Alexandria Engineering Journal (2010) 49, 371–377

Alexandria University

Alexandria Engineering Journal

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Improving the bearing capacity of footing on soft clay

with sand pile with/without skirts
Ashraf Kamal Nazir *, Wasim R. Azzam

Department of Structural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt

Received 24 October 2009; accepted 21 June 2010

Available online 26 January 2011

KEYWORDS Abstract This paper presents the results of laboratory model tests for studying the improvement of
Soil improvement; soft clay layer by using both partially replaced sand piles with/without confinement. This research is
Bearing capacity; performed to study the effect of sand pile to improve the bearing capacity and to control the set-
Circular footing; tlement. Also the research aimed at investigating the variation of subgrade modulus, and the
Soft clay; induced failure mechanism of shallow circular footing on replaced soil with/without skirts. The
Confinement; results show that the improvement of load bearing capacity is remarkable; using both partially
Skirts and settlement; replaced sand pile with and without confinement by skirts. The adopted technique can substantially
Sand pile
modify the stress displacement curve of the footing rested on soft clay layer, significantly decreases
the settlement and the replaced soil block inside the skirts behave as deep foundation. Therefore, the
bearing capacity failure mechanism of a footing rested on soft clay can be modified from exclusive
settlement to general bearing capacity failure at the tip of confined replaced sand column.
ª 2010 Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.
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1. Introduction

