ELECTRICAL

®
AfterSales Training
Electrical Systems
P90
Porsche AfterSales Training
Student Name: ________________________________________________
Training Center Location: ________________________________________________
Instructor Name: ________________________________________________
Date: ___________________
Electrical Troubleshooting Logic
1 - Do you understand how the electrical consumer is expected to operate?

2 - Do you have the correct wiring diagram?
3 - If the circuit contains a fuse, is the fuse okay & of the correct amperage?
4 - Is there power provided to the circuit? Is the power source the correct voltage?
5 - Is the ground(s) for the circuit connected? Is the connection tight & free of resistance?
6 - Is the circuit being correctly activated by a switch, relay, sensor, microswitch, etc.?
7 - Are all electrical plugs connected securely with no tension, corrosion, or loose wires?
Important Notice: Some of the contents of this AfterSales Training brochure was originally written by Porsche AG for its rest-
of-world English speaking market. The electronic text and graphic files were then imported by Porsche Cars N.A, Inc. and edited
for content. Some equipment and technical data listed in this publication may not be applicable for our market. Specifications are
subject to change without notice.
We have attempted to render the text within this publication to American English as best as we could. We reserve the right to
make changes without notice.
© 2012 Porsche Cars North America, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Reproduction or translation in whole or in part is not permitted
without written authorization from publisher. AfterSales Training Publications
Dr. Ing. h.c. F. Porsche AG is the owner of numerous trademarks, both registered and unregistered, including without limitation
the Porsche Crest®, Porsche®, Boxster®, Carrera®, Cayenne®, Cayman®, Panamera®, Speedster®, Spyder®, 918
Spyder®, Tiptronic®, VarioCam®, PCM®, PDK®, 911®, 4S®, FOUR, UNCOMPROMISED.® and the model numbers and the
distinctive shapes of the Porsche automobiles such as, the federally registered 911 and Boxster automobiles. The third party
trademarks contained herein are the properties of their respective owners. Porsche Cars North America, Inc. believes the
specifications to be correct at the time of printing. Specifications, performance standards, standard equipment, options, and
other elements shown are subject to change without notice. Some options may be unavailable when a car is built. Some vehi-
cles may be shown with non-U.S. equipment. The information contained herein is for internal use only by authorized Porsche
dealers and authorized users and cannot be copied or distributed. Porsche recommends seat belt usage and observance of
traffic laws at all times.
Part Number - PNA P90 002 Edition - 11/12

Table of Contents
Description Page
Section 1 – Basic Electricity

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
What is a Circuit? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
Ohm’s Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
Units of Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
Types of Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Series Circuits and Ohm’s Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
Parallel Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
Series/Parrallel Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
Digital Volt-Ohm Meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
Voltage Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
Amperage Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
Inductive Clamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
Resistance Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
Section 2 – Electrical Components

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
Switches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
Relays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
Resistors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
Lights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
Capacitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
Inductive Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
Temperature Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
Photo Diode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
Potentiometers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
Hall-Effect Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
Active Wheel Speed Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Solenoids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
Electric Motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
Section 3 – Batteries, Starters and Generators

General Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
Battery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
Starter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
Starter Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
Gateway Control Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
Electrical Systems
Table of Contents
Description Page
Section 4 – PIWIS Tester II

Selecting Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
Selecting Wiring Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
Wiring Diagram Viewer/Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
Wiring Diagram Viewer Navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
Zooming the Wiring Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
Lines (Wires) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
Selecting & Deselecting a Line/Filter Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Following the Line Routing into Another Wiring Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
Internal Circuitry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
Connector View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
Printing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
Help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
Operating Instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
Function Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
Section 5 – Semiconductors and Control Units

Semiconductor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
Diodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
Zener Diodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
Transistors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
Control Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
Function Flow Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
Section 6 – BUS Communications

CAN Bus Networking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
Network Architechure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
Bus Logic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
MOST Bus Networking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
Boxster (981) Network Topology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
911 (991) Network Topology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Cayenne (92A) Network Topology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
Panamera (970) Network Topology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
Section 7 – Worksheets
Worksheet 1 - Series Circuit Breadboarding Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
Worksheet 2 - Parallel Circuit Breadboarding Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
Worksheet 3 - Relay Circuit Breadboarding Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
Worksheet 4 - Transistor Circuit Breadboarding Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Section 8 – Appendix
Electrical Systems
Basic Electricity
Subject Page
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
What is a Circuit? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
Ohm’s Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
Units of Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
Types of Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Series Circuits and Ohm’s Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
Parallel Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
Series/Parrallel Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
Digital Volt-Ohm Meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
Voltage Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
Amperage Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
Inductive Clamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
Resistance Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
Electrical Systems Page 1.1

Basic Electricity
Introduction
cleus (1 Proto us (29 Proto
Nu n) cle ns
Electrical power is essential for the operation of today’s Nu )
vehicles. Electrical energy must be available to provide

enough power to operate the control units, sensors, Electron
motors, and accessories on the vehicle. When the vehicle
is not operating, there must be sufficient power to monitor Nucleus
certain systems, to provide power for accessories, and to
allow the vehicle to be restarted. 1 Electron 29 Electrons
Hydrogen Copper
Electricity is a form of energy similar to light, heat,
mechanical and chemical energy. Electricity has Protons and electrons have equal but opposite magnetic
several advantages compared to these other forms charges. Opposite (or unlike) charges attract, so the nega-
of energy: tively charged electrons are held in their orbits around the
nucleus by their attraction to the positively charged
• Large amounts of energy can be transported over long protons in the nucleus. Since neutrons have no electrical
distances. charge, they do not affect this relationship.
• It is easy to transform to other forms of energy, such as
light, heat, mechanical and chemical. Different elements have different numbers of protons,
• It can be used to operate electrical circuits and motors. neutrons and electrons. Hydrogen is the simplest atom
• It can be easily generated and stored (chemically in a with one proton, one electron and no neutrons. Helium has
battery). two protons, two electrons and two neutrons, while copper
has 29 protons, 29 electrons, and a varying number of
While mechanical systems are generally easily explained, neutrons.
electrical and electronic systems remain invisible while
performing work. This class will simplify electricity and An atom is balanced (and has a neutral charge) when the
electronics and assist you in testing, diagnosing and number of protons and electrons are equal. For example,
repairing Porsche vehicles. a balanced hydrogen atom has one proton and one
electron. A balanced copper atom has 29 protons, and 29
What is Electricity?
electrons.
Electricity is the movement of electrons from one atom to

another. In order to understand electricity, we need to
look at atoms.
An atom is the smallest particle of matter. Matter is

anything that has mass (weight) and occupies space.
Matter that is made up of only one kind of atom is called
an element. Copper, aluminum and oxygen are examples
of elements. Matter that is made up of more than one
kind of atom is called a compound. Water (which contains
the elements hydrogen and oxygen) is a compound.
Parts of an atom:
• Electrons - Negatively charged particles orbiting around

the nucleus.
• Protons - Positively charged particles in the nucleus.
• Neutrons - Uncharged particles in the nucleus.
Page 1.2 Electrical Systems

Basic Electricity
Positive and Negative Ions
Atoms can sometimes lose an electron and become posi- 3 Protons

tively charged because of the greater number of protons. 3 Neutrons
These atoms are called Positive Ions. Atoms can also pick
eutro oto
Pr n
up or gain extra electrons and become negatively
ns
s
charged. These atoms are called Negative Ions. Negative
ions will attempt to repel extra electrons and positive ions Electrons
will attempt to attract them.
Valence Ring Balanced

