Behavior of Line Start Permanent Magnet

Synchronous Motor under Short Interruptions

R. T. Ugale, V. Nagabhushanrao, B. N. Chaudhari, and N. R. Bhasme

Abstract--Line start permanent magnet synchronous motors II. INTRODUCTION

are attracting growing attention for high duty factor industrial
applications. Power quality has become a major concern in
today’s electric utility industry. More than 80 % power quality
P ERMANENT magnet Synchronous Motors are gaining
popularity since the last decade and a vast amount of
related problems are concerned with voltage sags and power research has been carried out all over the world.
interruptions. Investigation of the performance of these motors Line Start Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor
under practical supply conditions facing power quality problems (LSPMSM) has been proved as an economically feasible, high
is the need of time. In this paper the 5 h.p. LSPMSM efficiency alternative to an induction motor where constant
performance under short interruptions is investigated through speed is desirable [1]. The Line start PMSM is designed to
simulation studies. The effect of parameter variation on motor operate at fixed voltage and frequency from the same power
performance is also studied using dynamic Simulink model. supplies as induction motors. The excitation is provided partly
by the magnets, which are mounted in the rotor and partly by
Index Terms--Line start permanent magnet synchronous
motor, power quality, short interruptions. the line current [2]. A squirrel cage is provided to accelerate
the motor from standstill when started “across the line”. The
rotor cage provides the motor with starting torque and drives
I. NOMENCLATURE the motor close to synchronous speed and synchronous torque
developed by permanent magnets will pull the motor into
rs = Stator resistance, Ω synchronism besides providing a constant running torque [3].
This motor may become an attractive choice in a country
xls = Stator leakage reactance, Ω
like India, where the cost of electric energy is sharply
'
r kd = d-axis damper winding resistance per phase, Ω increasing, and efficient utilization of electrical power is
' needed due to the acute shortage of power. In last 2 to 3
r
kq = q-axis damper winding resistance per phase, Ω decades, much work has been performed worldwide on testing
'
xlkq = q-axis damper winding reactance per phase, Ω LSPMSM techno-economic feasibility, modeling, design,
parameter estimation, steady-state analysis, transient analysis,
'
xlkd = d-axis damper winding reactance per phase, Ω and stability studies [8, 9].
Power quality has become a major concern in today’s
im' / Ipm = Equivalent magnetizing current, A electric utility industry. This is a result of the fact that motors
xd = d-axis synchronous reactance per phase, Ω and modern equipments are often sensitive to variations in
voltage [11, 12]. Power quality problems that affect the motor
xq = q-axis synchronous reactance per phase, Ω performance are voltage sag, harmonics, unbalance, short
J = Rotor inertia constant, Kg-m2 interruptions, impulse surges, over voltage, and under voltage.
The consequences of power quality problems are sensitive
h.p. = Horse power equipment dropout and possible full-process or industrial-line
disruption, with the obvious customer economic losses and
complaints. Of all these power quality issues, voltage sags and
R. T. Ugale is a Ph.D. student with Electrical Engineering Department,
College of Engineering, Pune 411005, Maharashtra, INDIA (e-mail: short interruptions are considered to be the main cause of more
rtu@elec.coep.org.in). than 80% of the problems experienced by the motors and
V. Nagabhushanrao is a PG student with Electrical Engineering sensitive equipments.
Department, College of Engineering, Pune, 411005, Maharashtra , INDIA (e-
While induction motor performance under short power
mail: madhu.bushan@yahoo.co.in).
B. N. Chaudhari is with Electrical Engineering Department, College of interruptions has been investigated in the literature [4]-[6], no
Engineering, Pune 411005, Maharashtra, INDIA (e-mail: such studies for LSPMSM or synchronous reluctance motors
bnc@elec.coep.org.in). have been reported so far. Due to increasing use of LSPMSM,
N. R. Bhasme is with Electrical Engineering Department, Govt. College investigation of the reliability of these motors in real life
of Engineering, Aurangabad 431001, Maharashtra, INDIA (e-mail:
nrbhasme@yahoo.com). environment is therefore the need of time. The performance
analysis of 4 h.p., 230 V, 4 pole, 60Hz LSPMSM under short
978-1-4244-1762-9/08/$25.00 ©2008 IEEE interruptions and voltage sags is recently attempted [10].
This paper investigates dynamic behavior of the 5 h.p., 415 V,
4 pole, 50 Hz LSPMSM with 2, 4, 6 and 8 cycle interruptions
at different load conditions through simulation studies. The
motor behavior under parameter variations is analyzed.
III. SHORT INTERRUPTIONS
A short interruption is defined as the complete loss of
voltage (< 0.1 pu) on one or more phases for a time period
between 0.5 cycles and 3 s. Short interruptions are also known
as momentary interruptions as per IEEE Std. 1159-1995.