Soft clay deposits are extensively located in many costal areas

* Corresponding author. Mobile: +20 121704422.
E-mail addresses: ashraf_nazir2003@yahoo.com (A.K.
azzam_waseim@yahoo.com (W.R. Azzam).
1110-0168 ª 2010 Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University.
Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Peer review under responsibility of Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria
University.
doi:10.1016/j.aej.2010.06.002
Production and hosting by Elsevier
and they exhibit poor strength and compressibility. Utilization
of various improvement methods for soft soil particularly soft
Nazir),
clay is used in a wide range. These methods were based on
using lime, cement and flay ash stabilization as presented by
previous studies carried out by Ali et al. [1], Balasubramaniam
et al. [5], Muntohar and Hantoro [13], Muntohar and Hashim
[15], and Muntohar [14]. Further information has been re-
ported in order to improve the soft ground by using soil ce-
ment column method as reported by Hebib and Farrell [10]
and Porbaha and Bouassida [16]. In addition, there are many
investigations which were carried out to enhance the load bear-
ing capacity of soft soil by adopting the soil reinforcement
technique as presented by Hirao et al. [11] and El Sawwaf [8].
372
The bearing capacity of footings on soft clay can be also
improved considerably by placing a layer of compacted gran-
ular fill of limited thickness without/with geotextile or geogrid
reinforcement at sand clay interface Love et al. [12]. The depth
of the replaced fill depends on the required bearing capacity
and the allowable settlement. Sometimes this technique leads
to great heights of soil replacement and hence excessive cost
and effort. As a cost-effective alternative to this solution in this
investigation, a combination of both structural skirts that are
fixed to footing edge and local replacement only inside the
skirted footing can be provided in stabilizing soft soil. Where
the technique of using vertical reinforcement in the form of
skirts that are fixed to foundation edges used to improve the
load bearing capacity, controls the horizontal movement of
soil under the footing and provided significant confinement
tools for the supporting soil. The soil confinement is one of
the used methods for improving soil capacity. The various
researchers have studied the effect of lateral confinement on
bearing capacity by both skirts system and separate vertical
cell. Al-Aghbari and Khan [2], Al-Aghbari [3], Gourvenec
[9], and Al-Aghbari [4] have provided a valuable detailed con-
sideration of skirts applications with footing. For instance, the
behavior of foundation resting on confined subgrade by verti-
cal cell was investigated by El Sawwaf and Nazer [7] and Singh
and Prasad [17]. The previous investigation was carried out
only in sandy soil and cannot be thoroughly applied to cohe-
sive soil. The low cost workable ground improvement tech-
nique presented in this paper is a combination of using
skirted foundation and in site local replacement of soft soil
only inside skirts of the circular footing. This adopted tech-
nique is done by partial replacement of soft soil via well com-
pacted sand that confined with skirts of the adopted footing
(as a replaced sand column). This replacement system is only
used under the footing and inside the footing skirts without
whole site stabilization. This local stabilization is used only
for decreasing both the amount of replaced soil and compac-
tion effort that is required for replacement process. Therefore,
the main objective of this research is to address the aspect of
both the bearing capacity improvement and settlement reduc-
tion through using both local soil replacement of soft soil over-
lying sand bed and the optimum skirts footing soil system.
1. loading frame
2. Hydraulic jack
3. Proving ring
4. model footing
2 normally consolidated bed of clay as presented by El Sawwaf
5. skirts 10
6. Dial gauge 3
7. Replaced fill
8. Soft clay bed
9. Compacted sand 6
10. Test tank 4
7
B is footing diameter L 5
D is compacted sand layer
thickness
h is thickness of clay bed B
L is skirts depth
8
9 Shrinkage limit (%)
90 cm
Figure 1 Schematic view of the test setup.
A.K. Nazir, W.R. Azzam
2. Laboratory model tests
2.1. Model box
Fig. 1 shows a schematic view of the experimental model appa-
ratus used in this study. The test box is cylinder-shaped, having
inside diameter of 90 cm in plane and 120 cm in depth, the
walls of tank have thickness of 6 mm. The tank box was built
sufficiently rigid to maintain plain strain conditions by mini-
mizing the out of plain displacement in all directions. The tank
walls were braced from the outer surface using horizontal steel
beam fitted at the mid depth of the tank. The inside walls of
the tank are polished smooth to reduce friction with the soil
as much as possible by using galvanized coat on the inside
wall.
The loading system consists of a hand-operated hydraulic
jack and pre-calibrated load ring to apply the load manually
to the footing soil system.
2.2. Model footing
The model footing was made of a steel circular plate with a
diameter of 100 mm, and 20 mm thickness. A rough base con-
dition was achieved by fixing a thin layer of sand onto the base
of the model footing with Epoxy glue. The load is transferred
to the footing through a ball bearing which was placed be-
tween the footing and the proving ring.
2.3. Structural skirts
A circular mild steel pipe with knife edge is used as structural
skirt with thickness 4 mm. with different heights. The internal
diameter of the skirts is 102 mm.
2.4. Test material
2.4.1. Soft clay
The normally consolidated soft clay bed was prepared by
pouring the clay in layers, at a water content equal to its liquid
(LL). The clay was identified as CL according to Unified Clas-
sification System. The shear strength for the soil was obtained
through Vane Shear Test. The soft clay bed was thoroughly
mixed and placed by hand into the model tank overlying sand
1 layer in various depths according to testing program. A uni-
form pressure of 40 kN/m2 was applied gradually to get the
[8]. The pressure was kept for 48 h then gradually released in
2 h. The properties of the clay bed are given in Table 1.
Table 1 Properties of soft clay.
h
120 cm Specific gravity 2.63
Liquid limit (%) 40
Plastic limit (%) 20
13
D
Plasticity index (%) 20
Optimum moisture content (%) 15
Average moisture content during testing (%) 36
Field unit weight during testing (kN/m3) 15.50
Untrained cohesion (kN/m2) 22
Improving the bearing capacity of footing on soft clay with sand pile with/without skirts 373

