High Output Power Reluctance Electric Motors With Bulk HTS Elements.

L.K. Kovaleva, K.V. Ilushina, V.T. Penkina,K.L. Kovaleva,A. E. Larionoffe, S.M.-A. Koneeva,
K.A. Modestova, S.A. Laionoff", V.N. Poltavetsa,1.1. Akimovb, V.V. Alexandrovc, W. Gawalekd,
B. Oswalde, G. Krabbesf
a Moscow State Aviation Institute (Technical University) (MAI), Moscow, Russia
All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Inorganic Materials (ARSRIIM), Moscow, Russia
All-Russian Electrotechnical Institute (VEI), Moscow, Russia
Institut Alr PhysikalischeHochtechnologie (IPHT), Jena, Germany
e Oswald Elektromotoren GmbH, Miltenberg, Germany
Institut Alr Festkorper und Werkstofforschung (IFW), Dresden, Germany
E-mail: kovalev@mail.sitek.net .

-
Absfmct New types of electric machines with the rotors
containing bulk HTS (YBCO and BkAg) elements are p r e
sented. Different schematics of hysteresis, reluctance, "trapped
feld" and composed synchronous HTS machines are dis-
cussed. The two-dimensional mathematical models describing
the processes in such types of HTS machines we& developed
on the basis o f the theoretical analysis of the electrodynamic
and hysteresis processes in the singledomain and policrystal
YBCO ceramic samples and plate shape Bi-Ag elements. The
test results of the series of hysteresis, reluctance, "trapped
field" and composed with permanent magnets HTS motors
with output power rating 0.1-18 kW and current frequency
50 Hz and 400 Hz are given. These results show that in the me-
dia of liquid nitrogen the specific output power per one weight
unit o f HTS motors is 4-7 times better then for conventional
electric machines. Comparison of the theoretical and experi-
mental characteristics of the developed HTS motors show that
they are in good agreement. The test results for liquid nitrogen
cryogenic pump system with hysteresis 500 W HTS motor are
discussed. Several designs of new HTS motors operating in the
media of liquid nitrogen with output power 125kW (and
more) and power factor more then 0.8 are described. Future
applications of new types of HTS motors for aerospace tech-
nology, on-land industry and transport systems are discussed.
-
Keywods bulk and foliate high temperature supercon-
ducting elements, electric motor, electromagnetic process, ro-
tating magnetic field.
I. INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, high temperature superconductors (HTS) are
already widely used in high-current applications, that allows
to improve essentially the output power and mass-
dimensional parameters of the electrical machines [4-6].In
the wide variety of HTS power devices the essential part
relates on HTS electric machines. Theoretical and experi-
mental investigations show, that in comparison to conven-
tional electrical machines, HTS electrical machines possess
much higher values of specific output power, efficiency and
power factor [ 1-31.
This work is devoted to the development of electrical
machines with bulk YBCO elements in the rotors. Theoreti-
cal and experimental results for the different series of HTS
reluctance motors are presented. The'advantages and de-
merits of various constructions of HTS motors are dis-
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cussed. The schemes of reluctance motors of increased out-
put power (100 kW and morej are presented.
11. STATE OF ART OF HTS MOTORS
Nowadays, the development of HTS motors can be clas-
sified into three main groups: motors with the DC HTS
windings in the rotor, motors with AC HTS windings in the
stator; motors with bulk HTS YBCO elements or HTS
composed Bi-Ag elements.
H7S electrical machines with Dc H 7 S rotor windings.
These HTS motors are based on the possibility of composite
HTS wires to have a high value of the critical current den-
sity (up to IO3 - IO4 A/mm2 znd more) and, respectively, to
provide very high magnetic flux densities and the current
loads of the rotating inductor of the electrical machines. The
investigations in this field are intensively going on in Ger-
many (1 OOO kW HTS motor, Siemens), USA (I 00 - 200 hp
and 1000 hp HTS motors), Japan etc. It is expected, that the
massdimensional parameters for 1000 kW HTS motor will
be 2 - 3 times better, than the similar ones for conventional
motors. On the other hand, overall efficiency of the hture
cryogenic HTS electrical machines is expected to be higher
than for conventional electrical machines. These two factors
can give a real chance to produce HTS electrical machines
with better economic parameters than for conventional ones
of the same output power. It is important to mention that
due to the high current capability of HTS wires modem
HTS electrical machines with DC HTS winding must have
cooling system only at the temperature level less than
30 - 40 K.
H l S electrical machines with AC stator H 7 S windings.
These group of HTS electrical machines is based on the
possibility of HTS wires to lead AC current of frequency
50 Hz (or more) with low losses (in 3 - 4 times less) in
comparison to traditional copper wires. This allows to re-
duce the total losses of electrical machine and, respectively,
realize new types of HTS motors with higher efficiency and
higher output power. The investigations of such HTS mo-
tors with different types of the rotors are intensively going
on in France (15 kW and 150 kW HTS motors) and other
countries (USA, Japan etc.). As for the previous case the
AC HTS winding- are able to operate at the temperature ‘Zebra” type rotor with HTS thin flat plates
level less than 30 - 40 K. b
H7S electrical machines wilh bulk H7S elements. The
third group of HTS electrical machines with bulk HTS
(YBCO) elements are based on the folkwbg physical
properties of such elements: hysteresis phenomenon (real-
ized in HTS hysteresis motors); high magnetic anisofmpy of
compound material containing HTS and iron elements (re-
alized in HTS reluctance motors); possibility of bulk HTS ‘Zebra” type rotor with HTS thick flat plates
materials to trap high magnetic field (up to 6 - 8 T at 20 K P
I