An interruption occurs when the supply voltage or load
current decrease to less than 0.1 p.u. for a period of time not
exceeding 1min. The interruptions are measured by their
duration since the voltage magnitude always less than 10
percent of nominal. A recent field studies has indicated that 50
% interruptions are for very short period of 1 to 10 cycles [13].
A. Sources and Occurrences of Voltage Interruptions
Voltage interruptions are normally initiated by power
system faults which subsequently trigger protection measures.
Other causes of voltage interruption are protection operation
when there is no fault present, broken conductor not triggering
protective measures, operator intervention and control
malfunctions. Delayed re-closing of the protective devices may
cause a momentary or temporary interruption. The duration of
an interruption due to equipment malfunctions or loose
connections can be irregular.
B. Effects of Voltage interruptions on LSPMSM
Since a LSPMSM is designed to operate on balanced,
sinusoidal, periodic, steady-state voltage, the potentially
unbalanced, non-sinusoidal, non-periodic voltage sag or
momentary service interruption can cause significant current
and torque transients. Once the motor is disconnected from the
supply, the stator circuit currents stop flowing into the motor
and the rotor begins to decelerate. The rate of deceleration is
higher than that of induction motor because of the presence of
rotor magnets. When supply interruption occurs, immediately
synchronism is lost. The rotating magnetic field created by the
stator current vanishes. However, there is a rotating magnetic
field created by the magnets on the decelerating rotor. This
induces the currents in stator windings which are limited by
source impedance. These currents will produce a braking
torque on the rotor. If the motor rotor and/or load inertia is
high, the motor rotor may slowly decelerate and not come to a
complete stop for some time. Although, the stator circuit is
disconnected from the voltage supply, a voltage is still present
at the motor terminals. This excitation voltage is induced by
the spinning rotor, on which magnets are mounted. The
frequency and magnitude of this voltage decreases as the rotor
speed decreases. The decay of voltage and frequency will
depend on machine load conditions, machine parameters and
inertia. The present situation is more severe than the normal
motor start due to several reasons. When the supply is
recovered, phase difference is obvious between the excitation
voltage and the supply voltage. Negative transient torques of
several times per unit torque may be produced on
reconnection, and the maximum may not occur at exactly 180
degrees phase opposition of the decaying excitation voltage
and the supply voltage. This situation may be further
deteriorated by presence of rated load on the shaft.
Post interruption behavior of the motor, and the effects of
parameters on this behavior are also studied. The variation in
saliency, the stator resistance and equivalent magnet excitation
currents are varied. Results have shown that motor loses its
synchronization at higher values of excitation and stator
resistance. Motor takes more time for attaining synchronous
speed for higher values of stator resistance. The saliency ratio
has a little effect on synchronization, if it is varied with in
limit. For small saliency ratio motor takes more time for
synchronization due to reduction in synchronous torque.
Higher saliency restricts motor from synchronizing again.
Thus, the dynamic behavior when power is resumed back has
similar sensitivity towards parameters as normal start up has.
IV. SIMULATION RESULTS
A 5 h.p. LSPMSM with parameters given in Table I is
simulated in Simulink. The motor parameters are in p.u.
TABLE I
PARAMETERS OF LSPMSM
Rating in h.p. 5 ' 0.107063
xlkq
Voltage in V 415 ' 0.140892
xlkd
Frequency in Hz 50 ' 1.3
Ipm / im
rs 0.118433
xd 1.913693
0.145692 7.324217
xls xq
0.130341 J 0.012192
rkd'
0.099414
rkq'
The supply is interrupted at 2 seconds when the motor has
reached a steady state condition. The motor current, torque
and speed variations for 2, 4, 6, and 8 cycle interruptions
applied to LSPMSM at no load and full load conditions are
studied and given in the Fig. 1 and 2.
As shown in Fig. 1, it is observed that no load speed loss of
LSPMSM is 60 to 100 % for 2 to 8 cycles interruptions. The
motor synchronizes itself with in 0.25 to 0.35 seconds which is
slightly less than the starting run up time of the motor. At re-
closing instant the motor current increases 10 to 20% more
than the starting current. At full load, the motor fails to
synchronize when supply is restored, for all short interruptions
less than 8 cycles. The motor continues to run as induction
motor with heavy torque and current pulsations. The stator
currents at the time of restoration of supply are higher than
normal starting currents.
The LSPMSM performance at 8 cycle interruptions for
various loads is given in Fig. 3. The 6 cycle interruption is
applied to the 75 % loaded LSPMSM under various rs, Ipm
and xq/xd ratios are shown in Fig. 4.
 SPEED in Per Unit SPEED in Per Unit