2.4.2. Sand bed
The sand used in this research to perform the underlying strata
beneath the soft clay layer is medium to coarse rounded silica
sand. For each test a homogenous bed of dry silica sand was
formed. The mean grain size D50% = 0.33 mm and the unifor-
mity coefficient is 3.5. The physical and mechanical properties
of tested sand are shown in Table 2. To prepare the compacted
sand bed the Japanese method was adopted. The relative den-
sity and the sand depth were kept constant during the tests.
This sand layer is acted as bearing layer for partially replaced
system.
3. Testing program and methodology
First, the sand bearing layer is placed at bottom of the tank in
layers where each has a thickness of 50 mm and compacted to
achieve the required relative density, Dr = 80%. This tech-
nique is continued to reach to total thickness of 40 cm (four-
times footing diameter, D/B = 4). This thickness is kept con-
stant during the test program. The top layer of soft clay is
placed carefully as described before and maintained at the
studied depth. After preparing the clay bed, the steel pipe
was pushed till the required depth, the soft layer is excavated
out side the pipe, then pipe was charged with sand and com-
pacted in layers 50 mm thick. The pipe was kept for studying
the skirted condition while in the case of non-skirted condition
the pipe was withdrawn to a certain level and charging of sand
for the next layer was continued. The process of charging the
sand, compaction and withdrawal of the pipe was carried
out simultaneously. The sand used for partial replacement is
similar to the sand layer beneath the soft clay. The replaced
sand column is compacted manually in layers at relative den-
sity of 80% using manual steel circular hammer having
70 mm diameter and 20 mm in thickness. The number of drop
passes is evaluated at the beginning of the study to establish
the desire sand density. Compaction was carried out very care-
fully so that the prepared soft clay did not get disturbed. The
Table 2 Physical and mechanical properties of tested sand.
Specific gravity 2.65
Maximum dry density, cdmax (kN/m3) 17.96
Minimum dry density, cdmin (kN/m3) 15.6
Maximum shear angle / tri 40
Maximum voids ratio emax 0.699
Minimum voids ratio emin 0.472
Relative density Dr during tests 80%
depth of replaced soil is equal to the skirts’ depth for all testing
program. After installation the soil bed, the footing is placed at
the pre-described location with skirts to predetermined depth,
the load was applied by a hydraulic jack. The load was applied
in small increments until reaching failure. The settlement of the
skirted footing on partially replaced soft clay was measured
using two dial gauges placed on the opposite side of the
footing.
3.1. Testing parameters
A series of loading tests were carried out for footing with and
without structural skirts resting on partially replaced soft clay.
An experimental program was carried out to investigate the
behavior of skirted footing on replaced sand column. Fig. 1
shows the definitions of the studied parameters. Table 3 shows
the details of studied parameters:
qult skirts: Ultimate bearing capacity in the case of skirted
footing.
qulto: Ultimate bearing capacity in the case of without
reinforcement.
In all testes the depth of replaced fill equals to skirts depth
(L).
4. Results and discussion
The load–settlement relationship and the ultimate bearing
capacity of the footing on replaced soil with/without skirts
were obtained. The ultimate bearing capacity of the footing/
soil system for each test was estimated from the load displace-
ment curves where slope of the load displacement curves either
first reaches to zero or becomes steady at minimum value.
4.1. Effect of partial replacement with/without skirts
In order to investigate the effect of partial replacement soil
with/without skirts Fig. 2 is presented, typical variation of
bearing pressure (q) and normalized settlement (S/B) for the
footing without skirts resting on partially replaced soft soil
as a replaced trench beneath the footing at different fill depth
(L/h). The figure shows that the partial replacement of soft clay
highly improves and modifies the load bearing capacity at the
same settlement ratio. Whereas, the stress–settlement relation-
ship of skirted footing on partially replaced soft clay for differ-
ent skirts heights is shown in Fig. 3. For the case of (h/D = 1).
It can be seen that the installation of skirts with the replaced

Table 3 Details of laboratory model tests.

Test series Type of test Details of test program
Constant parameters Variable parameters
1 Normal footing without replacement D = 4B = 40 cm h/D = 1, 1.5, and 2
2 Partial replacement h/D = 1, D = 40 cm L/h = 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00
3 Without skirts h/D = 1.5, D = 40 cm L/h = 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00
4 h/D = 2, D = 40 cm L/h = 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00
5 Partial replacement h/D = 1, D = 40 cm L/h = 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00
6 With skirts h/D = 1.5, D = 40 cm L/h = 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00
7 h/D = 2, D = 40 cm L/h = 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00
374 A.K. Nazir, W.R. Azzam

Bearing pressure, q (kPa) 5

h/D = 1.00
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 4.5
h/D = 1.50 Without skirts
0 4 h/D = 2.00
no replcement 3.5 h/D = 1.00
h/D = 1.50 With skirts
2 L/h=0.25 3

BCR
h/D = 2.00
L/h=0.50 2.5
4 2
L/h=0.75
L/h=1.00 1.5
6
Settlement, s/B(%)

1
0.5
8
0
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1
10
L/h

12 Figure 4 Variation of the BCR with the normalized replaced

depth (L/h) for different soft clay depth and footing with/without
14
skirts.
H/D = 1.00
16 D/B = 4.00
18 vertical confinement cell [7,17]. Therefore, the existence of such
skirts on replaced soft clay can totally eliminate and prevent
Figure 2 Variation of bearing stress, q versus normalized the bulging that occurred in the case of without skirts. These
settlement for different. Replaced depth for footing without skirts. figures also indicate that the ultimate bearing capacity is in-
duced at settlement ratio (S/B) about 12% for the skirted foot-
ings while this value ranged between 14% and 16% for non-
Bearing pressure (kPa) skirted footings. Such increase in the settlement is due to bulg-
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 ing failure.
0
no replcement 4.2. Effect of replaced depth and skirts installation
2 L/h=0.25
L/h=0.50 Fig. 4 shows the variation of bearing capacity ratio, BCR with
4 normalized fill depth (L/h) for different soft clay depth ratios
L/h=0.75
L/h=1.00 (h/D) for the footing with/without skirts on replaced soil. It
6
Settlement, s/B(%)

