PLANNING AND DESIGN

OF
L. I. SCHEME
by
J. Gunakar Rao
M.E., MIE, MISTE

E.E., C.D.O., VJA.

 INTRODUCTION

▶ In the prevailing situation, the gap of socio-economic

conditions between the regions is getting widened
causing imbalance w.r.t. economy as well as
development.
▶ Perennial drought conditions in some pockets
▶ Many upland areas starve for water
▶ Though Dams & barrages able to meet most of the
requirements, due to obvious reasons discussed
below, L.I. Schemes assumed greater significance
and gained momentum to narrow the gap of
socio-economic conditions between the regions.
 TOPICS RELATED TO L.I. SCHEME

▶ REASONS FOR OPTING L.I. SCHEMES OVER GRAVITY SYSTEM

▶ LIMITATIONS OF L.I. SCHEME
▶ VARIOUS COMPONENTS OF L.I. SCHEMES
▶ TYPES OF PUMPS / PUMPS HOUSES
▶ STAGES OF PLANNING & DESIGN
▶ DESIGN OF PUMPS
▶ DETERMINATION OF PUMPING HEAD
▶ DESIGN OF INTAKE AND JACKWELL / SUMP
▶ GENERAL ARRANGEMENT OF PUMP HOUSE
▶ DESIGN OF PUMP HOUSE
▶ DESIGN OF PRESSURE MAINS
▶ IMPORTANCE OF SURGE PROTECTION DEVICES
 Reasons for Opting Lift Schemes Over Gravity System
▶ In the present circumstances, lift irrigation schemes assumed
greater significance and seems to be the viable solution to meet
the aspirations of the upland people for the following reasons :
▶ Speedy Completion of the Scheme
▶ Lesser initial Cost
▶ No need of extensive and time investigation
▶ Flexibility of Location of Head works
▶ Flexibility to over come the foundation problems
▶ Mitigation of problems arise in case of dams such as Submersion,
Environment Problems, Rehabilitation & Land Acquisition
Problems and Inter-state Disputes.
Though lift irrigation schemes have some drawbacks and are costly,
in the prevailing situation, they are inevitable when situation
demands in the contemporary irrigation planning.
LI schemes are going to play vital role in the Inter-linking of rivers.
Limitations of L.I. Scheme

▶ They are costly w.r.t. benefit cost ratio compared to other

irrigation schemes / Gravity schemes
▶ Require assured un-interrupted power supply
▶ Require assured flows from the source
▶ Recurring cost on power bills
▶ Regular maintenance is required for civil as well as mechanical
works
▶ Life of L.I. scheme is shorter than dams & barrages
▶ Needs periodical replacement of mechanical & electrical
components
In spite of above drawbacks, to bridge the gap between
developed areas and un-developed areas with reference to
socio-economic conditions and the vacuum created by the
absence & non-provision of dams & barrages, lift irrigation
schemes are ought to be taken up judiciously which lessens the
apprehensions of the farmers.
LI Schemes(Completed)
1. Chagalnadu
2. Torrigeda
3. Tadipudi ( 2 lifts )
4. Pushkara ( 2 lifts )
5. HNSS
6. Guru Raghavendra
7. AMR Project
8. Chinnamaroor
9. Bhima (2 Stages)
10. Alisagar ( 3 Stages )
11. Guthpa ( 2 Stages )
12. Kalwakurthy ( 3 Stages )
13. Nettampadu ( 2 Stages )
14. Venkatnagaram ( 3 Stages )
 VARIOUS COMPONENTS OF LI SCHEMES

▶ Pumps
▶ Intake / Sump
▶ Pump house
▶ Pressure mains
▶ Surge Protection Devices
▶ Approach Canal
▶ Delivery Cistern
▶ Gantry for Pumps, Stoplogs & Trash racks
▶ Control Panels etc.,
PUMP HOUSE FROM APPROACH SIDE(U/S)
MOTOR ARRANGEMENT INSIDE PUMP HOUSE
MOTORS & CONTROL ROOM ARRANGEMENT INSIDE PUMP HOUSE
MOTORS & GOLITH CRANE ARRANGEMENT INSIDE PUMP HOUSE
SWITCH GEAR ROOM OF PUMP HOUSE
CABLE & FIRE FIGHTING PIPE LINE ARRANGEMENT
GANTRY CRANE ARRANGEMENT(U/S) FOR GATE OPERATION
FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM
PRESSURE MAIN
DELIVERY CISTERN AT DELIVERY END
DELIVERY CISTERN
TYPICAL ALIGNMENT OF FRANCIS TURBINE SCHEME
 VARIOUS TYPES OF PUMPS AND PUMP HOUSES

Pump is the HEART of the LI Scheme.

