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LECTURE IN
POLITICAL LAW
JUDGE GENER M. GITO, LL.M., D.C.L.
AMENDMENT AND
REVISION
Who may propose changes to the
Constitution?
Congress, upon a vote of three-fourth
of its members (Sec. 1(1), Art. XVII).
A constitutional convention (Sec. 1(2),
Art. XVII)
People through initiative upon a petition of at least twelve
per centum of the total number of registered voters, of
which every legislative district must be represented by at
least three per centum of the registered voters therein (Sec.
2, Art. XVII).
What are the two ways by which
the Constitution may be changed?
Amendment Revision
Revision vs. Amendment
• Revision broadly implies a change that alters a basic
principle in the constitution. There is also revision if
the change alters the substantial entirety of the
constitution.
Qualitative test
•It inquires into the qualitative effect of
the proposed changed.
May people’s initiative be used to
revised the Constitution?
• No. People’s initiative cannot be sued to revise
the Constitution. The rationale for the answer
lies in the constitutional text.
Continental Shelf
• The continental shelf of a coastal State comprises the seabed and
subsoil of the submarine areas that extend beyond its territorial sea
throughout the natural prolongation of its land territory to the
outer edge of the continental margin, or to a distance of
200 nautical miles from the baselines from which the breadth of the
territorial sea is measured where the outer edge of the continental
margin does not extend up to that distance (Art. 76[1], UNCLOS
III).
Rights of Coastal States to
Maritime Zones
When it commences
litigation or enters into
a contract
Express Consent
• Laws giving consent to be sued
oAct no. 3088
oC.A. No. 327 as amended by P.D.
No. 1445
oCharters of municipal
corporations
Implied Consent
• When the state commences litigation
• When the state enters into business contract. BUT:
• Natural-born citizen
Article • Least thirty-five years of age
on the day of election
VI, • Able to read and write
• Registered voter
Section • Resident of the Philippines for
not less than two years
3 immediately preceding the
day of the election.
Who is a natural born citizen?
•Natural-born citizens are those
who are citizens of the Philippines
from birth without having to
perform any act to acquire or
Article IV, perfect their Philippine citizenship.
Section 2 •Those who elect Philippine
citizenship in accordance with
paragraph (3), Section 1 hereof
shall be deemed natural-born
citizens.
Social Justice Society vs. DDB,
November 3, 2008
BANAT VS COMELEC
Who may participate in party-
list election?
Three •National parties and
different organizations
groups may •Regional parties or
participate organizations
in the •Sectoral parties and
party-list organizations
system: Atong Paglaum vs. Comelec,
April 2, 2013
•National parties or
Is it required the
organizations and regional
parties or
organization be parties or organizations do not
organized along need to organize along sectoral
sectoral lines or be lines and do not need to
marginalized and represent any ‚marginalized
underrepresented? and underrepresented‛ sector.
Second Bi-Cam
First Reading
Reading Conference
• CODE: A - R - T - P- I - L
Section 27 (2)
IMPLIED
Appropriation must be
devoted to a public
purpose
BUDGET CYCLE
Budget Budget
Accountability Execution
Araullo vs. Aquino, July 1, 2014
• DAP was not an appropriation measure;
hence, no appropriation law was required
to adopt or to implement it.
• Unreleased appropriations and
withdrawn unobligated allotments under
the DAP were not savings, and the use of
such appropriations contravened Section
25(5), Article VI of the 1987 Constitution.
Araullo vs. Aquino, July 1, 2014
2. When both the President and the 2. The Senate President or the
Vice-President die, or are permanently Speaker-in that order shall act as
disabled, are removed, or resign. acting president until the President
and Vice President is elected.
EXECUTIVE POWER
- The power to
belongs PRESIDENT
enforce and
administer the laws.
AD INTERIM
Ad interim appointment is one made
by the President while Congress is in
recess; takes effect immediately until
revoked by the Commission on
Appointments.
Cases on Presidential
Appointment
Sarmiento vs. Mison, 156 SCRA 549
An officer in control lays down the Supervision does not cover the
rules in the doing of an act. authority to lay down the rules.
Supervisor or superintendent
merely sees to it that the rules are
followed.
If rules are not followed, he may, If the rules are not observed, he
in his discretion, order the act may order the work done or
undone, redone by his subordinate redone but only to conform to the
or he may decide to do it himself. prescribed rules. He may not
prescribe his own manner for the
doing of the act. He has no
judgment on this matter except to
see to it that the rules are
followed. (Drilon v. Lim)
Illustrative Cases
Araneta vs. Gatmaitan, 101 Phil 328
Article VII,
IT INCLUDES:
Section 18
General
•1. Time limit of 60 days
Limitations
•2. Review and possible
on the
revocation by
Power to
Congress
Suspend
•3. Review and possible
the
nullification by SC
Privilege.
Suspension of Privilege of Writ of
Habeas Corpus
To Whom Applicable
•The suspension of the privilege of
the writ shall apply only to
persons judicially charged for
rebellion or offenses inherent in or
directly connected with invasion.
Suspension of Privilege of Writ of
Habeas Corpus
GROUNDS
Rebellion requires
Suspension of Privilege of Writ of
Habeas Corpus
Role of Congress
Congress convenes
Congress may revoke
Congress may extend
Suspension of Privilege of Writ of
Habeas Corpus
GROUNDS
Rebellion requires
Martial Law
May an incumbent
commissioner be
appointed as
Chairman?