8
10
12
14
H/D = 1.00
16
D/B = 4.00
18
Figure 3 Variation of bearing stress, q versus normalized
settlement for different. Replaced depth for footing with skirts.
fill noticeably improves the bearing capacity of the footing as
well as the stiffness of the foundation bed. The vertical skirt
is acting as a confining cell to the replaced sand column and
effectively decreases both the vertical and the horizontal strain
underneath the footing compared with the other case. It also
controls the settlement of the footing/soil system according
to the skirts depth.
The presence of skirts can extensively modify the stress set-
tlement curves and the ultimate bearing capacity is increased
with the increase of skirt depth. The improvement in the bear-
ing capacity due to soil confinement along with the partially re-
placed system is reported by many investigators when using
has been found that the bearing capacity ratio (BCR) is grad-
ually increased with the increase of the replaced depth. A sig-
nificant increase in the bearing capacity ratio is observed at
(L/h > 0.5) until the replaced sand penetrating the soft clay
layer; the maximum increase in the bearing capacity ratio is
induced. The replaced sand under circular footing was consid-
ered as a single sand pile which enhances the load bearing
capacity as that recently published by Etezad et al. [6]. Also,
the degree of improvement on BCR mainly related to soft
clay depth or ratio (h/D), wherever as the depth of soft clay
increases the depth of partially replaced fill is increased as a
result the bearing capacity is increased. The skirts minimized
the horizontal movement and acted as a restraint for partial
replacement of sand column inside skirt accordingly no bulg-
ing can be appeared. As the failure approaches in tests carried
out on footing with skirts, the replaced sand inside the skirts
behaves as one unit and behaves similar to deep foundation
(once the load was increased, the skirted footing and replaced
fill settled simultaneously).
It noticed that as the depth of clay increases the bearing
capacity ratio is increased. Also, the skirts have a great effect
in increasing the degree of improvement compared with case
of footing on sand column without confinement. The skirt in-
creases the bearing capacity to 3.1 times of initial ultimate
bearing capacity of soft clay at h/D = 1 and 4.2 times at
h/D = 2. Alternatively, at the case of no confinement, the
bearing capacity is increased by 2.6 times value at h/D = 1
and 3.3 times at h/D = 2. This variation in the degree of
improvement in the two cases was related to the bulging
Improving the bearing capacity of footing on soft clay with sand pile with/without skirts 375

behavior of unconfined condition. This can also confirm that 80

the effectiveness of skirts as a confined tool.
70

4.3. Settlement reduction due to confinement effect 60

The extension of the investigation of using laboratory loading 50

PRS%
tests for footing on improved soft clay with/without skirts was
40
carried out in order to examine their effects to reduce and con-
trol settlement under the footing. A parametric study brings 30
out to the effects of the fill depth and depth of soft clay for
h/D= 1
both footing with and without skirts. The settlement reduction 20
h/D= 1.5
is generally expressed according to values of the percentages h/D= 2
10
reduction in settlement (PRS) as:
PRS ¼ ðSo  Sr Þ=So 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
where So = settlement of footing on soft clay layer corre- L/h
sponding to its ultimate bearing capacity. Sr = settlement of
footing on replaced fill with/without skirts corresponding to Figure 6 The variation of PRS (%) and skirts depth L/h for
its ultimate bearing capacity of reinforced sand. different soft clay thickness.
The relationships between the PRS in percentage and the
replaced depth for footing with and without skirts are pre-
the relationships to linear regression. This also, again justifying
sented in Figs. 5 and 6. It has been found that the existence
that the use of confined partially replaced sand column with
of sand column below the footing decreases the amount of set-
skirts is more effective in increasing the foundation stiffness,
tlement of the system. The percentage reduction in settlement
controls the horizontal and vertical movement underneath
was affected by both replaced depth and soft clay thickness
the footing, and demonstrates that the footing and sand col-
as distinctly explained in Fig. 5. In this figure nonlinear corre-
umn confined by skirts acted as a rigid one unit behave similar
lation is found exist because the replaced sand column when
to deep foundation. The PRS (%) reached to 62 and 75 for
subjected to footing load compressed until bulging induced.
Moreover, as the depth of fill increases the percentage reduc-
tion in settlement increases. This is due to the shear stress
mobilized at the perimeter of sand column. The PRS (%) is
reached to 62% for footing on replaced sand column and at
(h/D = 2). This value is decreased according to soft clay thick-
ness, wherever, at (h/D = 1) the PRS (%) was dropped to 55%
for the same replaced depth (L/h = 1) as distinctly shown in
Fig. 5. On the other hand, with the intention of study the con-
finement effect, the variation of PRS (%) with the skirts depth
for different soft clay depth is shown in Fig. 6. It also noticed
that the percentage reduction in settlement PRS (%) is greatly
increased with the existence of skirts with sufficient depth com-
pared to other case. Also, the skirts can significantly modify