A designer should have sound knowledge of various types of
pumps that are available in the market, their applicability and
limitations to achieve economy without sacrificing the
performance of pumps. Depending upon the type of pump and its
limitations, number & specifications of the pumps shall be
finalized.
▶ Various types of Pumps that are used for irrigation purpose
are:
▶ Submersible Pumps & Polder Pumps
▶ Horizontal Centrifugal Pumps
▶ Vertical Turbine pumps
▶ Concrete Volute Pumps ( Dry Pit Pumps )
▶ Francis Turbine Pumps ( Dry Pit Pumps )
PUMP HOUSE OF HORIZONTAL CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
INTAKE ARRANGEMENT
Pump House for VT Pump
SECTION OF CONCRETE VOLUTE PUMP HOUSE
PLAN OF VOLUTE PUMP HOUSE
TYPICAL ALIGNMENT OF FRANCIS TURBINE SCHEME
TYPICAL CROSS SECTION OF FRANCIS TURBINE SCHEME
TYPICAL ARRANGEMENT OF FRANCIS TURBINE PUMP HOUSE
TYPICAL CROSS SECTION OF FRANCIS TURBINE PUMP HOUSE
TYPICAL PLAN OF FRANCIS TURBINE PUMP HOUSE
 Preferable Conditions for Adopting Various Pumps

Horizontal Centrifugal Pumps

➢Suction Lift shall be less than 6.0m and HP of pump is

within the manufacturing limits ( Approx 4000 HP )

➢Discharge and the pumping head are within the limits to

suit the capacity of pumps

➢These pumps are best suited for lifting from canals or from
tanks with shallow depth of water
 Vertical TurbinePumps

▶ When the suction is more than 6.0m

▶ When the discharge is considerable and some times suction
is less than 6.0m and requiring many no. of horizontal
pumps, then VT pumps may also be provided.
▶ May be adopted when the discharge of pump is less than 3
cumecs and total pumping head is less than 75.0m
▶ When the fluctuation of water levels in the source / river is
more than 25.0m, these pumps are not desirable
▶ Max manufactured HP of pump is 4000 HP only.
 Concrete / Metallic Volute Pumps
▶ When the discharge is more than 3 cumecs and less than 10
cumecs with pumping head upto 75.0m Concrete volute are
preferable and Metallic volute are preferable when the head
is between 75.0m to 150m
▶ When fluctuation is more than 20.0m, these are preferable
over VT
▶ For HP of pumps more than 4000 HP

Francis Turbine Pumps

▶ All concrete volute conditions
▶ Best suited when the discharge is more than 10 cumecs and
head more than 100m
PLANNING & DESIGN ASPECTS
▶ Until now the L.I. Schemes are proposed for smaller
discharges, head & magnitude, but with the improved
technology and developments in the field, major L.I.
schemes with huge magnitude, discharge & head are
going to play a decisive role in irrigation in coming days.
▶ Planning & design of lift irrigation schemes needs proper
attention as any defects would lead to unsatisfactory
performance with reduced efficiency of the system. For
effective and efficient function of a L.I. scheme, the
designer should have sound knowledge in planning &
design of L.I. schemes.
▶ More attention is needed in finalization of H.P.’s and
design of various components for the L.I. schemes
comprising series of pumping stations or multi stage lifts
and with intermediate ayacut, as all the pumping stations
are to be well synchronized as well as synthesized.
 Stages of Planning & Design of L.I. schemes

1. Finalization of the Alignment w.r.t

Balancing Reservoir
Location of Pumping Stations
Length of Pressure main
Pumps
Gravity Canal
2. Design of Hydraulic particulars w.r.t
Design Discharge
Approach / Intake canal
Delivery Canal
3. Design of Pumps and Pressure mains
4. Design of Intake and Jackwell/sump
5. Design of Pump house
6. Design of Delivery Cistern & Gravity canals
 Finalization of the Alignment
While choosing the alignment, the following points are to be
duly considered to the extent possible

▶ As much as possible, shorter length of the pressure mains shall

be adopted as lengthy mains have bearing on the pumps as
well as on the cost of the scheme
▶ To the extent possible, greater length of gravity canals shall be
adopted to reduce the length of pressure mains
▶ Alignment with smaller length of approach / intake canal from
the source to the pump house shall be explored to minimize
the maintenance problems
▶ At the off-take point of approach canal, there should be
assured flows from the source to meet the requirements
▶ It is desirable to have minimum number of lifts with
greater length of gravity canal in between the lifts as
more number of pump houses increases the cost of civil,
electro-mechanical arrangements etc.,
AERIAL VIEW OF PIPE LINE ALIGNMENT
 Additional pump house in the Alignment