Section 1(2), Article IX-D
• The Chairman and the Commissioners shall be
appointed by the President with the consent of the
Commission on Appointments for a term of seven
years without reappointment. Of those first
appointed, the Chairman shall hold office for seven
years, one Commissioner for five years, and the
other Commissioner for three years, without
reappointment. Appointment to any vacancy shall
be only for the unexpired portion of the term of the
predecessor. In no case shall any Member be
appointed or designated in a temporary or acting
capacity.
Funa vs. Chairman of COA
On February 15, 2001, President Gloria
Macapagal-Arroyo (President Macapagal-
Arroyo) appointed Guillermo N. Carague
(Carague) as Chairman of the Commission on
Audit (COA) for a term of seven (7) years,
pursuant to the 1987 Constitution. Carague’s
term of office started on February 2, 2001 to end
on February 2, 2008.
Funa vs. Chairman of COA
• Meanwhile, on February 7, 2004, President
Macapagal-Arroyo appointed Reynaldo A.
Villar (Villar) as the third member of the
COA for a term of seven (7) years starting
February 2, 2004 until February 2, 2011.
Funa vs. Chairman of COA
• Following the retirement of Carague on February 2, 2008
and during the fourth year of Villar as COA
Commissioner, Villar was designated as Acting
Chairman of COA from February 4, 2008 to April 14,
2008. Subsequently, on April 18, 2008, Villar was
nominated and appointed as Chairman of the COA up to
Feb. 2, 2011. Shortly thereafter, on June 11, 2008, the
Commission on Appointments confirmed his
appointment.
Funa vs. Chairman of COA
• He was to serve as Chairman of COA, as expressly
indicated in the appointment papers, until the expiration
of the original term of his office as COA Commissioner
or on February 2, 2011. Challenged in this recourse,
Villar, in an obvious bid to lend color of title to his hold
on the chairmanship, insists that his appointment as
COA Chairman accorded him a fresh term of seven (7)
years which is yet to lapse. He would argue, in fine, that
his term of office, as such chairman, is up to February 2,
2015, or 7 years reckoned from February 2, 2008 when he
was appointed to that position.
Funa vs. Chairman of COA
February 2, 2001
February 2, 2004
to end on
until February 2,
February 2, 2008.
2011
(7 years)
Funa vs. Chairman of COA
• 1. The appointment of members of any of the three
constitutional commissions, after the expiration of the
uneven terms of office of the first set of commissioners,
shall always be for a fixed term of seven (7) years; an
appointment for a lesser period is void and
unconstitutional.
• The appointing authority cannot validly shorten the
full term of seven (7) years in case of the expiration of
the term as this will result in the distortion of the
rotational system prescribed by the Constitution.
Funa vs. Chairman of COA
• 2. Appointments to vacancies resulting from
certain causes (death, resignation, disability
or impeachment) shall only be for the
unexpired portion of the term of the
predecessor, but such appointments cannot
be less than the unexpired portion as this will
likewise disrupt the staggering of terms laid
down under Sec. 1(2), Art. IX(D).
Funa vs. Chairman of COA
• 3. Members of the Commission, e.g. COA,
COMELEC or CSC, who were appointed for
a full term of seven years and who served the
entire period, are barred from reappointment
to any position in the Commission.
Corollarily, the first appointees in the
Commission under the Constitution are also
covered by the prohibition against
reappointment.
Funa vs. Chairman of COA
• 4. A commissioner who resigns after serving in the
Commission for less than seven years is eligible for an
appointment to the position of Chairman for the
unexpired portion of the term of the departing chairman.
Such appointment is not covered by the ban on
reappointment, provided that the aggregate period of the
length of service as commissioner and the unexpired period of
the term of the predecessor will not exceed seven (7) years and
provided further that the vacancy in the position of Chairman
resulted from death, resignation, disability or removal by
impeachment.
Funa vs. Chairman of COA
• 4. The Court clarifies that ‚reappointment‛ found in
Sec. 1(2), Art. IX(D) means a movement to one and
the same office (Commissioner to Commissioner or
Chairman to Chairman). On the other hand, an
appointment involving a movement to a different
position or office (Commissioner to Chairman)
would constitute a new appointment and, hence,
not, in the strict legal sense, a reappointment barred
under the Constitution.
Powers of the Comelec
(Section 2, Article IX-C)
• 3. ‚Decide, except those involving the
right to vote, all questions affecting
elections, including determination of
the number of and location of the
polling places appointment of election
officials and inspections and
registration of voters.
Jurisdiction over Election Contest
Elective
Regional, Supreme
Provincial, Comelec Court thru
Comelec
City official: en banc: Certiorari
Qualification, Division
thru MR under RC,
Election,
64, 64
Return
Procedural flow of Election Contest
Supreme
Comelec
Elective Comelec Court thru
Regional Division
Municipal en bank Certiorari
Trial Court thru
Officials thru MR under RC
Appeal
64, 65
Procedural flow of Election Contest
Supreme
Comelec
Elective Comelec Court thru
First Level Division
Barangay en bank Certiorari
Court thru
Officials thru MR under RC
Appeal
64, 65
Does the Comelec have jurisdiction
over exclusion or inclusion of voters?
Two requisites: