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RMD 2501
Cascade Aerodynamics
and
Loss Mechanisms
Session delivered by:
P f Q
Prof. Q.H.
H NNagpurwala
l
This
hi session
i isi intended
i d d to introduce
i d
the following:
Cascade
C d aerodynamics
d i
Cascade tunnels
Testing of compressor and
turbine cascades
Presentation of cascade test data
Flow parameters,
Fl t viz.
i iinlet
l t flow
fl angle,
l relative
l ti Mach
M h number, b R Reynolds
ld
number, and geometric parameters, viz. aspect ratio, solidity, thickness ratio, can
be simulated with ease.
Aerodynamic performance data, like blade loading, lift coefficient, profile loss,
drag coefficient and flow deflection can be easily obtained.
Pressure and velocity distribution over the aerofoils and in the passage cn be
easily mapped.
Detailed studies on laminar and turbulent boundary layers, and on transition
process from laminar to turbulent flow, over turbomachinery aerofoils can be
carried out.
Studies on separation and vortex formation can be performed.
Local boundary layer profile and shear stress over the aerofoils can be
measured.
It is simple to generate data at off design operating conditions.
Diff
Different blade
bl d profiles
fil for
f the
h same duty
d can be
b comparedd andd optimised.
i i d
Cascade testing can generate a good data bank for validating CFD codes.
05 © M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 5
PEMP
Limitations of Cascade Testing RMD 2501
Streamlines across a
multistage
lti t tturbomachine
b hi
Transonic / supersonic
cascade tunnel
05 © M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 9
PEMP
C
Compressor C
Cascade
d
The momentum equation applied in the x and y directions with constant axial
velocity gives,
(3.2)
(3.3)
or (3.3a)
Equations (3.1) and (3.3) are completely valid for a flow incurring total pressure
losses in the cascade.
Energy Losses
A real fluid crossing the cascade experiences a loss in total pressure p0 due to
skin friction and related effects.
effects Thus
(3.4)
But
(3.5)
where (3.6)
or (3.7)
and
(3.8 & 3.9)
Substituting
g these coefficients into eqn.
q (3.5)
( ) and after some rearrangement,
g , we gget
(3.10)
05 © M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 18
PEMP
Lift and Drag RMD 2501
(3.12)
(3.13)
(3.15)
(3.16)
(3 17)
(3.17)
(3.18)
(3.19)
(3.20)
The efficiency D of a compressor blade cascade can be defined in the same way as
diffuser efficiency; this is the ratio of the actual static pressure rise in the cascade to
the maximum possible theoretical pressure rise (i.e. with p0 = 0). Thus,
I
Inserting
i eqns. (3.7)
(3 7) andd (3.9)
(3 9) into
i the
h above
b equation,
i
(3.25)
Assuming a constant lift to drag ratio (L/D), eqn. (3.26) can be differentiated with
respect to m to give the optimum mean flow angle for maximum efficiency. Thus
Pitchwise variation of
total pressure behind a
linear cascade
Pitchwise variation of
exit flow angle behind
a linear cascade
Mach
number
Rotor
cos 1 cos 1
D 1 tan 1 tan 2 s
cos 2 2 c
or
V2 Vw s
D 1
V1 2V1 c
Stator
1.00
1.00
----- mises 1.00
----- mises
experimental
i t l ----- mises 0 90
0.90
0.90 0.90 experimental experimental
0.80
0.80 0.80
0.70
0.70 0.70
number
0.60
umber
umber
0.60 0.60
0 50
0.50
Mach nu
Mach nu
Mach n
0.50 0.50
incidence=0deg. 0.30
incidence=+4deg.
0.30 0.30
0 10
0.10 0 10
0.10 0 10
0.10
T bi Cascade
Turbine C d
(c) Typical steam turbine tip section (d) Supersonic inlet, supersonic exit
The following relations can be derived for lift and drag coefficients
For incompressible flow, Vx1=Vx2 and 1= 2. The expressions for lift and
drag coefficients reduce to:
For a turbine blade 1 and m are usually negative and hence the lift
coefficient is much higher than a compressor blade.
S f
Surface pressure di
distribution
t ib ti on the
th nozzle
l andd rotor
t blades
bl d off energy efficient
ffi i t
engine turbine (Thulin, 1982; NASA CR 165608)
05 © M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 36
PEMP
RMD 2501
Surface Pressure
Distribution on a
Transonic
Turbine Cascade
Effect
ff off iincidence
id
angle on surface Mach
number distribution on
a turbine nozzle guide
vane profile
Schlieren photographs
of flow through
turbine cascade
05 © M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 42
PEMP
Complex Flow in Turbine Blade Passage RMD 2501
Thank you