and 1 - 2 T at 77 K)(used in ((Trapped Field))HTS motors;

HTS electrical machines based on the melt textured bulk
YBCO ceramics can be designed with cooling system oper-
ating at the temperature level of liquid nitragen (77°K)or
less. The electrical machines with the HTS bulk rotor ele- (b)
ments can operate in three main regimes: synchronous re- ‘Pilz” type rotor with two HTS blocks
gime with “trapped magnetic flux” in bulk UT5 rotors; syn-
chronous regimes with composed HTS-ferromagnetic rotor
(reluctance motors); hysteresis regime with small slip pa-
rameter. It is expected that these motor schemes will allow
to get the specific output performances essentially higher
(- 3 - 5 times) than for traditional electrical motors. The
reluctance HTS motor can also have rather high value of ef-
ficiency and rather high power factor (cow). Up to now ‘Zelz” type rotor with three HTS elements
hysteresis and reluctance HTS motors with YBCO bulk
-
elements with output power 100 W - 10 kW were devel-
oped within the frame of German-Russian cooperation.

111. RESEARCHOF RATIONAL SCHEMES OF HTS RELUCTANCE

MOTORS
The current work was done on the basis ofthe HTS mo-
tor models with the following dimensions of the active mo-
tor zone: diameter 62 mm and length 82 mm. The main idea
of this work was to achieve more understanding what type
of the HTS rotor construction with YBCO bulk elements
gives the best results for output power, power factor and ef-
ficiency. The following experimental HTS motors with bulk
YBCO elements were studied:
“Zebra”type H E moto,: Main design and the photo of
this motor type are given on Fig. l.a, b. This motor was
constructed with two variants of the rotor: with YBCO flat
plates containing single domain square blocks Mricated in
IPHT (Jena, Germany); with YBCO flat plates containing
square blocks fabricated in ARSRIIM (Moscow, Russia).
“Pilz” type H7S motor with two YBCO blocks fabri-
cated in IPHT (Germany) is shown in Fig. 1.b. This motor
was constructed previously and was used to get more de-
tailed experimental data for comparison of the output power
and power factor of the HTS motors with different con-
structions of the HTS rotor. “Pilz” HTS motor has simpler
construction of the rotor, possesses ,good start-up perform-
ance, but has 1.5 - 2.0 times less output parameters in com-
parison with the same ones for “zebra” type motor.
“Zelz” type “E motor has a new construction of the
HTS rotor (see Fig. 1 .c). The main idea of this HTS motor
is to combine good output characteristicsof “zebra” type
The stator for HTS reluctance motors
(e)
/
Fig 1. Reluctance Motors with Different Types of Finite HTS Ro-
tor Elements.
HTS motor with good technology and good start-up per-
formance of “pilz” type motor. The YBCO single domain
bulk blocks for this rotor were fabricated in IFW (Dresden,
Germany).
Test results for “Zebra”rype H E reluctance motor: The
full testing of HTS reluctance motor with single domain
YBCO blocks hbricated by IPHT (Jena, Germany) was car-
ried out. The main task of this investigation was to deter-
mine the output power, power factor and efficiency of
“zebra” type HTS motor with new YBCO blocks and to
compare them with the other types of reluctance motors op-
erating in the similar conditions. The test results for differ-
ent values of phase voltage (1 70 V and 250 V) at tempera-
ture level of 77 K and 65 K are given in Fig. 2. At the same
graphics are presented the curves for conventional reluc-