Introduction of additional pump house reduces length of pressure mains &

increases length of gravity canals, the scheme may be economical as
capital cost on pressure mains, water hammer devices and pumps may be
reduced as well as cost on power bills may comedown.
▶ When the total lift ( including losses ) is more than 100.0m and the
discharge of each pump is more than 5 cumecs, then second stage of
pumping may be necessary.
▶ Limitation of pump capacities have bearing on the number of lifts.
▶ Greater length of the pressure mains with huge heads has implication on
the cost of the scheme and needs
◦ Increase of thickness
◦ Provisions for water hammer devices,.
▶ (There is a need for working 2 or 3 alternatives particularly where there is
huge head & lengthy pressure mains are involved. Cost economics shall be
worked out for different alignments from which best and economical
alignment should be explored. Hence, the alignment should be judiciously
decided in fixing the lengths of the pressure mains, gravity canals, number
of lifts and pumps)
 2 STAGE PUMPING ARRANGEMENT

▶ `
 Balancing reservoir in the Alignment
Proposal of introducing a reservoir ought to be considered if
the site conditions permit or utilizing the existing tank in
between the lifts. Advantages of reservoir / tank in between
the lifts are :
▶ The design discharge will be less than the discharge required
to meet the peak period of crop
▶ With the reduced discharge, pump capacities, sizes of pressure
mains, pump house sizes and canal sizes will also be reduced
resulting in the considerable economy
▶ Usually L.I. schemes are proposed for pumping flood water
and hence by introducing a balancing reservoir, the water can
be preserved for later usage as and when required to suit the
cropping pattern.
▶ Multi stages of lifts need proper synchronization of all the
stages of lifts. Failure of any single stage, makes grinding halt
to all the lifts, but with a balancing reservoir, the above
problem can overcome as it will act as a buffer.
Intake Location :
Precautions in locating the intake structure at source
▶ Bed level of the approach canal shall be kept above the source
bed level
▶ Line of intake shall be normal to the axis of the pump house.
▶ There shall be a driving head to draw water from source to intake
▶ Intake structure shall be sited in river source regions at low
sedimentation
▶ Intake canal shall be located where the river flows in straight line.
▶ Intake structure shall be located nearer to the contour 2.0m above
MWL/FRL of the source to have smaller length of approach road.
▶ Intake shall be sited where the low water level in the source is
nearer by which smaller length of intake canal will be required.
▶ When the source is unapproachable or the alignment is passing
through a restricted area ( protected forest area ), then a tunnel
can be thought off instead of intake canal ( as done in AMRP ).
Also as it was found that tunnel is cheaper than the pressure main,
the pump house is shifted further to D/S in order to reduce the
pressure main length and increase the length of tunnel.
 Finalisation of Hydraulic Particulars
Proper design of hydraulic particulars is most important
aspect for good functioning of L.I. scheme which improves the
efficiency of the scheme. The design of hydraulic particulars
comprises of the following :
▶ Crop water requirement : The crop water required for
recommended crop type & pattern and its period of operation
(or crop period & wettings ) shall be obtained. Quantity of
water required for each wetting of the crop is to be computed.
▶ Seepage & Evaporation Losses : After knowing the length of
canals and the capacity of the reservoirs in between if any, the
seepage & evaporation losses are to be computed.
▶ Design Discharge of Pumping: Total quantity of water to be
pumped in the specified period shall be arrived by the
summation of crop water requirement, seepage & evaporation
losses and drinking water if any. From the total quantity of
water and the proposed period of operation w.r.t. crop period,
the design discharge can be computed.
▶ Whenever there is no intermediate reservoir, the design
discharge shall be w.r.t. peak period during which the crop
requires max. water. But whenever any reservoir is present, a
mechanism has to be worked out depending upon the reservoir
capacity and crop requirement in such a way that making use
of the reservoir the design discharge can be minimized, which
makes the scheme more economical.
▶ Pumping hours : The L.I. schemes will be provided dedicated
power lines and hence the pumps shall be designed for 24
hours operation except in special conditions. If they are
designed for 20 hours pumping, the cost of the project
increases by 20% and so on. Pumping hours has the bearing
over the HP’s and obviously on the cost of the scheme.
▶ Intake / Approach Canal : The intake canal shall be designed
for the design discharge such that it draws full discharge at the
lowest water level ( LWL ) of pumps i.e., the level below
which pumping will not be done and the availability of
required water during the period of operation in source at the
level shall be ascertained.
▶ Delivery Canal :As the lift water is precious, lined canals may
be proposed for the conveyance to the field channels.
Section Of Pump House
Plan Of Pump House
Cross Section Of Pump House
 Design of pumps involves :

▶ Finalisation of Data required for Pumps Design

▶ Finalisation of types Of Pumps ( Keeping in view the

application & limitations of various types )

