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TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM
X-503

STEADY AND FLUCTUATING PRESSURES AT TRANSONIC

SPEEDS ON TWO SPACE-VEHICLE PAYLOAD SHAP

By Charles F. Coe

A m e s Research Center
Moffett Field, Calif.
H 0

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION

WASHINGTON March 1961
.R

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION

TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM X-503

STEADY AND FLUCTUATING PRFSSURES AT TRANSONIC

SPEEDS ON TWO SPACE-VEHICLE PAYLOAD SHAPES*

By Charles F. Coe

SUMMARY

Steady and f l u c t u a t i n g p r e s s u r e s have been measured a t Mach numbers

which were v a r i e d from 0.6 t o 1.2 on t w o bodies of r e v o l u t i o n t y p i c a l o f
two space-vehicle payload shapes, t h e Centaur and t h e Able V.

The r e s u l t s of t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n showed t h a t s i g n i f i c a n t f l u c t u a t i o n s
of pressure occurred on both bodies between Mach numbers of 0.75 and 1.00.
The maximum f l u c t u a t i o n s measured a t any Mach number and angle o f a t t a c k
occurred i n t h e region of t h e normal shock wave as a r e s u l t o f shock-
wave motion. Large regions of unsteady p r e s s u r e a l s o occurred a s a r e s u l t
of s e p a r a t i o n on t h e converging afterbody o f t h e Able-V model. The maxim-xn
pressure f l u c t u a t i o n s occurring on t h e bodies increased with increasing
angle of a t t a c k . For angles o t h e r than Oo, f l u c t u a t i o n s of normal f o r c e
a r e i n d i c a t e d since p r e s s u r e f l u c t u a t i o n s were l a r g e r on t h e upper h a l f
of t h e bodies t h a n on t h e lower half.
No d e f i n i t e conclusions could be drawn regarding t h e form of t h e
s p e c t r a l d e n s i t i e s of p r e s s u r e f l u c t u a t i o n s i n t h e region o f t h e shock
wave. The s p e c t r a l d e n s i t i e s i n regions of separation following t h e
shock wave appeared f l a t except f o r some increase i n energy l e v e l below
100 cycles p e r second, which may have been due t o s l i g h t model motions.

INTRODUCTION

Large s t . r u c t u r a l l o a d s can be encountered by an e x i t i n g space vehicle

a s it t r a v e r s e s t h e t r a n s o n i c range because dynamic pressure i s near t h e
ma.x.imum with t h e result t h a t l a r g e pressure g r a d i e n t s occur i n t h e presence
of shock waves. Moreover, t h e shock waves may be unsteady so t h e charac-
t e r i s t i c f l o w i n s t a b i l i t i e s a s s o c i a t e d with b u f f e t i n g a r e p r e s e n t . The
aerodynamic loads a s s o c i a t e d with t h e unsteady pressures and t h e l a r g e
p r e s s u r e g r a d i e n t s can impose a s t r u c t u r a l design problem which may be due
t o l o c a l panel loading on a space-vehicle fairing, or t h e e x c i t a t i o n of
t h e o v e r - a l l v e h i c l e s t r u c t u r e , or even one of t r a n s m i t t i n g unsteady loads
t o d e l i c a t e payload and guidance instruments.
* T i t l e , Unclassified
 Results of investigations, such as reference 1, may be helpful in
estimating loading due to pressure gradients, and in estimating internal
venting requirements for fairings. Although some measurements of local
pressure fluctuations on. two-dimensional airfoils have been made (e.g.,
refs. 2 and 3), measurements of unsteady pressures on bodies of revolution
were heretofore unavailable for consideration in the design of space
vehicles.

As a consequence, an investigation was undertaken to provide

measurements at transonic speeds of both steady and fluctuating pressures
.on typical space-vehicle shapes, and to determine whether shapes of
.
.. . .
. byload stages can be optimized to give minimum unsteady loading. The
._- ..
.
.. .-general research program was under way when failure of an Able-IV moon
shot occurred within the tr-nsonic speed range. The research results
available suggested the possibility of fluctuating pressures on the pay-
load fairing contributing to the failure, and l e d to the desirability
of testing two specific vehicle shapes. These were the Centaur, which
requires a jettisonable insulation that may be vulnerable to fluctuating
pressures, and the Able V, which was to succeed the Able IV. It is the
results of these two tests that are contained herein and, although they
are for specific model shapes, it is believed that they can provide
information of value for design studies.

NOTATION

P - Po
CP time-average pressure coefficient,
s,
coefficient of the root-mean-square fluctuation of
pressure about the mean

@%(pk-to-pk) coefficient of the peak-to-peak fluctuation of

pressure about the mean

M free-stream Mach number

D maximum body diameter

P local static pressure

PO free-stream static pressure

s, free-stream dynamic pressure

X distance along body axis from nose

a angle of attack
 CONFIDENTIAL 3

APPARA!KJS AND TECHNIQUE

Wind Tunnel

. Tests f o r this i n v e s t i g a t i o n were conducted i n t h e Ames 14-Foot

Transonic Wind Tunnel a t Mach numbers from 0.60 t o about 1.20. D e t a i l s
of t h e nozzle and t e s t s e c t i o n of t h i s f a c i l i t y a r e shown i n f i g u r e 1.
This t u n n e l operates a t a constant stagnation pressure, approximately
atmospheric, b u t some c o n t r o l of stagnation temperature i s possible. As
A a result, Reynolds number v a r i e s with Mach number as i l l u s t r a t e d i n
4 f i g u r e 2. The shaded a r e a s i n d i c a t e t h e v a r i a t i o n of Reynolds number,
6 based on maximum body diameters, f o r each of t h e models t e s t e d . Flow
5 curvature and a n g u l a r i t y i n t h e t e s t s e c t i o n have been measured and a r e
n e g l i g i b l e . The Mach number i s constant within kO.005 Mach number.