Atom
Electrons orbit the atom in distinct rings. Each ring can
hold a specific maximum number of electrons and each
ring is located progressively further from the nucleus. The
outermost ring is called the valence ring. The valence ring
can hold a maximum of eight electrons.
Additional 3 Protons
Electrons in the valence ring determine the atom's Electron 3 Neutrons
electrical properties. If the ring has fewer than four
eutro
electrons, then these electrons can be easily forced from
ns
their orbits and the element is therefore a conductor of
electricity. Progressively fewer electrons in the valance Electrons
ring make the material a better conductor (e.g., copper,
gold). If the valence ring has more than four electrons, its
electrons are hard to force from their orbits and the Negative
element is an electrical insulator. Progressively more Ion
electrons in the valence ring make the material a better
insulator (e.g., glass, plastic).
Atoms with four electrons in the valence ring are a special

case and are considered to be semiconductors (e.g.,
silicon). They can be made into either conductors or insu- 3 Protons
lators by adding impurities. These materials are used in 3 Neutrons
the manufacture of diodes, transistors, and integrated
circuit chips.
Missing Electrons
Notes: Electron
Positive
Ion

Basic Electricity
Electricity Defined
Movement of electrons (current)
A flow of electricity is the movement of electrons from the

valence ring of one atom to the valence ring of another
atom. When a large number of electrons move together in
the same direction, an electric current flows. This does
not mean that a single electron will travel the entire length
of a wire. Rather, electrons flow from atom to atom,
displacing other electrons in the valence rings as a large Atoms that lose valence electrons become positive ions,
number of electrons all move in basically the same and atoms that receive extra valence electrons become
direction. negative ions. The positive ion will draw one of the free
electrons from from another atom and become balanced.
Valence Ring The process repeats as electrons move from atom to
atom.
Notes:
More than 4 Electrons =

Insulator
Valence Ring
Fewer than 4 Electrons =

Conductor
Voltage is the force, or electrical pressure that makes

valence electrons move from atom to atom. When a
voltage is applied, this happens to billions of atoms simul-
taneously.

Basic Electricity
Voltage In the water system, water flows when the valve is
opened. The flow of water is similar to the flow of electric
Voltage, or electromotive force (EMF) is the electrical current.
pressure or potential created by the difference between
positive and negative charges. The greater the difference Resistance
between the positive and negative charge, the higher the
attraction, and the higher the voltage. In a vehicle, the A good conductor should not slow down or resist the flow
voltage is typically created by the battery (a chemical of electricity. In other words, a good conductor should
source of electricity) or the generator (an electromagnetic have low resistance. As we have said, good conductors
source of electricity). have valence electrons that are easy to move from atom
to atom. Anything that opposes the movement of
electrons through a conductor has resistance. Resistance
reduces the number of electrons that flow.
To illustrate this principle, compare electricity to a water

system. Electrical voltage is similar to water pressure. The
water in the pipe is under pressure when the valve is
turned off, but water is not flowing. Similarly, in an
electrical circuit, there can be electrical pressure (voltage), Using our analogy, the water pipe is a certain size and will
but no flow of electrical current. allow a certain volume of water to flow. If we add a restric-
tion, we are effectively reducing the diameter of the pipe
Current at that point and less water can flow. This restriction is
equivalent to electrical resistance. In a circuit, voltage
When there is a voltage (electrical pressure), and electrons drops across each resistance when current flows, just like
are given a path to flow (a conductor), current flows. water pressure drops because of a restriction.
Current is the actual flow of electrons as they move from
negative ions to positive ions. Since current is the
movement of a negatively charged particle towards a posi-
tively charged particle, it moves from negative to positive.
This is called electron flow. However, for many years,
conventional electrical theory has described current flow
from positive to negative. This is the established standard
in the automotive industry, and this is how we will refer to
current flow in this class.
Voltage drops across each resistance only when current

flows. This will be discussed in greater detail when we
discuss circuits.