▶ Freezing Number of Working Pumps

▶ Calculation of Pump Capacities / Parameters

 Data Required for Pumps Design

To takeup the selection & design of pumps, the

following data is pre-requisit:
Total discharge of the scheme to be lifted
▶ Lowest water Level ( LWL ) below which pumping need
not be done
▶ MFL / FRL / FSL of the river / reservoir / canal as the case
may be. This helps in fixing the platform level and type of
the pump based on the static head.
▶ Delivery Level to which water is to be lifted
▶ Number and Length of pressure mains with type of material
 Determination Of Pumping Head
Total pumping head shall be arrived with care since
any wrong calculation has the bearing on the
performance of the pump. Excess selection of head may
lead to un-necessary increase in higher pump capacity
and higher power consumption and lesser head may
lead to non-functionality of the pumps to their
efficiency.

Total pumping head is obtained on summation of :

▶ Static head
▶ Frictional losses in pressure mains
▶ Losses due to exit, entry and bends
▶ System resistance losses due to the combined / operation of
pumps/motors and pressure mains
 Finalization Of Static Head

▶ Static head is level difference between LWL / Avg Water

level & delivery level ( For Optimization of pumping
capacity and scheme economy, it is always desirable to
design pumps with normal / average water levels instead of
LWL )

▶ Whenever elevation higher than delivery level is located

before cistern, possibility of gravity flow in the pipe may be
verified to reduce the pumping capacities, in which case the
static head shall be w.r.t. the summit point.
 Determination Of Pumping Head
Total pumping head should be arrived with care since any
wrong calculation has the bearing on the performance of the
pump. Excess selection of head may lead to un-necessary increase
in higher pump capacity and higher power consumption and
lesser head may lead to non-functionality of the pumps to their
efiiciency.

Total pumping head is obtained on summation of the following :

▶ Static head between LWL & delivery level ( For Optimization of

pumping capacity and scheme economy, it is always desirable to
design pumps with normal water levels instead of LWL )
▶ Frictional losses in pumping lines and pressure mains
▶ Losses due to exit, entry and bends
▶ System resistance losses due to the combined / operation of pumps
and pressure mains
Note : To lift 1 cumec of water to 1.0m height, 15.0 HP of pump is required.
Extension of Pipe As Gravity From Peak
 Pump Capacity (HP Required)

HP Of can be calculated as given below :

▶ HP = 62.45 * Q * h / ( 550*efficiency )( FPS units)

Where Q = discharge in cusecs ; h = head in ft

▶ HP = 981 * Q * h / ( 75 * efficiency )(MKS units )

Where Q = discharge in cumecs ; h = head in m
Specific speed can be calculated as given below:
 Determination of Friction Losses

Hazen William Formula :

Hf = L ( 1.1778 V / C R 0.63 ) 1.852

▶ Where V = Velocity in m/s

R = Hydraulic Radius in m
C = Hazen William Coeff based on
type of material of Pressuremain
( Values for various types are
given below )
Hazen William Coeff For Various Types

C = 100 For Unlined Metallic Pipes

= 140 For Centrifugally Lined Metallic
Pipes ( upto 1200 mm Dia )
= 145 For Centrifugally Lined Metallic
Pipes ( Above 1200 mm Dia )
= 110 For Cement Mortar Lined Metallic
Pipes
= 140 For PSC Pipes ( upto 1200 mm Dia )
= 145 For PSC Pipes ( Above 1200 mm Dia )
= 145 For PVC, GRP & Other Plastic Pipes
Design of Intake and Jackwell / Sump

▶ The objective of sump is to provide good flow conditions to

the pumps and to avoid cavitation, swirl and vortices in the
flow, which damages the impeller. If the design is with poor
geometric features, undesirable hydraulic conditions may
occur in the sump which may have impact on the pump &
efficiency.
▶ The approach canal slope and driving head are to be designed
such that the velocity of water at the intake of sump should
not be more than 1.2m/s. The flowing water should not have
velocity more than 0.3m/s at the location of pumps.
▶ If the approach canal width is kept more than required, it
reduces the length of the transition as well as the cost of the
intake.
▶ Whenever the approach canal slightly silted up, it assures to
realize design discharge by absorbing the silt if the same
designed for higher Q(1.5Q).
▶ The intake / jackwell width and intake canal width are
connected by the bed slope of not more than 10 0 in elevation
and not be more than 20 0 in plan.
▶ Whenever any pump house is proposed on foreshore of any
reservoir, a circular jackwell will be ideal as there is no need
of provision for intake well as always minimum and stagnant
water level will be maintained. However when the pump
house is to be located other than in the reservoir, to make flow
uniform & steady from intake canal to pump house, an intake
well is needed. The intake well also functions as distributor of
the flow uniformly & equally to the pumps.
▶ As the steel cost is increasing rapidly, the stoplogs &
trashracks can be proposed upto LWL only with breast wall in
between upto LWL from platform level. This economizes the
scheme as well as improves the hydraulic performance of
sump. Further, stoplogs need not be procured for all the vents
and instead only for one vent may be sufficient as it may be
used during repair to the pump.
 Dimensions of Jackwell/Sump for VT Pumps
▶ The dimensions of the intake / jackwell can be obtained
using BHRA / HIS guidelines. BHRA are given below:
▶ Bell mouth dia( D ) = 1.5 d to 1.8 d
where d = column assembly dia
▶ Side clearance ( a )= 0.5D to 0.75 D
▶ Rear clearance ( b ) = 0.75 D to 1.0 D
▶ Bottom Clearance ( C ) = 0.6D to 0.75 D
▶ Minimum Submersion ( S ) = 1.5D
▶ Distance between pump axis to trashrack shall be 4D to 6D.
▶ During detail engineering, the above data shall be furnished
by the pump manufacturer.
PRESSURE MAINS