Models

Two models were t e s t e d , a 0.074-scale Centaur having t h e nominal

hemisphere-cone-cylinder shape without any e x t e r n a l proturberances, and
a 0.25-scale Able V. Both were t e s t e d i n t h e presence of a c y l i n d r i c a l
extension of approximately two body-base diameters i n l e n g t h . The diam-
. e t e r of t h e extension on t h e Centaur model w a s scaled t o t h a t o f an A t l a s
booster. Sketches o f t h e models showing p e r t i n e n t dlmensions and a l s o
t h e l o c a t i o n s of s t a t i c - p r e s s u r e o r i f i c e s and pressure transducers a r e
i n f i g u r e 3. Photographs of t h e models a r e i n f i g u r e 4.

Both models can be considered t o be of r i g i d construction, and were

r i g i d l y attached t o t h e t u n n e l sting-support system. The model having
t h e Centaur shape was constructed of Fiberglas braced with s t e e l r i n g s ,
whereas t h e model with t h e Able-V shape was constructed o f s o l i d wood
with m a t e r i a l removed a t t h e core t o make room f o r necessary pressure tubes
and w i r e s . A s o l i d wooden nose extending back t o x/D = 1.741 w a s
constructed f o r t h e Centaur model t o check t h e e f f e c t of t h e Fiberglas
f l e x i b i l i t y . Shake t e s t s of t h e model-support system with t h e Centaur
model i n s t a l l e d with t h e s o l i d wooden nose i n d i c a t e d resonant frequencies
o f t h e over-all system of 8.8, 26.6, 46.0, 72.0, 86.3, 189, and 241
cycles p e r second. Except f o r t h e first, second, and t h i r d sting-bending
modes a t 8.8, 26.6, and 72.0, t h e remaining modes could not be d e f i n i t e l y
i d e n t i f i e d . Shake t e s t s of t h e Able-V model i n d i c a t e d resonant frequencies
of 10.7, 29.8, 60.5, 117, 191, and 281 cycles p e r second. The f i r s t f i v e
frequencies l i s t e d were i d e n t i f i e d as t h e f i r s t f i v e bending modes o f t h e
support system .
The Centaur model had two l o n g i t u d i n a l rows o f both o r i f i c e s and
pressure transducers. O r i f i c e s were l o c a t e d a t p e r i p h e r a l angles of 0'
( t o p c e n t e r l i n e ) and 4 5 O clockwise. Since t h e Able-V model had only one
4 CONFIDENTIAL

row of o r i f i c e s and transducers, measurements were obtained from d u p l i c a t e

t e s t s of t h e model with o r i f i c e s s e t first a t 0' and then 4 3 O . The c e n t e r s
of t h e pressure transducers were o f f s e t t o t h e r i g h t of t h e i r adjacent
o r i f i c e s 3/8 inch on t h e Centaur model and 1/2 inch on t h e Able-V model.
These represent an angular o f f s e t of approximately 4.75' a t t h e maximum
diameters of both bodies. For p r a c t i c a l purposes, t h e transducers w i l l
be r e f e r r e d t o as being l o c a t e d a l o n g t h e Oo and 45' o r i f i c e rows. .
Instrumentation

I
A photograph of sample pressure transducers i s shown in f i g u r e 5 .
The transducers, which were made a t Ames Research Center, were 0.250-inch
diameter and 0.075 inch t h i c k . l They were o f t h e bonded strain-gage type
having a s i n g l e a c t i v e l e g of t h e strain-gage bridge mounted on the back
o f a t h i n diaphragm. The remaining t h r e e l e g s o f t h e bridge, which were
i n a c t i v e l e g s , were mounted within t h e model i n close proximity t o t h e
a c t i v e l e g . C a l i b r a t i o n s of t h e transducers have shown them t o have
l i n e a r outputs over a t l e a s t +2 pounds p e r square inch. To avoid exceeding
t h i s range during operation, t h e back s i d e of t h e diaphragm on each
transducer w a s referenced t o t h e s t a t i c pressure f r o m an adjacent o r i f i c e .
Although single-active-leg strain-gage construction results i n d.c. d r i f t
i n output due t o temperature v a r i a t i o n s , t h e transducers a r e s u f f i c i e n t l y
i n s e n s i t i v e t o temperature e f f e c t s t o allow d.c. c a l i b r a t i o n s t o be made
f o r t h e determination of t h e dynamic s e n s i t i v i t y . The slopes of t h e .
c a l i b r a t i o n curves a r e a l s o r e l a t i v e l y unaffected by temperature-. Check
c a l i b r a t i o n s following manufacture of t h e transducers showed l e s s than
2-percent v a r i a t i o n In t h e output s e n s i t i v i t y between room temperature
and 1-60' F. The dynamic response o f t h e transducers was a l s o checked by
mechanically o s c i l l a t i n g a sample transducer, and as a r e s u l t t h e
transducers a r e considerd t o have a f l a t response t o 1000 cycles p e r
second.

Each transducer w a s i n s t a l l e d in a model by bonding t h e reference

tube and wires on one s l d e and t h e plugged dummy tube on t h e o t h e r s i d e
t o s l o t s on each s i d e of i t s r e c e p t a c l e . An adhesive with a rubberlike
q u a l i t y was used t o minimize any transmission of s k i n s t r e s s e s t o t h e
transducer body. The reference pressure tube w a s brought out of t h e
t u n n e l along with t h e tube from i t s adjacent s t a t i c - p r e s s u r e o r i f i c e , and
t h e two were interconnected a t t h e mercury-in-glass manometers used f o r
recording s t a t i c pressures. The long combined tube length, approximately
l5O f e e t from t h e o r i f i c e t o t h e back of t h e transducer diaphragm, insured
t h e s t e a d i n e s s o f reference pressure.