1 1

0.8 0.8

0.6 0.6
Speed in Per Unit

Speed in Per Unit

0.4 0.4

0.2 0.2

0 0

healthy condition healthy condition

-0.2 -0.2
2 cycle SI 2 cycle SI
4 cycle SI 4 cycle SI
-0.4 6 cycle SI -0.4 6 cycle SI
8 cycle SI 8 cycle SI
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
time in sec time in sec

(a) No load speed. (a) Full load speed.

Instantaneous phase A current Instantaneous phase A current

10 10
ia in pu

ia in pu
0 0
2 cycle SI 2 cycle SI
-10 -10
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
10 10
ia in pu

ia in pu
0 0
4 cycle SI 4 cycle SI
-10 -10
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
10 10
ia in pu

ia in pu

0 0
6 cycle SI 6 cycle SI
-10 -10
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
10 10
ia in pu
ia in pu

0 0
8 cycle SI 8 cycle SI
-10 -10
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Time in sec Time in sec

(b) No load current. (b) Full load a-phase current.

Electro magnetic Torque Electro magnetic Torque

10 10
Tem
Tem

0 0
2 cycle SI 2 cycle SI
-10 -10
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
10 10
Tem
Tem

0 0
4 cycle SI 4 cycle SI
-10 -10
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
10 10
Tem

Tem

0 0
6 cycle SI 6 cycle SI
-10 -10
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
10 10
Tem

Tem

0 0
8 cycle SI 8 cycle SI
-10 -10
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Time in sec Time in sec

(c) No load torque. (c) Full load torque.

Fig. 1. No load (a) Speed (b) Phase currents, and (c) Torque. Fig. 2. Full load (a) Speed (b) Phase current, and (c) Torque.
 Per unit speed with SI Speed variations at different Ipm
1.2

1 1

0.8
0.8

0.6
0.6

Speed in pu
wr/wb in pu

0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
0

0
-0.2 No Load
Half Load Ipm=0.9
-0.4 3/4 Load -0.2
Ipm=1.3
Full Load Ipm=1.7
-0.4
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
time in sec Time in sec

(a) Speed at various loads. (a) Speed at various Ipm.

Instantaneous phase A current with 8 cycle SI Speed variations at dirrent Rs

10 1.2
ia in pu

0
1
No Load
-10
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
0.8
10
ia in pu

0 0.6
Half Load
Speed in pu

-10
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 0.4
10
ia in pu

0 0.2
3/4 Load
-10
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 0
10
Rs=0.05844
ia in pu

-0.2
0 Rs=0.11844
Full Load Rs=0.16844
-10 -0.4
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Time in sec Time in sec

(b) Current at various loads. (b) Speed at various stator resistance.

Electro magnetic Torque with 8 cycle SI Speed variations at different saliency ratio
10 1.2
Tem

0
1
No Load
-10
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
0.8
10
Tem

0 0.6
Speed in pu

Half Load
-10
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 0.4
10
Tem

0 0.2
3/4 Load
-10 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
10
xq/xd=1
-0.2
Tem

0 xq/xd=4
Full Load xq/xd=7
-10 -0.4
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Time in sec Time in sec

(c) Torque at various loads. (c) Speed at various saliency ratios.

