BIOLOGY GUIDE

SCIENCE SKILL: SOLUTION #1

1. after 30 minutes there are 4 bacteria
after 75 minutes there are 32 bacteria
2. The frequency of a bacterial cell can produce
more than 16 million new bacteria in one day and
the population of bacteria would not end due to
the short time they divide one after another.

3. The bacteria table shows that they divide into just

minutes and the amount increases as the minutes
progress and millions are produced too quickly.

Check your understanding: solution #1

1. Asexual living beings are:

 Salamandra
 Scorpions
 Hydra
 Wasps
 Sea stars
  Sea sponges
 Ants
 Jellyfish
 Corals
 Sea urchins

2. Prophase: Chromosomes are visualized as long

double filaments, which are shortening and
thickening. Each one is formed by a pair of
chromatids that remain attached only at the
centromere level.

Metaphase: the chromosomes are found in

some microtubules through a laminar
protein structure located on each side of the
centromere, affected kinetochore. There are
also longer polar microtubules that overlap
in the equatorial region of the cell.

Anaphase: become child chromosomes. Each set

of children chromosomes migrates to a cell pole.
The mitotic spindle is the structure that carries
 out the distribution of the child chromosomes in
the two child núcleus.

Telophase: It begins when the child chromosomes

reach the poles of the cell. The child
chromosomes lengthen, lose condensation, the
nuclear envelope is formed again from the rough
ER and the nucleus is formed from the organizing
region of the SAT chromosome nucleus.

3. strawberry plants (example) have stems that

grow along the top of the soil. these stems are
called runners. new plants grow at special plces
where runner touches the ground.

4. ome plants reproduce asexually from their roots,

stem or leaves.

Research and inquiry: solution #1

1. Rhizomes are underground organs that

store nutrients, grow indefinitely
producing new shoots. The corm is a solid
tissue, while the bulb consists of layers of
 modified leaves that surround an
underground stem. Corms, like rhizomes,
bulbs and tubers, are accumulators of
nutrients.

2. Asexual reproduction occurs when a new

star emerges from broken arms. In a few
species internal fertilization is carried out.

3. in asexual reproduction a single cell is

detached and this is capable of forming
an individual identical to the original
organism. This type of reproduction does
not involve nuclei of sex cells or gametes.
There is only one parent.

Science skill: solution #2

1. It begins with one of the sex cells turned into

an egg and then continues its process.
2. During meiosis, the members of each
homologous pair of chromosomes pair up
 during the prophase, forming bivalents.
During this phase a selected synaptonémic
complex protein structure is formed, which
recombination occurs between both
homologous chromosomes. In meiosis II, the
sister chromatids that make up each
chromosome are separated and distributed
between the nuclei of the daughter cells.

3. the chromosomes lengthen, and a new

nuclear membrane forms around each group
of chromosomes. In many organisms this
stage does not occur and the cells pass from
anaphase I directly to meiosis II.

Check your understanding: solution #2

1. when the living being shows variations in

its marks. sexual reproduction can cause
changes in chromosomes.

2. it always happens when two sex cell

from different parents join together and
from a fertilized cell.
3. when the variation of the DNA includes
the information brought, it has something
different to determine

4. that information crossings will occur for all

four and may also be for their brands or
their kind.

Research and inquiry: solution #2

1. Random mixing of parent genes: In

diploid beings, homologous
chromosomes are inherited from one
parent and another from the other,
producing random combinations of
characters.

2. the wolf has 78 chromosomes and 46

chromosomes divided into 23 parts that
are sexual or determined by their
genetics.

the dog has 39 pairs of chromosomes

and two of them sexual.
3.Interface I
Prophete I.
Metaphase I.
Anaphase I.
Telophase I and cytokinesis.
Prophase II
Metaphase II

Meiosis takes place in several stages,

and this division of the nucleus of some
eukaryotic cells leads to the formation
of 4 nuclei with a reduced average
number of chromosomes, that is,
moving from a diploid state to a haploid
state.

The process is carried out in two nuclear

and cytoplasmic divisions, called first
and second meiotic division or simply
meiosis I and meiosis II. Both processes
include prophase, metaphase, anaphase
and telophase. The first division of the
prophase is long and constant of 5
stages: leptotene, zigoteno, paquitene,
diplotene, and diakinesis. This is when
genetic recombination takes place at the
Chiasma level. During meiosis I, the
members of each pair of homologous
chromosomes mate during the
prophase, forming bivalents. In meiosis
II, as in mitosis, the sister chromatids
that detect each chromosome are
separated and distributed between the
nuclei of the daughter cells.

END