'One exception w a s a 0 .?OO-inch-diameter pressure transducer i n s t a l l e d

i n t h e s o l i d wooden nose f o r t h e Centaur model as a check of t h e
s a t i s f a c t o r y operation o f t h e tranducers.
 CONFIDENTIAL 5

Major e l e c t r o n i c components used f o r both recording and analyzing

d a t a from each pressure transducer a r e shown i n a block diagram i n f i g u r e
6. Most of t h e components a r e standard, with t h e exception of t h e f i l t e r s
which a f f e c t t h e frequency c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e d a t a and t h e power-
spectrum analyzer. I n t h e data-recording c i r c u i t t h e high-pass f i l t e r
a t t e n u a t e d the s i g n a l l e v e l 3 db a t 1 cps a t t h e r a t e of 6 db p e r octave.
It w a s placed i n t h e c i r c u i t t o eliminate d.c. d r i f t due t o tunnel tem-
p e r a t u r e v a r i a t i o n s so t h a t t h e maximum tape-channel range was a v a i l a b l e
t o pressure-fluctuation s i g n a l s only. I n t h e r o o t mean square and
o s c i l l o g r a p h recording c i r c u i t , t h e band-pass f i l t e r s further eliminated
d.c. and very low frequencies,2 and a l s o any frequencies above t h e l i n e a r -
response range of t h e transducers. These were 6-ab-per-octave f i l t e r s
which a t t e n u a t e d t h e s i g n a l 3 db a t 7 and 1000 cps. The galvanometers
i n t h e oscillograph are s p e c i f i e d by t h e manufacturer t o have a response
f l a t within 25 percent t o 350 cps. The power spectrum analyzer i s a b e a t -
frequency-type instrument containing a v a r i a b l e sixth-order f i l t e r .

One o t h e r instrument, a v i b r a t i o n meter, w a s used for only a f e w t e s t

p o i n t s during t h e Centaur model t e s t s . The i n t e g r a t i n g c i r c u i t provided
a s i g n a l proportional t o displacement f r o m a v e l o c i t y pickup i n s t a l l e d
a t x/D = 2.124.

Procedure

. C a l i b r a t i o n s o f a l l t h e p r e s s u r e transducers and tape recorder

channels w e r e made before each t e s t i n o r d e r t o minimize t h e p o s s i b i l i t y
of e f f e c t s of small changes i n s e n s i t i v i t y . The p r e s s u r e transducers were
c a l i b r a t e d from o u t s i d e the t u n n e l through t h e r e f e r e n c e tubes t o t h e
back s i d e o f t h e diaphragms. The t a p e r e c o r d e r w a s c a l i b r a t e d with a 100
cps s i n e wave o f known root-mean-square voltage.

The procedures for conducting t h e t e s t s of the two models were

s l i g h t l y different. For t h e model with t h e Able-V shape, t e s t s were con-
ducted a t s e l e c t e d Mach numbers from 0.60 t o 1.13, and t h e angle of a t t a c k
w a s v a r i e d a t each Mach number from - 6' t o +loo. With t h i s system t h e
maxirmUn pressure f l u c t u a t i o n s , which occur q u i t e l o c a l l y , could have been
between transducer s t a t i o n s and t h e i r maximum values could have been
missed. For t h e model with the Centaur shape, t e s t s were conducted a t
constant angles of a t t a c k from - 4' t o + 8 O , and t h e Mach number w a s v a r i e d
from 0.60 t o 1.20. I n t h e range of Mach numbers where s i g n i f i c a n t pressure
2The d e c i s i o n t o f u r t h e r f i l t e r l o w frequencies in a d d i t i o n t o t h e
f i l t e r i n g during recording was prompted by power s p e c t r a l analyses o f
p r e s s u r e f l u c t u a t i o n ahead of t h e shock wave. The results i n d i c a t e d t h a t
much of t h e peaking in t h e recorded s p e c t r a below 10 cps w a s due t o e i t h e r
f l u c t u a t i o n s o f dynamic pressure or stream angle within t h e wind-tunnel
t e s t section.
6

fluctuations were occurring (0.7 < M < 11, the Mach number was adjusted in
whatever increments were required to locate the maximum intensities at the
pressure-transducer stations spaced along the top center line of the model.
For each Mach number and angle-of-attack setting, a photograph was taken of
a multiple mercury-in-glass manometer for the measurement of steady pres-
sures, while a 1-minute-long tape record was taken for the measurement of
unsteady pressures.
To reduce the data to determine the RMS pressure-fluctuation
intensities, digital-recorder readings of the RMS voltages were taken
at about 2-second intervals throughout the duration of each 1-minute
record. The average of the readings was then applied to the calibrated
sensitivities of the pressure transducers in terms of pounds per square
foot per volt to yield the measurements of fluctuating pressure- The
peak-to-peak pressure fluctuations were obtained by applying the calibrated
sensitivity of the appropriate pressure transducer in terms of pounds-per-
square-foot-per-inch deflection of the oscillograph trace to a visual
estimate of the double amplitude of the trace during approximately a 5-
second record taken from the 1-minute tape recording. Measurements of
the peak-to-peak fluctuations were made only for the corresponding data
points where significant RMS readings occurred.

Power-spectral analyses were performed at a band-width setting of

6 cps with a 22-second tape loop operating at the same tape-transport
speed as the original recordings. The prerun 100-cps calibration signal
was analyzed prior to the analysis of each of the selected test points.
The known RMS voltage of the calibration signal was then related to the e
voltage sensitivity of the pressure transducers to establish the mean-
square-pressure per-cycle-per-second scale of the recording potentiometer.

N o corrections have been made to the steady pressure readings, and

no attempt has been made to subtract any tare readings (with the exception
of the band-pass filtering) from the fluctuating-pressure data due to
either wind-tunnel or instrumentation-induced noise levels. Aside from
the problem of establishing the correct part of the total signal caused
by flow roughness and instrumentation noise, it was impractical to make
corrections to the large number of test points with proper correlation
of noise factor and unsteady pressure- An indication of the average
wind-tunnel and instrumentation noise levels can be obtained from the
level of the pressure-fluctuation measurements ahead of the peaks shown
in figures 7 and 8.