Pressure mains are most important components and

acts as nerves of a L.I. scheme.

While finalizing the pressure mains, the designer

need to know the following aspects :

▶ Importance & Impact of Pressure mains on the

scheme

▶ Design considerations of pressure mains

▶ Various types of Pressure mains

 Importance & Impact of Pressure mains
on Pump and Project Cost
▶ Pressure main is the key component in the lift irrigation schemes
which work as nerves of the scheme and are very expensive.
Whenever length of pressure mains is in kilometers, they take
away the lions share of 50 % to 80% of the total cost of the
scheme which reflects the importance their design.
▶ In view of the huge cost involvement on pressure mains, the type
and diameter are to be very carefully designed with cost
economics on 2 or 3 alternatives. The type of pipe shall be
proposed depending upon the heads, field conditions and
longevity.
▶ Further, as much as possible / whenever there is feasibility of
gravity canal for more than a KM, pressure mains shall be avoided
by introducing intermediate pumping station in between duly
verifying the cost economics.( Ex : The Chagalnadu LI Scheme ).
 Design Considerations Of Pressure mains
Higher velocity in pipe leads to higher frictional losses
results in incresed pump capacity & cost of the scheme.
▶ Generally pressure mains are designed for the max.
velocity of 2.0 m/s for MS pipes with specifications IS :
2062 and 1.5 m/s for PSC / RCC pipes
▶ Velocity upto 4 m/s is also considered in the Steel pipes
with specifications IS : 2002 (for Penstock specifications).
▶ Similarly lengthy pressure mains increases the total head
causing increase in HP of pump further.
▶ If the diameter of the pressure main is more than 2.0m,
then the fabrication cost of pipe may increase.
▶ In view of the above, the number of rows of pressure
mains shall be decided duly considering the head
involvement, dia and type of material & allowable velocity
duly satisfying cost economics.
 INFLUENCE OF VELOCITY OF PIPE ON SCHEME
S.No Particulars Various Velocities in Pipe( m/s ) Remarks
1.5 2 2.5
1 Discharge in Cumecs 10 10 10
2 Dia of Pipe in m 2.913 2.523 2.256
it is inferred that smaller
3 Length of Pipe in Km 10 10 10
dia is economical
4 Velocity of Pipe in m/s 1.5 2 2.5 during initial stage of
5 Thick ness of Pipe in mm 16 14 12 construction but
power consumption is
6 Hazen William Coeff 140 140 140
very high . Higher dia
7 Friction Losses Hf in m 4.4 8.87 15.28 needs less power but
8 Quantity of Steel in tons 11488.406 8706.5198 6672.9773 with high initial cost.
9 HP of Pump 640 1290 2221

For every 0.50 m/s rise in Velocity of pipe, pumping head rises by 75% to 100%
with reduction of dia by 11% to 13%. Hence, it is desirable allow higher velocities in
shorter length of pipes and lower velocities in lengthy pipes ( particularly when the
length of pipe is in KM ) owing to the recurring power consumption annually ).
 ADVANTAGES OF MINIMUM NUMBER OF PIPES

S.No Particulars Number of Rows Of Pressure mains Remarks

Single Two Three
1 Discharge in Cumecs 10 2 x 5 = 10 3x3.33 = 10
2 Dia of Pipe in m 3.0 2.12 1.713
3 Length of Pipe in Km 10 10 10 More number of pipes
4 Velocity of Pipe in m/s 1.416 1.416 1.416 leads more frictional
losses as well as
5 Thick ness of Pipe in mm 16 12 10 enhanced pumping
6 Hazen William Coeff 140 140 140 heads / pumping
7 Friction Losses Hf in m 3.8 5.73 7.25 capacities and more
quantity of steel.
8 Quantity of Steel in tons 11830 12540 12800
9 HP of Pump 553 833 2221