Basic Electricity
Various factors affect electrical resistance in a In automotive circuits, the power supply or source of
circuit: voltage is usually the vehicle battery or generator. The
circuit resistance could be many things: light bulbs,
• Circuit length - Increasing the conductor length electric motors, resistors (these are loads, or devices that
increases the resistance. do work in a circuit). The path or circuit itself may be
• Diameter (gauge) of conductor - Decreasing the insulated wires or it may be the the vehicle body or
conductor diameter (gauge) increases the resistance. chassis.
• Temperature - For most materials, increasing the
temperature will increase the material’s resistance. The applied voltage in the circuit drops (or is “used up”)
• Physical damage - Any damage will increase across each load or resistance in the circuit. This is called
resistance. Voltage Drop. In a perfect circuit, all voltage drops will
• Material - Materials have a wide range of resistances. occur across the loads and not in wiring and connectors.
Most of the circuits that you will see have additional
Summary components such as switches, relays, connectors, etc.,
and will usually have a circuit protection device (a fuse or
• The unit of measure for electrical pressure or potential circuit breaker) to protect against short circuits and high
is measured in Volts (V or E). current flow. Switches and relays allow the current to be
• The unit of measure for current flow is the Ampere, or switched on or off by opening and closing the circuit.
Amp (A or I).
• The resistance of a circuit is measured in Ohms (W or Notes:
R).
What is a Circuit?
A circuit is a complete path for electron (electrical

current) flow. A complete electrical circuit must
have three things:
• Voltage (electrical pressure, the “push” to move

electrons in the circuit).
• Resistance (a load or consumer, used to do work and
control current flow).
• Conductors (wiring that forms a completed pathway
between the power supply and the load).
Resistance Switch
(Load)
Conductor
12V (wiring)
When all three items are present, current (electrons) will

flow in the circuit.

Basic Electricity
Ohm’s Law Ohm's Law can also help you to understand how changing
one variable in a circuit can affect another.
Ohm’s Law is a very useful and simple formula that allows
us to predict the behavior of electrical circuits mathemati- Remember what Ohm’s Law says:
cally. Ohm's Law defines the relationship between voltage,
amperage, and resistance in an electrical circuit. In a Current flow is directly proportional to the applied voltage
complete circuit, the voltage “E” causes a current “I” to and inversely proportional to the resistance. When the
flow through a resistance “R”. voltage stays the same, such as in a vehicle with a
properly operating charging system, then current goes up
Ohm's Law states that a potential of one Volt will cause as resistance goes down, and current goes down as resis-
one Amp of current to flow through a resistance of one tance goes up. A short circuit reduces resistance, causing
Ohm. Stated another way, the current flow is directly high current. Loose or corroded connections increase
proportional to the applied voltage and inversely resistance, causing low current.
proportional to the resistance.
To illustrate this, refer to the balance graphics below.
Ohm’s Law can be very useful in helping you to figure out
what is happening in a circuit. To help you to remember, E
look at the Ohm's Law wheel below. When you know two of
the values, you can easily find the third with simple math.
To use it, go to the Ohm's Law wheel, cover the unknown, R I
and the formula shows you what to do. If the two elements
in the formula are side by side, multiply them together. If
one is over the other, divide.
If you increase circuit resistance, the balance beam shows
Look at the graphics below to see the Ohm's Law formula that current flow will decrease (it is inversely proportional).
expressed three different ways. Each different expression
of Ohm’s Law allows you to find a different unknown value. E
We will apply Ohm’s Law to actual circuits later, but here is
an example to show how easy this calculation is.
R
I
Volts Volts Volts
E E E
Amps Ohms Amps Ohms Amps Ohms

I R I R I R
If you decrease the resistance, the balance beam shows
E=IxR R=E/I I=E/R that current flow will increase.
Volts = Amps x Ohms Ohms = Volts/Amps Amps = Volts/Ohms
E
Example: A 12 Volt circuit has a 3 Ohm resistance.
How much current flows? I
R
I = E/R
I = 12/3 = 4 Amps
And one more example. A circuit with 6 Ohms resis-

tance has 2 Amps flowing. What is the voltage?
E=IxR
E = 2 x 6 = 12 Volts

Basic Electricity
Units of Measurement Notes:
Values for electrical measurements use a series of

prefixes as shorthand to simplify reading of very large and
very small numbers. The most common prefixes in
automotive work are milli, kilo, and mega.
m – milli – 0.001
The milli prefix is used when measuring units smaller than

1. One milli is one thousandth of a unit. For example, 0.5
Volts = 500 millivolts, or 500 mV. Another example, 0.05
Amps = 50 milliamps, or 50mA.
k – kilo – 1,000
The Kilo prefix is used when measuring units larger than

1,000. For example, 1,000 Ohms can also be stated as
1K Ohm, or 1KW.
M – Mega – 1,000,000
The most common use for this is when measuring units

over 1,000,000. For example, 1,000,000 Ohms can also
be stated as 1M Ohm, or 1MW.
Volts Basic Unit Units For Units For

Small Amounts Large Amounts
Symbol V mV kV
Pronounced Volt Milli-Volt Kilo-Volt
Multiplier 1 0.001 1,000
Current Basic Unit Units For Units For

Symbol A mA kA
Pronounced Amp Milli-ampere Kilo-ampere
Multiplier 1 0.001 1,000
Resistance Basic Unit Units For Units For

Symbol Ω – kΩ
Pronounced Ohm – Kilo-ohm
Multiplier 1 – 1,000

Basic Electricity
Types of Circuits To illustrate this, look at the first circuit which contains a
battery, a switch and a light (the load).
Series Circuit
The simplest circuit is called a series circuit. In this type of

circuit, current has only one path to flow. That path is from 2 Amps
the source of the current, through a load or loads, and

back to the source. In a series circuit, the current
2 Amps
(measured in Amps) is the same at any point in the circuit. 12V
In other words, the Amps measured in any two places in
the circuit will be equal.
2 Amps
Characteristics of series circuits:

As you can see, when the switch is closed, the circuit is
• Current is the same everywhere in the circuit. Since complete, the light is illuminated and 2 Amps flow in the
there is only one path for current flow, the same amount circuit.
of current must be flowing in all parts of the circuit.
• The sum of the voltage drops in the circuit equal the
source voltage. Voltage drops may vary from load to
load if the individual resistances vary. 0 Amps
• The total circuit resistance is the sum of all the

individual resistances in the series circuit.
0 Amps
12V
Notes:
0 Amps
In the second example, if the switch is open (or if a wire is

broken), no current can flow, and the light will not be illumi-
nated.
Filament Open
0 Amps
1
12V
0 Amps
In the third example, there are multiple loads (two light).

Any lack of continuity or open (i.e. one bad light) in the
series circuit will cause both lights to not illuminate. A
break anywhere in the circuit causes an open circuit and
no current will flow.

Basic Electricity
When a circuit is complete and current is flowing, voltage Series Circuits and Ohm’s Law
drops occur across the loads. Ideally, we want all voltage
drops to occur only at the loads, and we do not want any Let’s apply Ohm’s Law to series circuits.
voltage drops in the circuit and wiring itself. In the real
world, there is always some loss or voltage drop in the 3 Ohm
wiring, and we try to minimize these losses in order to resistor
provide full voltage to the loads. To illustrate this, look at 12 v
the first example.
4 Amps
In the example above, we have replaced the light with a 3

1 2 Ohm resistor, and the battery voltage (source) is 12 Volts.
Ohm’s Law can be used determine the current flow

12V
12V in Amps in this circuit by dividing the source voltage
by the resistance:
I = E/R
I = 12/3 = 4 Amps
The circuit is complete and current is flowing. Ideally, all of
the applied 12 Volts will drop across the light load (from Because there is only one load, we know the voltage drop
Point 1 to Point 2). across the resistor is the full 12 Volts (source).
2 Ohm 4 Ohm
resistor resistor
1 2 4v 8v
12 v
2 Amps
0V
12V
In the second example, we have added a second load to
the circuit. Let’s determine the voltage drop across both
loads. We will use a 2 Ohm resistor and a 4 Ohm resistor.
In the second example, the circuit is open, no current is
Remember, the sum of the the voltage drops must equal
flowing and now there is no voltage drop across the load
the source voltage, or 12 Volts.
(the light).
First, let’s find the circuit current.
Total resistance = R = 2 + 4 = 6 Ohms

Total current = I = E/R = 12/6 = 2 Amps
11 2 3
Now we can calculate the voltage drops over each
resistor. For the 2 Ohm resistor we use Ohm’s Law to
calculate:
12V 6V 6V
E = I x R = 2 x 2 = 4 Volts
And for the 4 Ohm resistor we use Ohm’s Law to

calculate:
In the third example, there are two loads (two light), and
the circuit is complete. If we assume that the resistance of E = I x R = 2 x 4 = 8 Volts
both lights is the same, then exactly half of the applied The total voltage drop is 4V + 8V which equals the source
voltage (6 Volts) drops across each light. voltage of 12 volts.

