 A website is a collection of related network web resources, such as web pages, multimedia

content, which are typically identified with a common domain name, and published on at least
one web server. Notable examples are wikipedia.org, google.com, and amazon.com.

Websites can be accessed via a public Internet Protocol (IP) network, such as the Internet, or a
private local area network (LAN), by a uniform resource locator (URL) that identifies the site.

Static v Dynamic Website

There are basically two main types of website - static and dynamic.
A static site is one that is usually written in plain HTML and what is in the code of the page is
what is displayed to the user.

A dynamic site is one that is written using a server-side scripting language such as PHP, ASP, JSP,
or Coldfusion. In such a site the content is called in by the scripting language from other files or
from a database depending on actions taken by the user.
Relative merits of static and dynamic websites
Static sites - advantages

Flexibility is the main advantage of a static site - every page can be different if desired, to match
the layout to different content, and the designer is free to put in any special effects that a client
may ask for in a unique way on different pages. This allows theming - for instance an author may
want a different theme for a different book and associated pages or perhaps for a series of
books, in order to match the cover designs or the context of the stories.

Cost is generally lower up-front than a dynamic site.

Static sites - disadvantages

The main problem with any static site appears when you wish to update the content. Unless you
are conversant with HTML and the design methods used in the site then you have to go back to
the designer to have any content changes made. This may be perfectly ok when a new page is
required which needs design input, but if all you want to do is change some text then it can be a
nuisance for both client and designer.

The second main problem is scalability. If you wish to sell products on your site and you have a
lot of them then you may have to construct individual pages for each one, which can take
considerable time, effort and cost.

Costs - there are ongoing costs for updating the content.

Dynamic sites - advantages
 The main advantages of dynamic sites are that by connecting them to databases you can easily
pull in information in an organised and structured way to create product pages or categories of
related products sorted in a variety of different ways depending on how the user wants to view
them.

This ability to connect to a database means that you can also create a content management
system - an interface which allows the client to input and manage data via a web-based series of
administration pages. That content can be text for their pages and images to go along with the
text, or items in their product range with categories, specifications, short and long descriptions,
images, etc. In both these cases it can be as simple or as complex as the client requires.

There are little or no ongoing costs unless there is a change in the basic design or an extra
capability added.
Dynamic sites - disadvantages

The design of a dynamic site is more fixed than a static one because many of the pages are
essentially a template into which data and content is poured to create multiple pages of a
similar type. So for instance all your product pages will be essentially the same page layout with
different data being displayed. While some customisation cabability can be built in it is usually
quite limited, such a selecting from a set of pre-defined options. Individual layout changes to
particular pages are not usually possible.

Costs are higher initially than for a static site, and additional functionality may also cost more,
particularly if it's something that wasn't envisaged originally and requires re-writing of the core
code or database.

Differences between HTML5 and HTML4

Following are some of the major characteristics that distinguish HTML5 from HTML4.

1. Simplified and Clear Syntax

The syntax in HTML5 is extremely clear and simple as compared to HTML4. One example of
this is the DOCTYPE element. In HTML4 the DOCTYPE declaration was too messy and
lengthy and used to refer an external source. However in HTML5 DOCTYPE element has been
made extremely simple. For instance a mere <!DOCTYPE html> is enough to specify the
document type.

2. Multimedia Elements
HTML5 contains built in support for integrated multimedia files into web page via video and
audio tags. Previously, in HTML4, the multimedia content was integrated in web pages via third
party plugins such as Silverlight and flash.

3. Accessing User Geographical location

Previously in HTML4, it was an extremely cumbersome task to get the geographical locations of
the visitors visiting the site. It was even difficult when the website was accessed through mobile
devices. On the other hand, in HTML5 is extremely easy to get the user location. HTML5’s JS
GeoLocation can be leveraged to identify the location of the user accessing the website.

4. Client Side storage

In HTML4, in order to store important data on client side, browser’s cache was used. However,
that cache is limited and doesn’t support relational storage mechanism. In HTML5, this issue has
been addressed via Web SQL database and application cache that can be access via HTML5’s
JavaScript interface.

5. Client Server Communication

In HTML4 the communication between the client and server was done through streaming and
long polling, since there are no web sockets available in HTML4. On the contrary, HTML5
contains web sockets that allow full duplex communication between clients and servers.

6. JavaScript Threading Mechanism

In HTML4, JavaScript and the browser interface with which user interacts, run in the same
thread which affects performance. HTML5 contains JS Web Worker API which allows
JavaScript and Browser interface to run in separate threads.

7. Browser Compatibility

As aforementioned, HTML4 is an established standard for developing browser applications and

has been in use for more than 10 years. For this reason, HTML4 is compatible with almost all
web-browsers. On the other hand, HTML5 is still in the process of evolution and the currently
available tags are being modified and also new tags are being added. Therefore, HTML5 lags
behind HTML4 in terms of compatibility with the browsers.

Tag Differences in HTML4 and HTML5

Several tags in HTML4 have been removed from HTML5 or their functionality has been
modified. Following are some of the tags that are removed from HTML5 or have different
functionality in HTML5 as compared to HTML4.
1. <Applet> removed <Object> Added in HTML5

HTML4 contained an <applet> tag that was used for displaying applets in a web browser.
However, in HTML5, this applet tag has been removed. In order to display applet type items, a
new <object> tag has been introduced in HTML5.

2. <Acronym> removed <Abbr> Added in HTML5

HTML4 contained an <acronym> tag that was used for displaying abbreviation’s in a web
browser. However, in HTML5, this tag has been removed. A new <abbr> tag has been
introduced in HTML5.