It is been reflected that more number of pipes increases the capital cost along
with the pumping head ( i.e., More pipes with smaller dia causes more frictional
losses and initial cost as well as recurring power cost over lesser no. of pipes with
bigger dia with same velocity ).
Thickness of Pipe

▶ The thickness of the pipe shall be determined for the internal fluid
pressure as well as for the probable head generated from the water
hammer analysis and often head due to water hammer effect will be
critical.
▶ The head from the water hammer analysis may be approximately 1.5
times total pumping head with provision of pressure relief
arrangements and without the arrangements the head may be 10
times of total head, which underline the necessity of the measures to
be taken against water hammer effects. Economical design of pipe
thickness is must for financial viability of the scheme.
▶ Thickness of pipe shall also be verified for pipe buried condition
with over burden pressure.
▶ However, thickness of pipes shall not be less than specified values
given in IS 1916 for various diameters of MS pipes.
Conditions of Verification to Buried pipeline
▶ Allowable Permissible Stresses & Deflection of MS Pipe :

◦ Working Stress for combined bending and direct tensile stress

shall not exceed 66 % of yield stress of the material making due
allowance for efficiency of welded joint

◦ Working Stress for combined bending and direct Compressive

stress shall not exceed 50 % of yield stress of the material
making due allowance for efficiency of welded joint

◦ The allowable deflection of pipe shall not be more than 2% of

outer dia of MS shell, for external load & partial vacuum
pressure condition and for external pressure and internal
pressure condition.
Various Types Of Pressure mains

▶ Concrete Pipes :
▶ Pre Stressed Concrete Pipes :
▶ Cast Iron Pipes :
▶ Steel or MS Pipes :
▶ Ductile Iron
▶ Bar Wrapped Steel Cylinder Concrete Pressure Pipes
▶ Glass Fibre Reinforced Plastic Pipes ( G.R.P. )

Whenever MS pipes with huge heads are to be laid in

the ground, they need protection against corrosion by
applying epoxy coating or cement mortar on both sides
of the pipe, which may escalate the cost of the scheme
further as MS pipe itself is uneconomical.
▶ Owing to the smoothness and economy over MS pipes,
importance of GRP pipes is steadily increasing, but the
performance of them for longevity has to be established.
PSC Pipes are Preferable Over MS pipes
▶ Cost of 2.50m dia MS pipe with lining & coating is almost 50,000/-
per metre length as against 20,000/- for PSC which underlines the
cost savings in LI scheme with PSC pipes
▶ The apprehension of bursting of pipes is present for the MS pipes
also ( It is noticed that MS pipe of Hyderabad water supply from
AMRP is frequently getting busted ).
▶ Since the danger of pipes bursting is there for both PSC & MS,
former is preferable, owing to easy installation and remedial
measures in the case of emergency.
▶ Generally, there will be movements in the earth fill over a period,
which causes the pipe alignment to drift away from the alignment at
the joints. However, PSC pipes will be having rubber members in
the joints, which enables the pipe to move slightly and absorb the
horizontal deflections any. Where as, MS pipes will be rigid and the
joints are susceptible to fail in the above case. To avoid them for MS
pipes, it is desirable to have lap joint between two shells instead of
butt joint, which is again un-economical as well as tedious.
Importance Of Surge Protection Devices
▶ Design of pipe stability against water hammer / surge is
the critical exercise for a LI Scheme and must be done
for all the LI schemes, since pipe costs 70% to 80% of
scheme cost and failure of pipe at any location causes
abrupt halt of the system.
▶ Surge analysis / Transient analysis is a very complicated
phenomena which needs thorough analysis of the pipe
line profile w.r.t. pumping heads to assess the type and
number of surge protection devices at appropriate
locations. The analysis may be done using a software,
exclusively meant for surge analysis, in the absence of
which, the scheme functionality may not be assured to
its full efficiency.
Water Hammer Conditions
▶ High Points in the pumping main alignment