RESULTS AND D I S C U S S I O N
Pressure Fluctuations

Pressure fluctuations and their relationship to static pressures.-

The longitudinal distributions of the intensities of the pressure
 CONFIDENTIAL 7

f l u c t u a t i o n s a r e shown in f i g u r e 7 f o r t h e Centaur model and i n f i g u r e 8

for t h e Able-V model. The d i s t r i b u t i o n s a r e presented as a f'unction o f
t h e number of maximum body diameters back from t h e nose f o r a l l t h e Mach
numbers i n v e s t i g a t e d . To a s s o c i a t e t h e pressure f l u c t u a t i o n s with
L
transonic-flow phenomena, such as t h e presence of shock waves, t h e i r
s t r e n g t h and l o c a t i o n s , e t c . , some of t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n s of t h e pressure
f l u c t u a t i o n s a r e presented with t h e i r corresponding s t a t i c - p r e s s u r e d i s -
t r i b u t i o n s i n f i g u r e s 9 and 10. I n a l l of t h e s e f i g u r e s ( f i g s . 7 through
lo), d a t a t h a t were obtained a t negative angles of a t t a c k a r e presented
a s r e f l e c t i o n s i n t h e v e r t i c a l plane a t p o s i t i v e angles of a t t a c k t o show
9 t h e e f f e c t i v e l o n g i t u d i n a l d i s t r i b u t i o n s of steady and f l u c t u a t i n g pres-
4 s u r e s a t p e r i p h e r a l s t a t i o n s o f 135' and 1 80'. Where it was considered
5- t h a t t h e peak i n t h e fluctuating-pressure d i s t r i b u t i o n had been missed
3 due t o i t s having been between transducer s t a t i o n s f o r t h e p a r t i c u l a r
Mach number s e t t i n g , r e p r e s e n t a t i v e peaks have been f a i r e d with dashed
l i n e s t o i n d i c a t e t h e i r approximate l o c a t i o n s .

Examination of f i g u r e s 7 and 8 d i s c l o s e s t h a t f l u c t u a t i o n s of pressure

occurred on both models a t t r a n s o n i c speeds. I n general, t h e most intense
f l u c t u a t i o n s were concentrated l o n g i t u d i n a l l y a t only one transducer
s t a t i o n . On f i g u r e s 9 and 10, which contain t h e s t a t i c - p r e s s u r e d i s t r i b u -
t i o n s , it can be seen t h a t t h e s e maximum f l u c t u a t i o n s u s u a l l y appear where
t h e r e i s a s t e e p r i s i n g pressure gradient through a normal shock wave.
Their occurrence i n t h e region o f t h e shock wave i s a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e
motion of t h e shock wave and t h e consequent fore-and-aft s h i f t i n g of t h e
pressure r i s e .

Although t h e l a r g e s t f l u c t u a t i o n s of pressure on a body may be

concentrated l o n g i t u d i n a l l y a t t h e shock wave, it i s apparent f r o m t h e
results i n f i g u r e 8 t h a t l a r g e regions of unsteady flow can occur a t
angle of a t t a c k on a converging afterbody, such as e x i s t s on t h e Able V.
A s a matter o f f a c t , t h e m o s t notable d i f f e r e n c e between t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n s
o f t h e pressure f l u c t u a t i o n s on the t w o models i s t h a t t h e s e l a r g e regions

t
of pressure fluctuations following t h e shock wave d i d not occur on t h e
Centaur model. Figure 11, which p i c t u r e s t h e flow over a p o r t i o n o f each
model f o r a f e w Mach numbers and angles of a t t a c k , shows t h a t separation
was more extensive on t h e upper surface of t h e Able-V model. These
r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e r e i s a danger t h a t a l a r g e a r e a may become
exposed t o unsteady pressures on a space v e h i c l e i f t h e payload f a i r i n g
i s l a r g e r i n diameter than i t s adjacent rocket s t a g e .

E f f e c t s of Mach number and angle of a t t a c k on m a x i m pressure

f l u c t u a t i o n s . - The maximum f l u c t u a t i o n s measured along t h e t o p c e n t e r l i n e
of t h e models have been p l o t t e d versus Mach number i n f i g u r e 12 t o show i n
a more consolidated form t h e magnitude o f t h e maximum f l u c t u a t i o n s , t h e
range of Mach numbers where l a r g e f l u c t u a t i o n s occurred, and t h e e f f e c t
of angle of a t t a c k . Curves a r e f a i r e d through t h e p o i n t s p l o t t e d a t
constant angle o f a t t a c k f o r t h e Centaur model, b u t a r e omitted f o r t h e
Able-V model because of t h e u n c e r t a i n t y t h a t t h e maximum f l u c t u a t i o n s
a

were measured at every test Mach number. The data show that the
significant fluctuations cccurred on both models at Mach numbers above
0.75 and below 1.0. Maximum intensities of the fluctuations of pressure
coefficient reached values of 0.106 on the Centaur model and 0.124 on the
Able-V model. It is possible that the range of Mach numbers for flow
unsteadiness may vary for certain body shapes where subsonic separation
could become a factor (ref. 1). However, the fact that the largest
fluctuations occurred at the locations of normal shock waves suggests that
for most shapes the problem area in connection with unsteady pressures will
be within the same Mach number range.

The effect of increasing angle of attack on the maximum fluctuations,

as shown by the results fromthe Centaur model in figure 12, was generally
to increase the intensities.

Relationship between peak-to-peak and RMS measurements.- Although

peak-to-peak measurements are of little statistical value, they are of
interest from the standpoint of examining the maximum instantaneous
pressure fluctuations that may occurr To indicate how large the peak-
to-peak fluctuations of pressure may become in relation to RMS fluctua-
tions, peak-to-peak values of pressure coefficient are plotted in figure 13
against corresponding RMS values that exceeded 0.01. The results indicate
that the ratios between the peak-to-peak and RMS measurements, although
somewhat scattered, are sufficiently consistent to provide a reasonable
means of estimating maximum peak-to-peak values from RMS readings o r vice
versa. The peak-to-peak fluctuations were from about thee to four times
higher than their corresponding RMS measurements f o r the Centaur model
(fig. l3(a) ) , and from about three to five times higher for the Able-V
model (fig. l3(b)).

Figure 13 also shows that the maximum coefficient of peak-to-peak

fluctuations of pressure measured within the range of this investigation
reached values of 0.355 on the Centaur model and 0.428 on the Able-V
model- At the dynamic-pressure levels of the test these measurements
correspond, respectively, to unsteady pressures of 222 and 334 pounds
per square foot-

Power spectral densities-- Before experimentally determined pressure

fluctuations can be applied in calculations to determine the response of
a structure, properties of the fluctuations other than the RMS intensities
must be either evaluated from the test results or estimated. Probably the
most important of these is the power spectral density, which represents
the variation with frequency of the mean-square value of the amplitude
of the pressure fluctuations. It is also necessary to establish from the
power spectra, if possible, whether the results are representative of the
input f’un&ion and not influenced by the model-installation dynamics.