3. Difference in usage of <hr> tag

The <hr> tag was used to draw a line in HTML4 and all the previous versions of HTML,
however in HTML5, the functionality of this tag has been changed and it is used for defining a
thematic break in the web page.

4. Difference in usage of <a> tag

In HTML4 and previous versions, the <a> tag was used as anchor as well as for referring to a
link. In the HTML5, the <a> tag is used only as a hyperlink. But if the href tag is removed from
the <a> tag, the <a> tag can be used as a place holder for other hyperlinks.

5. Schema attribute removed from <meta> tag in HTML5

The <meta> tag is defined in the header section of the HTML document and contains
information about the data. In the previous versions of HTML, including the HTML4, this tag
used to contain an attribute called schema that defined the schema of the document. However, in
HTML5, this tag has been removed.

Changes in attributes

Following are some of the attributes that have been modified in HTML5.

 In HTML4 and previous HTML versions, script attribute was used to in link tag to refer
to JavaScript or other similar scripts. In HTML5 It is not necessary to use that script
attribute.
 In HTML5, the <table> tag can only have one attribute Border and the value of this
attribute can only be zero or one. Previously, the <table> tag had many attributes.
 In the previous versions of HTML, the <meta> tag didn’t had the charset attribute that
defines the standard character encoding for the webpage. This attribute has been added in
HTML5.
 Source : https://www.go4expert.com/articles/html4-vs-html5-comparison-t30141/
  HTML was created by Sir Tim Berners-Lee in late 1991 but was not released officially,
which was published in 1995 as HTML 2.0. HTML 4.01 was published in late 1999 and
was a major version of HTML.

HTML is a very evolving markup language and has evolved with various versions
updating. Long before its revised standards and specifications are carried in, each version has
allowed its user to create web pages in the much easier and prettier way and make sites very
efficient.

 HTML 1.0 was released in 1993 with the intention of sharing information which can be
readable and accessible via web browsers. But not much of the developers were involved
in creating websites. So the language was also not growing.
 Then comes the HTML 2.0, published in 1995; which contains all the features of HTML
1.0 along with that few additional features; which remained as the standard markup
language for designing and creating websites until January 1997 and refined various core
features of HTML.
 Then comes the HTML 3.0, where Dave Raggett who introduced a fresh paper or draft on
HTML. It included improved new features of HTML, giving more powerful
characteristics for webmasters in designing web pages. But these powerful features of
new HTML slowed down the browser in applying further improvements.
 Then comes the HTML 4.01 which is widely used and was a successful version of HTML
before HTML 5.0, which is currently released and used worldwide. HTML 5 can be said
for as an extended version of HTML 4.01 which was published in the year 2012.

Source : W3 Schools

 HTML Tags
HTML tags can be considered as hidden keywords or commands incorporated in HTML
which holds the capability to define how your browser will display the content and
format of the web page. Most tags of HTML have two sections, an opening, and a closing
part, and any text written within that has its effect based on the working of the tag. The
most common example is the <html> tag which has both starting tag and ending tag.
Table of Contents
1. HTML Tag
2. HEAD Tag
3. BODY Tag

HTML Tag

HTML tag which is usually written as <html>…. </html> or <HTML>…. </HTML> is the only
tag which is a must for writing HTML pages. HTML tag has both a opening <html> and a
closing tag </html>. The closing of tags is done by a forward slash (/) at the very start of the tag
name. These types of tags having both opening and closing tags are called container tags, and
those who only have an opening tag and no closing tag are called empty tags.

HEAD Tag
The HEAD tag is another important tag used to add the header in HTML. It is used to
give various additional information about the page along with description and title to
your page; which gets displayed in the title bar or acts as an indicator of what
information to use or on which page you are currently in. The TITLE Tag is written
within this HEAD tag.
Here is a simple example of all the above three tags:
Example:
1. <!DOCTYPE html>
2. <html>
3. <head>
4.
5. <title>This is page title.</title>
6.
7. </head>
8. </html>
BODY Tag
This tag is used to give the body, i.e., the visible section of the HTML document. All
formatting and writing of content are done in this section within the opening <body> and
the closing </body> tag. If your HTML code does not have a body tag associated with it,
the HTML code will still run as written in the above example (only show the title in the
title bar). This tag contains the information and formatting that will be seen in the main
web browser in the form of a web page.
It is to be noted that, together these three necessary tags, <html>, <head> and <body>
makes up the skeleton of an XHTML document and these are the only foundation tags
upon which all web pages are created or developed.
Example:
9. <!DOCTYPE html>
10. <html>
11. <head>
12.
13. <title>This is page title.</title>
14.
15. </head>
16.
17. <body>
18.
19. <h2>This is page heading.</h2>
20. <p>This is my first <strong>paragraph text</strong>.</p>
21.
22. </body>
23. </html>

 URL - Uniform Resource Locator

Web browsers request pages from web servers by using a URL.

A Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is used to address a document (or other data) on the web.

A web address like https://www.w3schools.com/html/default.asp follows these syntax rules:

scheme://prefix.domain:port/path/filename

Explanation:

 scheme - defines the type of Internet service (most common is http or https)
 prefix - defines a domain prefix (default for http is www)
 domain - defines the Internet domain name (like w3schools.com)
 port - defines the port number at the host (default for http is 80)
 path - defines a path at the server (If omitted: the root directory of the site)
 filename - defines the name of a document or resource

 Alt tag Definition and Usage

The required alt attribute specifies an alternate text for an image, if the image cannot be
displayed.

The alt attribute provides alternative information for an image if a user for some reason cannot
view it (because of slow connection, an error in the src attribute, or if the user uses a screen
reader).

Tip: To create a tooltip for an image, use the title attribute!

<img src="smiley.gif" alt="Smiley face">