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 tance motor (without HTS materials in the rotor) at the tem-
perature 77 K. Output parameters at voltage supply 170 V
correspond to the motor regimes without saturation of the
steel. The output parameters at voltage 250 V correspond to
the saturated motor regime. It is clearly seen that the YBCO
bulk single domain blocks allow to obtain the output power
-
and power factor 1.5 - 2.0 times higher than the same
ones for conventional reluctance motors at the temperature
level 77 K. At the temperature level 65 K the output power
-
of HTS reluctance motors are 2 times higher than for con-
ventional ones.
1.07 4000
“pilz” type motor. At the second stage of testing the detailed
study of “zelz” type reluctance motor (with YBCO blocks
fabricated in IFW) was carried out. The test results for
“zebra” and “zelz” types of HTS reluctance motors are
shown in Fig. 4. It is seen that the better output power and
power factor possesses the motor design with “zebra” type
rotor.
2500
2000

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output power
0.1 -

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1.0 - 6000

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0.3 -

0.2 - lo00
0.1 - power factor
0.0 - 0
4 6 8 10
Uw=250 V
Fig. 2. Test results for “Zebra”type HTS reluctance motor with
single domain YBCO blocks.
Comparkon of the experimental parametersfir “zebra”,
“pilz”and “zelz” types of H I S reluctance motors. At the
fust stage of the experimental work the comparison of out-
put parameters of different types of reluctance motors was
done at the temperature level 77 K without HTS blocks. The
test results are presented in Fig. 3. It is seen that the new
scheme of “zelz” type reluctance motor possesses the output
power and power factor more than for the same ones for
2 4 6 8 IO
Fig. 3. Comparison of the experimental parameters for ”zebra“,
“pilz” and “zelz” types of HTS reluctance motors.
12
Finite Element Modeling. In order to take into account all
electromagneticprocesses in the HTS motor units during its
operation (such as real properties of the ferromagnetic and
HTS materials, actual shape of the motor units etc.) the fi-
nite element simulations were used. A special calculation
technique was elaborated. This technique allows to calculate
the characteristics of the motor (main inductive resistances,
output power etc.) with taking into account the dependence
of the stator current on the rotor position (regime
U = const). The calculation is carried out in 3 stages: deter-
mination of the main inductive resistances (& X,) on the
flux linkage in two rotor positions
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3
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IO00 2-T--
0
2 4 6 8 10 12
output power