Spectral densities that are typical of the two types of pressure

fluctuations measured during this investigation are shown in figures 14
 CONFTDENTIAL 9

and 15. Fluctuations which occurred a t t h e l o c a t i o n s of t h e shock waves

on both models a r e represented i n f i g u r e 14, while f l u c t u a t i o n s within
regions of separation, which were of consequence only on t h e Able-V model,
a r e represented i n f i g u r e 15. Also i n d i c a t e d i n f i g u r e 1 4 ( a ) is a spectrum
*om t h e r e p e a t t e s t t o determine t h e e f f e c t of Fiberglas f l e x i b i l i t y on
t h e Centaur, and t h e r e p e a t a b i l i t y o f t h e pressure-fluctuation measurements
with a 1/2-inch-diameter transducer. The results show t h a t t h e s p e c t r a l
d e n s i t i e s a t t h e same Mach number and angle of a t t a c k were e s s e n t i a l l y t h e
same .3
A Examination of f i g u r e 1 4 d i s c l o s e s t h a t peaks i n t h e s p e c t r a l d e n s i t y
4 occurred near one or more of t h e model resonant frequencies. !These r e s u l t s
6 suggest some coupling of shock-wave motion with v i b r a t i o n modes of t h e
5 model-support system. Since t h e r e w a s no meafiurable amplitude of motion
( f i g . 16) a t 192 cps, t h e question i s r a i s e d as t o t h e cause of t h e peak
shown a t 192 cps i n t h e s p e c t r a l d e n s i t i e s f o r x/D = 1.634 on t h e Centaur
model and x/D = 0.800 on t h e Able-V model. The occurrence of a peak i n
t h e s p e c t r a of t h e pressure f l u c t u a t i o n s ahead of t h e shock wave ( f i g . 17)
a t 193 cps a t M = 0.80 and a t 213 cps a t M = 0.95 i n d i c a t e s t h a t a
p o s s i b l e cause may be a very small pressure f l u c t u a t i o n i n t h e stream
(equivalent t o less than 0.022 ps@/cps a t M = 0.80) which v a r i e s with
Mach number.

I n view of t h e apparent influence of motion and/or stream f l u c t u a t i o n s ,

a b r i e f i n v e s t i g a t i o n of t h e p r e s s u r e f l u c t u a t i o n s on t h e Centaur model w a s
conducted i n t h e 11-foot t e s t s e c t i o n of t h e Ames Unitary Plan Wind Tunnel.
The results show t h a t t h e peak a t 192 cps disappeared ( f i g . 18), and t h a t
with the exception of t h e disappearance of t h i s peak, t h e general d i s t r i b u -
t i o n of t h e energy with frequency a t x / D = 1.634 w a s about t h e s m e . A t
x/D = 1.970 some coupling of t h e pressure f l u c t u a t i o n s with motion a t low
frequencies i s s t i l l i n d i c a t e d . Although t h e amplitude o f motion was l e s s
i n t h e 11-foot wind tunnel ( f i g . 1 9 ) , t h e RMS i n t e n s i t i e s ( f i g . 20) d i d not
diminish f r o m t h e o r i g i n a l measurements shown i n f i g u r e 1 2 , a f a c t which
h e l p s s u b s t a n t i a t e all t h e RMS measurements presented.

Since coupling seem t o OCCUT between p r e s s u r e f l u c t u a t i o n s i n t h e

region of t h e shock wave and v e h i c l e motion and/or stream f l u c t u a t i o n s , a
s e r i o u s problem area is i n d i c a t e d by t h e extremely s m a l l motions and f l u c -
t u a t i o n s required t o influence the frequency d i s t r i b u t i o n of t h e unsteady
pressure. A s previously pointed out an a l t e r a t i o n of t h e model support
p r o p e r t i e s d i d not change RMS measurements; consequently it appears t h a t
an e f f e c t i v e a m p l i f i c a t i o n of t h e pressure f l u c t u a t i o n s can t a k e place with
a r e d i s t r i b u t i o n of t h e t o t a l energy t o form peaks a t t h e frequency o f
mot ion.
'The f a c t t h a t t h e power s p e c t r a were t h e same i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e
pressure f l u c t u a t i o n s are a s t a t i o n a r y random function of time. That
unsteady f o r c e s a s s o c i a t e d with b u f f e t i n g a r e a s t a t i o n a r y random f u n c t i o n
o f time and t h e defining s t a t i s t i c a l p r o p e r t i e s of such f'unctions a r e I
discussed t o some e x t e n t i n
 10 CONFIDEXTIAL

From t h e s p e c t r a o f t h e fluctuations i n t h e separated region following

t h e shock wave ( f i g . l?), it can be seen t h a t t h e y were a f f e c t e d by model
motions t o a c o n s i d e r a b l y l e s s e r e x t e n t than t h e pressures i n t h e region ’
o f t h e shock wave, and t h a t t h e general shapes were about t h e same for all
t h e cases shown. Except f o r t h e s l i g h t increases i n energy l e v e l a t f r e -
quencies from100 cps downward t o 10 cps, which may have been due t o model
motions, t h e frequency d i s t r i b u t i o n s were p r a c t i c a l l y constant f o r t h e
remaining range of frequencies. The very l o w l e v e l s of t h e s p e c t r a l densi-
t i e s o f t h e output f r o m a covered transducer within t h e separated region
and transducers l o c a t e d ahead of t h e shock wave ( f i g . 17) demonstrate t h a t
t h e major p a r t of t h e f l a t d i s t r i b u t i o n s i s a measure of pressure f l u c t u a - A
t i o n s and not o f instrumentation or wind-tunnel induced noise l e v e l s . 4
6
5
Steady Pressures

I n general, t h e i n s i d e o f a space-vehicle payload f a i r i n g i s vented

t o l o c a l s t a t i c pressure a t some l o n g i t u d i n a l s t a t i o n t o minimize t h e
loading on t h e f a i r i n g during launch. However, a t t r a n s o n i c speeds pres-
sure f l u c t u a t i o n s and pressure g r a d i e n t s a r e l a r g e , and regions o f d i f f e r -
e n t i a l loading can occur over t h e l e n g t h of t h e body. Depending upon t h e
choice of venting l o c a t i o n s , t h e loading on t h e f a i r i n g s t r u c t u r e can be
e n t i r e l y compressive or it can impose s t r e s s e s which may vary l o n g i t u d i n a l l y
from compression t o tension. The results i n f i g u r e 9 show t h a t with a
shape such as t h e Centaur, t h e p o s i t i o n of minimum pressure always occurred 0
i n t h e t e s t Mach number range a t t h e same s t a t i o n so t h a t compressive
loading could be maintained by venting a t t h a t l o c a t i o n . Venting t o f r e e -
stream s t a t i c p r e s s u r e could a l s o be done on a shape similar t o t h e Centaur
s i n c e p r e s s u r e s recovered t o free-stream s t a t i c pressure more r e a d i l y on
t h e c y l i n d r i c a l afterbody than on t h e converging afterbody of t h e Able V.