▶ Possibility of Water column separation in the main due to

sudden power failure

▶ Pipe line gradient is steeper than 1 : 20

▶ Ratio of frictional loss to working head is less than 0.7

▶ Presence of Check valve with improper closing arrangement

▶ Velocity of normal flow exceed 1.0 m/s

DEVICES FOR CONTROL OF WATER HAMMER
They are required to :
▶ Minimize the length of the returning water column causing water hammer
▶ Dissipate energy of the water column length by air cushion valve and
▶ Provide a quick opening pressure relief valve to relieve any rise in pressures in
critical zones.
The above objectives are achieved by the following valves :
Zero Velocity Valve: When forward vel becomes 25% of the max, the flap starts
closing and comes to the fully closed position when the vel becomes zero. Thus,
water column on U/S of valve is prevented from acquiring a reversed vel and
taking part in creating surge pressures.
Air Cushion Valve : Allows large quantities of air in the pumping main during
separation, entrap the air, compress it with the retuning air column and expel the
air under controlled pressure to dissipate the energy of returning water.
Surge Tanks : Exposed to atmospheric pressure and acts as a balancing tank for the
flow variations. Generally placed near the pumping station.
Types Of Pump Houses
Pump Houses types based on type of pumps are :
1) Wet Pit Pump House
⚫ Access to pump is not possible
⚫ Substructure will be always with water for full area
2) Dry Pit Pump House
⚫ Access to all components of pump is possible
⚫ Substructure will be always without water and in dry
condition
⚫ In view of the dry condition with access to every
component is possible, making maintenance is easy
Types of Pump Houses with its components

Bhima LIS Type – SemiUnderground

⚫ Approach channel
⚫ Ramp
⚫ Tunnel Intake
⚫ Tunnel
⚫ Surge pool
⚫ DT Tunnels
⚫ Pump House
⚫ Small Delivery mains
⚫ Cistern
Bhima Type Pump House
Sripada Yellampally Project
– Semi Underground
•Volute Type
•Approach Channel
•Fore bay
•Pump House
•Long Pressure Mains
•Cistern
Metallic Volute Type
 Design of Pump house
▶ Pump house will come exactly on the jackwell for vertical turbine
pumps and in the case of centrifugal ( horizontal ) pumps the pump
house will be located adjacent nearer to the intake/ sump.
▶ Additional bay with sufficient area should be provided connected to the
pump house to carry the repairs & maintenance of pumps.
▶ Depending upon the site conditions, the control panel bays can be
connected to pump house or kept away from it.
▶ The platform level of pump house should always be kept 1.0m to 1.50m
above HFL / MWL / FRL. The gantry and the roof levels may be kept
8.0m and 11.5m respectively above the platform.
▶ In front of pump house, provision for trash rack & gates may be given.
▶ Service gate(Stop Logs) for one vent only may be procured wherever
independent pump chambers are provided.
▶ The platform slab & pump house will be subjected to dynamic loads in
addition to static load of pumps when the pumps are in operation.
 Various Loads Acting On Pump House
▶ Pump & Motor ( Static & Dynamic )

▶ E.O.T. & Gantry Crane

▶ Control Panels

▶ Earth Pressure on 3 sides

▶ Water Pressure from inside

▶ Self Wt of Structure

▶ Other Live Load

Delivery Cistern

▶ Delivery cistern is required to absorb / dissipate the energy of

water falling freely from the pressure mains and delivers into
the canals. It shall be designed as vertical drop.
▶ The jet projectile length of water fall from the culminating
point of the pressure mains shall be calculated and accordingly
the length & thickness of the bed required shall be provided to
sustain the energy.
▶ To have better energy dissipating arrangement, the bed level
of the cistern should always be kept below the bed level of the
leading canal.
▶ Measuring gauges should be provided in the cistern to assess
the discharge and losses in the conveyance if any.
▶ The canals should be lined otherwise the design discharge will
not be realized at the terminal points.
SURGE PROTECTION SYSTEM FOR WATER
HAMMER CONDITION
• Whenever power failure occurs, rapid changes in
velocity and associated change in pressure results in
the pipe line causing surge pressure.
• Power failure leads to movement of upsurge and down
surge waves along the rising main and the waves
travel with high speed developing low & high
pressures all along the pipe line.
• Down Surge - Related to pressure drop or minimum
pressure. Pressure drop immediately after power
failure at peak locations causes negative pressure,
which may even go down to vapour pressure.
• Up Surge - Related to pressure rise or maximum
pressure. When separated water column rejoins,
sudden pressure rise occurs.
SURGE PROTECTION DEVICES
⚫Surge tank
⚫Air vessel
⚫One way surge tank
⚫Stand pipe
⚫Zero velocity valves
⚫Duel plate check valves
⚫Air valves
⚫Air cushion valves
⚫Two way surge tank
Surge Tank :
• Controls excessive water hammer when pressure rises.
• Provides good speed regulation characteristic.
Air Vessel :
• Controls both upsurge down surge.
• Located near pump house.
One way Surge Tank :
• Controls down surge directly and upsurge indirectly.
• Prevent occurrence of water column separation.
Stand Pipe:
• Located along the alignment where hydraulic gradient line is with in a few
m of pipe elevation.
• Used to control down surge.
Zero Velocity Valves :
• These are special type spring loaded non return valves for up surge
control with compression springs.
• valve closure occurs gradually with reduction in velocity in case of power
failure.
• Reaches full closure @ zero velocity.
Dual Plate Check Valves :
⚫ Also a spring loaded non return valve with torsion springs
instead of compression springs.
⚫ Intended for up surge control .
⚫ Valve closure occurs gradually with reduction in velocity.
⚫ This valve is provided for individual pumps & delivery pipes where no by
pass is required .
Air valves and Air Cushion Valves :
⚫ Used as vacuum breakers
⚫ Function as vacuum breaker @ -3 m pressure.
⚫ Air cushion valves starts functioning as a vacuum breaker on the outset of
sub atmospheric pressure.
Two way Surge Tank :
⚫ Controls upsurge and down surge.
CONCLUSIONS
▶ There is growing demand for lift irrigation schemes due
to non-availability of funds for conventional irrigational
structures which also have prolonged & unending
problems related to submersion, rehabilitation,
environment etc,. As the L.I. schemes can be completed
in brief periods, their necessity is growing day by day.