0.5

0.3
“rclz”without HTS
0.2
“nlz”with HTS

2 4 6 8 10 12 Fig. 5. Finite elements calculation technique. Comparison of the

power factor
Fig.4. Test results for ‘‘zebra’’ and “zelz” HTS reluctance motors
(y = 0” and y = 90’); estimation of the stator current at dif-
ferent load angles of the rotor, and in the end - calculation
of the mechanical torque at different load angles. The com-
parison of the simulation and the experimental results is
shown in Fig. 5. The seriei of simulations for different con-
structions of the rotors of HTS reluctance motors are shown
in Fig. 6. It is seen that the construction of “zebra” motor
with thin HTS and ferromagnetic plates (# 4) possesses the
highest output performance. Nevertheless the constntction
of the rotor with thick HTS plates (# 2) gives better cham-
teristics in comparison with the rotor with middle-size plates
(# 1 and # 4). The optimization of the rotor construction will
be carried out for the design of HTS reluctance motor with
higher output power (100 kW and more).
Rational cryogenic schemes of the H7S reluctance motor
of high output power The advanced cryogenic scheme of
HTS motor and the diagram of the losses in it are given in
Fig. 7. It is seen that the use of new materials for the stator
zone (such as amorphous steel and HTS wires) allows to
decrease significantly the steel losses and the losses in the
stator windings. Operating at the lower pressure in the rotor
’ -932-
simulation and test results.
mne has two advantages: increasing of the critical current in
the HTS rotor elements due to the lower temperature
-
(T 65 K) (and, correspondingly, increasing of the output
power and power factor of HTS motor), decreasing of the
friction losses in the air-gap of the motor.
On the basis of theoretical and experimental results the
100 kW HTS reluctance motor was developed and designed
(see Fig. 8) with the following dimensions: diameter
130 mm, length 355 mm, air-gap 3 mm. The stator and rotor
are cooled’by liquid nitrogen and have separate cryostats
(see Fig. 7). The fabrication and testing of this HTS motor
will be done in the nearest future.
Iv. CONCLUSION
Nowadays the development of new generation of HTS
machines is carried out on three main directions: electric
machines with HTS DC windings in the rotor, electric ma-
chines with HTS AS windings (50Hz) and electric ma-
chines on the basis of bulk HTS (YI3CO)samples and com-
posite plate-shaped (Bi-Ag) elements.
 RHeat losses through the shaft OHe.1 losses through the supports
ORldlatlon h w s F1Ohmlc losses In steel
OFrIctlonlorises OOhmic 10-5 In statw windlnp
0Hy.tererblosses In steel OTotal loasas In cryostat

3.
12000

10000

’-8000
@86000
U

9
4000
Fig. 7. Advanced cryogenic scheme of HTS motor and the diagram
2000 of the losses.

0 - - -355 . - _I

0 10 20 30 40
Fig. 6. Simulations for different constructions of the rotom of HTS
reluctance motors.

Theoretical and experimental researches have shown that

new types HTS electric motors with bulk YBCO rotor ele-
ments operating at the temperature of liquid nitrogen (77 K)
allow to increase the power-to-weight ratio in 2 - 5 times.
The results of investigations show that the best parame-
1 . . . .- . SO5 .. . :
ters of HTS reluctance motors with high output power
(100 kW and more) can be realized for the “Zebra” type
rotor. The first investigations of such HTS motor designs
are now started.
This work is done under the support of German Ministry
of Science (Contract I3N6854A), Russian Ministry of Sci-
ence and Russian Academy of Science (Project “Centaur”). I
Fig. 8. Project design of 100 kW HTS reluctance motor.
REFERENCES 3. L.K. Kovalev, W. Gawalek, B. Oswald et al. New types of
electric machines on the basis of the bulk HTS elements. Re-
I. L. Kovalev; B. Oswald, W. Gawalek et al. Superconducting
Reluctance Motors with YBCO Bulk Materials. IEEE Trans- cent results and hture development. Proc. of ICEC-18.21 - 25
actions on Applied Superconductivity, June 1999, Vol. 9, February 2000, Bombay. India
4. L.K.Kovalev et al. HTS Electrical Machines With YBCO
No. 2, Part one of three parts, pp. 1201 - 1204.
2. L.K. Kovalev, W. Gawalek B. Oswald et al. Hysteresis and Bulk and Si-Ag Plate shape HTS Elements. Recent Results
Reluctance Electric Machines with the Bulk HTS Rotor Ele- and Future Development. Proc. of the.Int. ConE Supercon-
ments. IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, June ductors for Applications, Material Properties and Devices. June
-1999, Vol. 9, No. 2, Part one of three parts, pp. 1261 - 1263. I1 -1 5 2000, Rio de Janeiro. Brasil.
5. L.K. Kovalev et al. Electrical Machines With Bulk HTS Ele-
ments. The Achieved Results and Future Development. Proc.
of the 1 3 4 International Symposium on Superconductivity.
October 14- 16,2000, Tokyo, Japan.
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