Over-All Loads

Although t h e most severe l o c a l i z e d loading would be encountered a t

t h e normal shock wave because of t h e combined s t e e p s t a t i c - p r e s s u r e gradi-
e n t and high pressure f l u c t u a t i o n s , it would be necessary t o c o r r e l a t e t h e
adjacent pressure fluctuations both c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l l y and l o n g i t u d i n a l l y
before t h e over-all time-dependent p a r t o f t h e loading could be determined.
No cross s p e c t r a l d e n s i t i e s o r c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s have been obtained
t h a t would relate t h e pressure fluctuations a t t h e d i f f e r e n t s t a t i o n s on
t h e models t e s t e d . Assumptions could be made of t h e o v e r - a l l loading on
a shape similar t o t h e Centaur model, however, which may be reasonably
v a l i d i n view o f t h e f a c t t h a t a l l s i g n i f i c a n t f l u c t u a t i o n s were concen-
t r a t e d a t t h e l o c a t i o n of t h e shock wave. F i r s t , it would seem reasonable
 CONFIDEWI'IAL 11

t h a t t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l c o r r e l a t i o n could be ignored. Then f o r

circumferential c o r r e l a t i o n , it could be assumed t h a t t h e shock wave
surrounding t h e body f l u c t u a t e s with all p e r i p h e r a l s t a t i o n s i n phase.

In general., t h e loading due t o steady and f l u c t u a t i n g pressures has

been considered from t h e p o i n t of view of panel loading, I n a d d i t i o n ,
normal-force and side-force f l u c t u a t i o n s , which are t h e summation of t h e
a
components of l o c a l pressure f l u c t u a t i o n s i n t h e normal-force and side-
f o r c e planes, can cause dynamic response o f t h e vehicle. The f a c t t h a t
l a r g e a r e a s may be exposed t o unsteady p r e s s u r e s i n regions o f separation
A i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e normal f o r c e s can be unsteady. Normal-force fluctua-
4 t i o n s a r e i n d i c a t e d by t h e results o f f i g u r e s 7 ( b ) , 8 ( b ) , and 8 ( c ) which
6 show t h a t f o r angles of a t t a c k o t h e r than 0' where pressure f l u c t u a t i o n s
5 were s i g n i f i c a n t , t h e y were l a r g e r on t h e upper h a l f of the bodies than
on t h e lower h a l f .

CONCLUSIONS

The rreasurements of steady and f l u c t u a t i n g p r e s s u r e s a t t r a n s o n i c

speeds on two bodies of' r e v o l u t i o n (Centaur and Able-V shapes) have shown
t h e following:

1. S i g n i f i c a n t f l u c t u a t i o n s of pressure c o e f f i c i e n t occurred on both

. bodies within t h e Mach number range from 0.75 t o 1-00. The highest root-
mean-square i n t e n s i t i e s measured were 0 .io6 (0 -355 peak-to-peak) on t h e
Centaur model and 0.124 (0.428 peak-to-peak) on t h e Able-V model.

2. The maximum f l u c t u a t i o n s measured a t any Mach nuniber and angle

o f a t t a c k occurred i n t h e region of t h e shock wave.

3. On t h e converging afterbody of the Able-V model, l a r g e regions

o f unsteady p r e s s u r e s occurred i n t h e separated flow behind t h e shock
wave a t angle of a t t a c k .

4. Maximum pressure f l u c t u a t i o n s occurring on t h e bodies increased

with increasing angle o f a t t a c k within t h e range of angles i n v e s t i g a t e d .

3 . Pressure f l u c t u a t i o n s were g e n e r a l l y l a r g e r on t h e upper h a l f of

t h e bodies than on t h e lower h a l f a t angles of a t t a c k g r e a t e r than Oo,
i n d i c a t i n g t h a t appreciable f l u c t u a t i o n s of normal f o r c e were a l s o a c t i n g
on t h e bodies.
12 CONFIDENTLAL

6. Except f o r some increase i n energy l e v e l b e l o v 100 cps, which

may have been due t o s l i g h t model motions, t h e s p e c t r a l d e n s i t i e s of
pressure f l u c t u a t i o n s i n regions of separation following the shock wave
appeared f l a t over t h e range o f frequencies examined.
.
Ames Research Center
National Aeronautics and Space Administration e

Moffett F i e l d , C a l i f . , Jan. 27, 1961

A
REXEXEXCES 4
6
5
1. Cleary, Joseph W.: The E f f e c t s o f Nose Bluntness on t h e Flow
Separation and Longitudinal C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of Ellipsoidal-Nosed
Cylinder-Flare Models a t Transonic Speeds. NASA TM X-370, 1960.

2. Coe, Charles F.: A Study o f Local-Pressure Fluctuations R e l a t i v e t o

Static-Pressure D i s t r i b u t i o n s on Two-Dimensional Airf'oils a t High
Subsonic Mach Numbers. NACA RM A55J11, 1955.

3. Humpkeys, Milton D.: Pressure P u l s a t i o n s on Rlgid A i r f o i l s a t

Transonic Speeds. NACA RM L51II-2, 1951.