Fig. 3. Interruption of 8 cycles at various loads (a) Speed (b) Current, and Fig. 4. Speed plots for Interruption of 6 cycles at 75 % load (a) Ipm
(c) Torque plots. variation (b) rs variation, and (c) Saliency ratio variation.
 V. CONCLUSION
Since the Line start PMSM is designed to operate at fixed
voltage and frequency, it is essential to investigate the
performance of LSPMSM under short power interruptions up
to 10 cycles to ensure reliable operation of the motor. When
supply is restored, the motor may draw currents larger than
normal starting currents which may be dangerous to the
magnets. The short interruptions severely affect the post
interruption synchronization of the machine under loaded
condition. The current and torque pulsations are higher for
small duration interruptions. Therefore, design should ensure
that under these conditions, the magnetism of the magnets is
not lost. As expected the time of recovery to normal conditions
is load dependent as well as interruption duration dependent.
The performance of LSPMSM is widely affected by higher
values of stator resistance and equivalent magnet excitation
current.
VI. REFERENCES
[1] E. Richter, T. J. E. Miller, T. W. Newmann, and T. L.Hudson, “The
ferrite permanent magnet AC motor: A technical and economical
assessment,” IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 1985, 21,
(4), pp. 644–649
[2] A. Levran, and E. Levi, “Design of poly phase motors with PM
excitation,” IEEE Transaction of Magnetics, 1984, 20, (3), pp. 507-
515.
[3] V. B. Honsinger, “Performance of poly phase permanent magnet
machines,” IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, 1980,
99, (4), pp. 1510–1518
[4] J. C. Gomez, “Behavior of induction motor due to voltage sags and short
interruptions,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol.17, No. 2,
April 2002, pp. 434-440.
[5] J. C. Das, “Effects of momentary voltage dips on the operation of
induction and synchronous motors,” IEEE Transaction on Industry
Application, vol. 26, pp. 711–718, July/August 1990.
[6] Math H. J. Bollen, “Understanding Power Quality Problems,” IEEE
Press series on Power Engineering, New York, 2000.
[7] D. P. M. Cahill, and B. Adkins, “The permanent magnet synchronous
motor,” Proceeding of IEE., 1962, 109, (48), pp. 483–491
[8] K. J. Binns, and M. A. Jabbar, “Choice of parameters in the hybrid
permanent magnet synchronous motor,” Proceeding of IEE, 1979, 126,
(8), pp. 741–744.
[9] B. J. Chalmers, S. A. Hamed, and G. D. Baines, “Parameters and
performance of a high filed permanent magnet synchronous motor for
variable frequency operation,” IEE Proceeding B, Electric Power
Applications, 1985,132, (3), pp. 117–124.
[10] R. T. Ugale, Y. BalaKrishna, and B. N. Chaudhari, “Effects of short
power interruptions and voltage sags on the performance of line start
permanent magnet synchronous motor,” 4th IET Conference Proceeding
on Power Electronics Machines and Drives (PEMD), 2-4 April 2008,
pp. 184–188.
[11] J. C. Gomez, M. M. Morcos, C. Reineri, and G. Campetelli, “Induction
motor behavior under short interruptions and voltage sags: An
experimental study,” IEEE Power Engineering Review, vol. 21, pp. 11–
15, Feb. 2001.
[12] Thomas S. Key “Predicting behavior of Induction Motors during service
faults and Interruptions,” IEEE Industry Applications Magazine, pp. 6-
11, January/February 1995.
[13] Ashish Bendre, Deepak Divan, William Kranz, William Brumsickle,
“Equipment failures caused by power quality disturbances,” IEEE
Proceeding on Industry Application Society, pp.482-489, April 2004.
VII. BIOGRAPHIES
R. T. Ugale born in Pune, India on September 27, 1974. He received his
B.E. Electrical and M.E. Electrical degree from
University of Pune, in 1998 and 2002 respectively.
His employment experience includes three years in
the Maharashtra State Electricity Board as a Jr.
Engineer in Transmission and Distribution. He has
joined College of Engineering Pune in June 2002 as a
lecturer in Electrical Engineering. Presently he is a
Assistant Professor and pursuing Ph.D. program at
College of Engineering Pune. His main research
interest is Electrical PM Machine Design, Power Quality.
V. Nagabhushanrao born on September 14, 1983 in Hyderabad, India.
Presently he is a post graduate student of Electrical Engineering department
of College of Engineering Pune.
B. N. Chaudhari born in Jalgaon, India on September 13, 1967. He
received his B.E. Electrical and M.E. Electrical
degrees form Dr. B. A. Marathwada University at
Auraugabad, in 1987 and 1991 respectively. He
completed his Ph.D. in 2001 from Indian Institute of
Technology, Bombay. He joined Government College
of Engineering Aurangabad in March 1990. Presently,
he is Professor in Electrical Engineering at College of
Engineering Pune, India.
His main interest areas are Permanent Magnet
Machines, Power Electronics, Power quality and Control of Electrical Drives.
N. R. Bhasme born in Aurangabad on May 30, 1971. He received his
B.E. Electrical and M.E. Electrical degree from Dr. B. A. Marathwada
University, Aurangabad, in 1993 and 2002. Presently he is a lecturer in
Electrical Engineering at Govt. College of Engineering, Aurangabad, India.
His main interest areas are Electrical Machines and Power Electronics.