▶ Since the L.I. schemes are going to play major role in

future, due attention should be given to the concepts of
planning & design for better performance & efficiency
of scheme.

▶ The proposals should be finalized only after considering

all the possibilities for different alternatives and
respective cost economics.
▶ Cost of the pressure mains should always be kept in
mind while formulating the proposals as it has bearing
on cost of the scheme. Bigger dia with lesser number of
rows are always economical w.r.t. installation cost as
well running cost.

▶ Low velocity of flow in the pipe would always be

economical for the schemes with very lengthy pressure
mains. More velocity may be permitted in the pipes for
the schemes with shorter length of pipes.

▶ Though lift irrigation schemes necessity is ever

growing, considering the limitations of power
availability & recurring power bills annually, financial
returns, recurring maintenance problems and periodical
replacements of mechanical components, they should be
proposed judiciously.
 MODEL STUDIES
OF PUMPING BAYS(SUMP)
FOR
LIFT IRRIGATION SCHEMES
THANK YOU
 Advantages Of Lesser No. Of Pipes With Bigger Dia
Ex : Using Hazen William Formula, it is observed that lesser number of pipes with
bigger dia gives minimum frictional losses and optimum HP of pump as against
more number of pipes with smaller dia, which is illustrated below :

i) For 10 Cumecs Discharge for a single row of pipe with Velocity 2.0 m/s, dia of
pipe required is 2.523 m for which the frictional loss for 1.0 km length of pipe is
0.89 m. ( i.e., for 10 km , it is 8.90 m )

ii) For 10 Cumecs Discharge for two rows of pipes with Velocity 2.0 m/s, dia of
each pipe required is 1.784 m for which the frictional loss for 1.0 km length of
pipe is 1.33 m. ( i.e., for 10 km , it is 13.30 m )

iii) For 10 Cumecs Discharge for three rows of pipes with Velocity 2.0 m/s, dia of
each pipe required is 1.456 m for which the frictional loss for 1.0 km length of
pipe is 1.68 m. ( i.e., for 10 km , it is 16.80 m )

iv) Difference of HP of Pumps for 10 km length of pipes between above i & ii cases
is 650 HP, between ii & iii is 525 HP and between i & iii is 1150 HP.

v) Further, lesser no. of pipes results in economy due to requirement for smaller
width of trench for laying, land acquisition and CM & CD works.
 Importance of Velocity in Pressure main
▶ Velocity of pipe does have bearing on the pumping head, functionality of the scheme
as well as on the over all cost of the project.
▶ The allowable velocity in the PSC pipes is 1.50 m/s and in the MS pipes is 2.0 m/s.
▶ Higher velocity creates severe water hammer problems
▶ Higher velocity increases pumping head abnormally, particularly when the velocity is
more than 1.50 m/s
▶ Higher velocity necessitates higher thickness of pipes as well as more number of surge
protection devices

i) For 10 Cumecs Discharge in a single row of pipe with 3.0m dia, the velocity in the pipe
would be 1.4147 m/s for which the frictional loss for 1.0 km length of pipe is 0.38 m. (
i.e., for 10 km , it is 3.10 m ). Quantity of steel for 1Km is 1183 t.

ii) For 10 Cumecs Discharge in two rows of pipes with 2.12m dia, the velocity in the pipe
would be 1.416 m/s for which the frictional loss for 1.0 km length of pipe is 0.573 m. (
i.e., for 10 km , it is 5.73 m ). Quantity of steel for 1Km is 1254 t.

Lesser dia has more frictional losses and also un-economical compared to
higher dia.

With the above calculations, it can be inferred that more number of rows
increases not only the pipe cost but also the pumping head and in turn pump
capacity & running cost of the scheme annually.