4. Polentz, P e r r y Po, Page, W i l l i a m A., and Levy, Lionel L., Jr.: The e
Unsteady Nomnal-Force C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of Selected NACA Profiles a t
High Subsonic Mach Numbers. NACA RM A55C02, 1955.
 CONFIDENTIAL

A *rl
F:
4 0

6
5
i
k
5

a,
r i
N

.
I

r i
14 CONFDELNTIAL

4.8 %IOs 1

4.4 E-t I& Able-V m o d e l &I

4 .O
L
a,
n A
4
E3 3.6 I I 6
C I 3
v)
-
D
1 1 Centaur model I
3.2
)5
a,
K

2.8

2.4

2.o I
-6 .7 .8 .9 I .o 1.1 I .2 I .3
M a c h number, M

Figure 2.- Reynolds number ranges f o r t h e t w o models t e s t e d .

 COWIDENTIAL

.rpl P

%I-,
T -0
CD

r;

A
4 OIn
P
6
5 . 0
In
P
0
0
ZZt't -
0 0 tO2't -
986'E -

0 0 16L'E-

EOS'E -

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189
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28 I.--
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16 CONFIDENTIAL

A
4
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5
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0
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0092
-
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L9Z' -
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!R
CONFIDENTIAL

A
4
6
5

( a ) Centaur. A-26648

A-26383
(b.)Able V I
0
Figure 4.- Photographs of models.
18 CONFIDENTIAL

I
I
*
L n
 e. 0.0 0 0 0 eo 0 0 0 eom 0 moo om
0 0 0 . e m o m 0 0 e o e o 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . e
0 0 0 0 000 e 0 , . o m o m
om eo0 0 0 moo 0 0 eo 00 0 0 000 00

CONFIDENTIAL

Pressure tronsducer

20 kc Excitation
and c a r r i e r o m p l i f i e r

F i It e r b y p a s s
f o r transducer High-pass f i l t e r
A c a Iib r a t ion
4
6
5

I
d.c. a m p l i f i e r

I n p u t f o r 0.c.
calibration of
tape recorder
-t output f o r signal
m o n i t o r i n g and
d.c. c a l i b r a t i o n
of tronsducers
1 Tape r e c o r d e r I

Limiting
amplifier d.c. a m p l i f i e r
-

1 Band-pass f i l t e r I

--
I
I
Digital
recorder
Oscillograph
I
1

Figure 6.- Block diagram of major components of instrumentation.

 0.
.. ............. .. .. .. .............
................. 0. 0. e..
...... .. .. ..
0. 0.

20 CONFIDENTIAL

1
1
t
E
,
 0. 0.0 0 0 0 a0 ma 0 mom 0 00. 0 0
m o o 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
m o o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 a m
0 . 0 0 0 000 0 . m o m a 0
0 0 0.m 0 0 om0 0 0 mo om 0 000 00

CONFIDENTIAL 21

A
4
6
5
 me eee e eee e ee ee e e e e** e.
e e e * e a e e e e e e e e e e
e e e e e * . e e e e e e e e e e e
e e e e e e e e eee e e e e e
ee e*. e e e ee ee e e eee ee erne ee

COI\SFIDE.NTIAL

d
d

0
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u)
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m
N

d
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6
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e . . 0 . . . e . e e . . e e .
e e e e e e e o e e e m . e @ . . e
. e . e e 0.. e , . e . . e
00 ..e me m o e 0 eo 00 0 e 0 00. .e

CONFIDENTIAL 23

A
4
6
5
C ONF IDEbTIAL

.
 CONFIDENTIAL

A
4
6

L
5

L
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. .
. ....... . . . . .
. .....
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........................ .
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0.. 0.

26 CONFIDrnIAL

A
4
6
5

0
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d
a
v
 .e e.. a a e .e a. a ..a a ..a e.
. . a . . a . . e a e . a . e .
. e . . a a e . a a * e * *.e a .
e . . e e ..e e . e . a . e .
a. e.. a. ..e e a a. e. a e ..e a.

CONFIDFJXTIAL
27

A
4
6
5
28 C O W IDEDTTIAL

A
4
6
5

.
a l W d N
0 0 - 9 9 O

5
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 CONFIDENTIAL

A
4
6
5

c)
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a
 ...............
...................
. . . . . . . .
. .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. ..
. . .
......................... 0.. 0.

L
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........................
CONFIDENTIAL

A
4
6
5

a
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V

u
I

0
3
II
23
32 CONFIDENTIAL

W
ro

m
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A
4
0
0
6
5
W

W
N

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3R

~- coNl?IDmIAL 33

*
0

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m
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m
a,
N
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02
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W
-
N
-
m

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4 0
5 0
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m
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m
a,
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02
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-
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34 CONFIDENTIAL

0
0
II

-
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v
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0 . 0

0 . 0
0.
0.0

0 . 0 .

0.0
0
Y
0
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CONFIDrnIAL 35

A
4
6
5

a!

a
0
-a
a
0
a
 .................
. . . . . . . . . . .......
. . . . .
........................ .
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. . . . . . ..... .
. .
36 c OIJFIDEXTIAL

0
2
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L
 37

a!

0
 0
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II
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V
v

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0
Q
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0. 0..
39

A
4
6
5

0
a
40

a
0
a
b
 ... .. . .....
0 .

e.
. . . .. ..
0 b . 0
0..
0 a
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0. .. .....
0
.....
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0..
0

e .
0.
.

41

A
4
6
5

2a
3
r i

2
0
u
I
e
0
r i

aJ
s
M

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0
 .. ............. .. .. .. .. ...........
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.
42
........ 00
CbkFIDmTIAL
me. 0. e.. a.

A
4
6
5

M = 0.78, CL = 40

M = 0.805, CL = '8

(a) Centaur model.

Figure 11.- Typical shadowgraph pictures of the flow when large pressure
fluctuations were occurring.
 . .. .. .. ..
.. ..
0 0 0 0 00. 0 0.0

..
0 0 . . 0 0 0 0 . 0 .
0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0.0 0 0 . 0 .
moo 0 0 0. 0 0 0.0
CONFIDENTIE 43

A
4
6
5

M = 0.90, CL = 30

M = 0.95, CL = 60
( b ) A b l e - V model.

Figure 11.- Concluded.

