a character.
Sex-influenced traits – are expressed in both sexes but more frequently in one sex than in
the other.
Sex-limited traits that are expressed exclusively in one sex of the species.
Sex-linked traits – traits that are controlled by genes located on the same sex chromosome.
DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid
Punnett square – the method by which one can determine the possible genotypes and
phenotypes when two parents are crossed
Antigen - A substance that when introduced into the body stimulates the production of an
antibody
Gamete - are reproductive cells that unite during sexual reproduction to form a new cell called
a zygote.

Summary

 Many characteristics have more complex inheritance patterns than those studied by Mendel.
They are complicated by factors such as codominance, incomplete dominance, multiple alleles,
and sex-linked traits.
 Incomplete dominance occurs when the phenotype of the offspring is somewhere in
between the phenotypes of both parents; a completely dominant allele does not occur.
 Codominanceoccurs when both alleles are expressed equally in the phenotype of the
heterozygote.
 Many genes have multiple (more than two) alleles. An example is ABO blood type in humans.
There are three common alleles for the gene that controls this characteristic. The alleles IA and
IB are dominant over i.
 In humans, XX chromosomes determine femaleness and XY determine maleness.
 A sex-linked trait is on the X chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes; they can
inherit or carry the trait without being affected if it acts in a recessive manner.
 Sex-limited traits are those that are expressed exclusively in one sex.
 Sex-influenced traits are expressed in both sexes but more frequently in one than in the
other sex.
 Genes are located in the chromosomes.
 DNA contains the information needed to form and control the physical make-up and chemical
processes of an organism.
 DNA is a double-stranded helix made up of repeating units of nucleotides.
 A nucleotide is composed of the following: sugar and phosphate molecules, and nitrogeneous
bases. The base can either be adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine.
 Heredity: Inheritance and Variation Module 2

Activity 3
What’s your blood type?

Objective:
Infer the unknown phenotypes of individuals on the basis of the known phenotypes of their family
members

Procedure:
ALLELIC COMBINATION OF DIFFERENT BLOOD TYPES IN HUMANS
Allelic Resulting Blood
Combination Type
(Genotype) (Phenotype)

lAlA or lAli A

lBlB or lBli B

lAlB AB

li li O
Show the possible alleles that can be found in each offspring and write the blood type for each
offspring.

Blood types of Father and Possible Alleles of offspring Possible Blood Type of
Mother (Genotype) offspring (Phenotype)

AxA

AxB

A x AB

AxO

BxB

B x AB
 Heredity: Inheritance and Variation Module 2

BxO

AB x AB

AB x O

OxO

Q10. What blood type (or types) can be found in an offspring if a mother has type A blood and the
father has type B blood?
Ans.__________________________________________________________________________
Q11. What blood type (or types) can be found in an offspring if a mother has type AB blood and the
father has type B blood?
Ans. _________________________________________________________________________
Q12. What blood type (or types) can be found in an offspring if a mother has type O blood and the
father has type B blood?
Ans. _________________________________________________________________________

Activity 4
Boy or Girl?
Objective:
Discuss how sex in humans is determined

Procedure:
1. Draw a Punnett square which shows the inheritance of the sex chromosomes. Represent the
female sex chromosomes with XX and the male sex chromosomes with XY.

X X

Q 13. What will be the sex of a child produced when an egg is fertilized by a sperm that has a Y
chromosome?
Ans. ________________________________________________________________________

Q 14. What type of sperm must fertilize an egg to result in a female child?
Ans. ________________________________________________________________________

Q 15. Based on this Punnett Square, what percent of children would you expect to be male?
Ans. _____________________________________________________________________________

Q 16. Which sex chromosome is present in both male and female?

Ans. ______________________________________________________________________________
 Heredity: Inheritance and Variation Module 2

Activity no. 5
When Gender Matters

Objective:
Solve problems related to sex-linked traits.

Procedure:
Genotypes and phenotypes of color blindness in humans

GENOTYPE PHENOTYPE
xx Normal female
XXC Normal female, carrier of the gene
XCXC Color-blind female
XY Normal male
XC Y Color- blind male

1. Read the given problem:

A. Color-blindness is a recessive, sex-linked disorder in humans. A color-blind man has a child with a
woman who is a carrier of the disorder.
KEY: X = normal vision Xc = color-blindness

2. Illustrate using a Punnett square the probability of having children who will have normal vision and
children who will be color-blind.

Guide Questions:
Q19. What is the genotype of the male?Ans.__________________________________
Q20. What is the genotype of the female? Ans.________________________________
Q21. What is the chance that the child will be color-blind? Ans._____________________
Q22. What is the chance that a daughter will be color-blind? Ans. ___________________
Q23. What is the chance that a son will be color-blind? Ans.________________________

Key Concepts:
 In humans, there are four blood types (phenotypes): A, B, AB, O.
 Blood type is controlled by three alleles: A, B, O.
 O is recessive, two O alleles must be present for a person to have type O blood.
 A and B are codominant. If a person receives an A allele and a B allele, their blood type is type
AB.
 Males have 44 body chromosomes and two sex chromosomes X and Y. The males determine
the sex of theirchildren. Females have 44 body chromosomes and two sex chromosomes, both
X. The total number in each cell of an individual is 46. These chromosomes contain the genes,
which are the factors of heredity.
 Sex-linked traits are inherited through the X chromosomes.
 Males have only one X chromosome. Thus, if they inherit the affected X, they will have the
disorder.
 Females have two X chromosomes. Therefore, they can inherit/carry the trait without being
affected if it acts in a recessive manner.