80

70

60

50
PRS%

40

30

20
h/D= 1
10 h/D= 1.5
h/D= 2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
L/h

Figure 5 The variation of PRS (%) and replaced depth L/h for Figure 7 Variation of subgrade modulus for different settlement
different soft clay thickness for footing without skirts. ratio, D/h = 1.00.
376
(L/h = 1 and 2, respectively). These values are more than
those of footing without confinement. For that reason, in cases
where structures are very sensitive to settlement, confined re-
placed sand column can be used to obtain the same allowable
bearing capacity at a much lower settlement.
4.4. Comparison of subgrade modulus of skirted and non-skirted
sand columns
The subgrade modulus of skirted and non-skirted sand column
for various floating ratios was calculated from load–displace-
ment relationships of the performed tests at D/h = 1.00.
Fig. 7(a) and (b) are presented for non-skirted and skirted sand
piles respectively for variation of the ratio of modified sub-
grade modulus, Es and original subgrade modulus, Ei. From
these figures it is observed that ratio of Es/Ei is increased from
1.80 up to 7.00 times at the earlier stages of loading. These ra-
tios are for L/h = 0.25 and 1.00, respectively, for non-skirted
piles. While these ratios were ranged between 1.80 and 9.50
for skirted conditions. Also it can be seen that for non-skirted
sand pile the subgrade modulus reduced rapidly especially for
the L/h ratio greater than 0.50. This reduction for the earlier
stages of loading than the relations is almost flat and the
reduction rate is very small. The same trend is observed for
skirted sand piles, while the rate of reduction is greater than
that for the non-skirted condition. Also it is observed that
the rate of the reduction of subgrade modulus for different
embedment ratios for skirted condition is higher than that of
the non-skirted as the penetration ratio of pile is reduced.
5. Conclusions
From the present laboratory investigation on the behavior of
circular footing resting on partially replaced sand pile with/
without skirts, the following conclusions can be summarized:
(1) The improvement of load bearing capacity is remark-
ably increased using both partially replaced sand piles
with/without confinement by skirts.
(2) The use footing of both replaced sand pile with/without
confinement can substantially modify the stress displace-
ment relationship.
(3) The percentage of improvement of bearing capacity has
been gained in two ways, with the increase of replaced
depth, skirts depth as well as the increase of soft clay
thickness.
(4) Confined replaced sand pile with skirts has a consider-
able effect in decreasing the vertical settlement and elim-
inating the horizontal subgrade movement. It also
prevents the bulging occurrence.
(5) The percentage reduction in settlement is highly
depended on both fill and skirts depth, and soft clay
thickness.
(6) In cases where structures are very sensitive to settlement,
confined replaced sand column can be used to obtain the
same allowable bearing capacity at a much lower
settlement.
(7) The replaced soil block inside the skirts behaves as a
deep foundation or one unit. Therefore, the bearing
capacity failure mechanism of normal footing on soft
A.K. Nazir, W.R. Azzam
clay is modified from excessive settlement pattern to gen-
eral bearing capacity failure at the end of confined
replaced sand column.
(8) For both skirted and non-skirted sand pile the ratio of
Es/Ei is increased.
(9) For non-skirted sand pile there is a significant reduction
in the subgrade ratio Es/Ei, especially for the L/h ratio
grater than 0.50 after which the reduction rate is very
minor. The same trend is observed for skirted sand piles,
while the rate of reduction is grater than that for non-
skirted condition.
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