 .................
.
. .
.
. ..
...
....
. .
. .
. . . .
. ........
. ... .. .
. .
44
...... ...............
. . . . .
C~~FIDEIJTIAL

.I 6

.08
A
4
6
.04 5

X
a
5
cn 0
r
-a . I 6
P
V
a

4
6
.O8
IO

.04

0
.6 .7 .8 .9 I .o I .I I .2
Mach n u m b e r

Figure 12.- The v a r i a t i o n with Mach number of t h e maximum pressure

f l u c t u a t i o n s measured along t h e top c e n t e r l i n e of t h e models.
 om 000 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 000 000 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 o m 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 m o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 moo 0 0 0 0 m o 0 0
0 0 00. 00 000 0 0 00 00 0 0 0 00. om

COIWIDELNTIAL

.64

.56

.48

A
4
6 .40
5

9.
V
a
.24

.O8

0
0 .02 .04 -06 .O8 .IO
“p (RMS)

(a) Centaur model.

Figure 13.- The r e l a t i o n s h i p between peak-to-peak and RMS measurements

of t h e p r e s s u r e - f l u c t u a t i o n i n t e n s i t y .
 ...............
..........................
..................... ... .. .. .. ..
46 CONFIDFINTIAL

.64 1
I
0 oo
0 45O

.56
L
.4 8
A
4
6
5
-T
.40

c
s
n
0
+

Y
.32
9.
Y

a
u I
a
.24
i
I

.16

.08

0
0 .o 2 .O4 .06 .O8 .IO .I2
“p (RMS)

( b ) Able-V model.

Figure 13. - Concluded.

 am 00. a a 0 a0 am a 00. a aaa 0 0
a a a a a a m e a 0 a 0 a m m a
m o o * a a 0 0 0 a a a a a a 0 0
m o a 0 a aaa a a a a m a 0 0
am 0.0 om moa 0 0 am a0 0 0 0 aaa ea

CONFIDEIITIAL 47

32

28

24

20
Station I 6 3 4
16

12

A
8
4
6
5 4
VI
n
SO
L

40
>.
._
+
VI
5 36
-
-
:
32
n
v)
t
28

c 24

20

16

12

0
0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400 440 480 520
Frequency, cps

( a ) Centaur model.

Figure 14.- Power s p e c t r a l d e n s i t i e s of pressure f l u c t u a t i o n s a t t h e

normal shock wave.
 .................
.
. .
. .
. .
...
.. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .......
.
........................ .
. . . ..
...
....
. .
48 CONFIDENTIAL

32

28

24

20

16

12
A
4
8
. 6
3
4

v)
n
0
NL 0
L

40
ZI
*
.-
in
36
D

2
c
p 32
n
v)

28

24

20

16

12

0
0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400 440 480 520
Frequency, cps

( a ) Centaur model - Concluded.

Figure 14.- Continued.

 49

32

20

24

20

c
16

12
A
4 0
6
5 4
VI
a
$ 0
”-
40
x.
.-
c

L
.
l
5 36
-
U

-? 32
a
m

20

24

20

16

12

0
0 40 00 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400 440 400 5P0
Frequency, cps

( b ) Able-V model.

Figure 14.- Continued.

 80

70

60

50 A

40

30

20

10
u)
0
$
sn o

cn
70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
 .. .. .......
.. .. ..
..
.. ...*. ..
..e 0 .*e 0
- 0 . 0 . . 0 . 0 0 0
0 . 0 . 0 . . 0 . .
0 . .
e..
0.. 0
.e
0 . 0
0..
*e. .

COTJFIDrnIAL

I
Lo
a
<
N
za o
A
.-
e

:9
al M ~0.925, a = 3 O , top %
T1
- --__ M = 0.95, a = 6", top
;a -- M = 0.95,a = 6",45' from top
0
al M.0.90, a = I O o , t o p c
0
cn
7

0 II t
- 0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400 440 480 520
Frequency, c p s

Figure 17.- Power s p e c t r a l d e n s i t i e s of pressure f l u c t u a t i o n s on t h e

Able-V model i n t h e separated region following t h e shock wave.
 52 COWIDENTIAL
,036 I
I . - M = 0.805,a = 83 top
I __-- a = Eo,top
M =0.885, %
,032

,028

,024
' N
0
c
:
._ .020
z
._
c
Y)

E ,016
-
D

c
2
%a .012
(0

.008

.om

Figure 16.- Power s p e c t r a l d e n s i t i e s of amplitude of motion on t h e

Centaur model.

7 ,
I -Covered t r o n s d u c e r w i t h i n region
I o f shock-induced s e p a r a t i o n
. _--- Transducer upstream o f shock wove
6 1 station 0.333.M=0.80. a.4'
-- - Transducer upstream of shock wove
Y I station 0.667.M=0.95, 0.6'

Figure 17.- Power s p e c t r a l d e n s i t i e s of response of a covered transducer

and transducers ahead of t h e shock wave on t h e Able-V model.
 CONF'IDENTIAL 53

a
4
6
5

"
0 40 00 120 160 200 240 200 320 360 400 440 400 520
Frequency, c p r

Figure 18. - Power s p e c t r a l dens it i e s of pr e ssur e f l u c t u a t i o n s a t t h e

normal shock wave on t h e Centaur model i n t h e Ames 11-Foot
Transonic Wind Tunnel.
 0
. a
a .
a.
.

a.
*a*
a
* *
*a*
a
.
a
.
a
a a*.
* * a
a .
a m .
a a
a

a.
a.
a
a.

a
a
a.
a
a
* *
a .
a*.
a a
.
a

**a
a
a
* a .

a.
a
a
a**

*a*
*
a.
a .
* * . a
* * a
a.

5b CONFIDENTIAL

A
4
6
5

Frequency, cps

Figure 19.- Power s p e c t r a l d e n s i t i e s of amplitude of motion on t h e

Centaur model i n t h e Ames 11-Foot Transonic Wind Tunnel.

.I 2

.08

.04

0
.6 .? .0 .9 I.o 1.1 1.2
Mach number b

Figure 20.- The v a r i a t i o n with Mach number of t h e maximum pressure

f l u c t u a t i o n s measured along t h e t o p c e n t e r l i n e of t h e Centaur
model i n t h e Ames 11-Foot Transonic Wind Tunnel. .
NASA - Langley Field, Vn. A-465