Basic Electricity
Parallel Circuits Calculating Total Resistance in a Parallel Circuit
A Parallel circuit provides more than one path for current There are two ways to calculate the total resistance in a
to flow in a circuit. In a Parallel circuit, all of the parallel circuit. Method 1 (sometimes called “the product
component’s positive terminals are connected to one point over the sum”) can be used when the circuit has only two
and all of the component’s negative terminals are branches. Method 2 is used when there are more than two
connected to a different common point. branches in the circuit.
Characteristics of parallel circuits: Method 1. Rtotal = (R1 X R2)/(R1 + R2)

Method 2. Rtotal = 1/(1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 + ....)
• The voltage applied to, or measured across, each
branch of the circuit is the same. Refer to the parallel circuit shown on this page.
• The total current in a parallel circuit is the sum of the First, let’s find the total circuit resistance using
currents in each branch. Method 1.
• The total resistance of a parallel circuit is always less
than the value of the lowest individual resistance. When Rtotal = (R1 X R2)/(R1 + R2)
you add resistance in parallel, you are actually adding Rtotal = (2 x 3)/(2 + 3) = 6/5 = 1.2 Ohms
more conductors (or paths) in which current can flow,
which reduces the total circuit resistance. Notice that the total resistance is less than the smallest
resistor in the parallel circuit.
10 Amps
Knowing that E = 12 Volts and Rt = 1.2 Ohms, we
+ can use Ohm’s Law to calculate total current in the
6 Amps R1 4 Amps R2 circuit.
12V 2Ω 3Ω
- I = E/R = 12/1.2 = 10 Amps
The total current flow in the circuit is 10 Amps. Now

10 Amps let’s calculate how many Amps flow through each
resistor:
Notes:
Resistor 1: I = E/R1 = 12/2 = 6 Amps
Resistor 2: I = E/R2 = 12/3 = 4 Amps
As you can see, the sum of the currents in the two

branches equals the total current flow in the circuit.
Method 2 gives us the same answer for the total
circuit resistance:
Rtotal = 1/(1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 + .......)

Rtotal = 1/(1/2 + 1/3) =
1/(3/6 + 2/6) =
1/(5/6) =
6/5 = 1.2 Ohms

Basic Electricity
Series/Parallel Circuits To calculate total current in the circuit, divide the
applied voltage by the total circuit resistance:
A Series-Parallel circuit contains a parallel circuit that is
also in series with another component or resistance. I= E/R = 12/4 = 3 Amps
A headlight circuit would typically be a Series/Parallel The 3 Amps must split between the two parallel
circuit. The headlight switch is in series with the resistors. Using Ohm’s Law, we know that the voltage
headlights, and the headlights are in parallel with each dropped across the series resistor is found by multi-
other. Both lights are controlled by the switch, but one plying current times the series resistor value:
lamp will still illuminate if the other is burned out.
E = I x R1 = 3 x 2 = 6 Volts
Series/Parallel Circuits and Ohm’s Law
This results in a 6 Volt drop over the series resistor.
Refer to the graphic below. In this example we have added We also know that there are only 6 more Volts to
a resistor in series with the parallel circuit discussed previ- drop across the parallel portion of the circuit. Calcu-
ously. lating current for each parallel resistor individually:
3 Amps
I = E/R2 = 6/6 = 1 Amp
I = E/R3 = 6/3 = 2 Amps
+ R1
2
R2 R3 The sum of the values for current in the parallel branches
12 V 1 Amp 2 Amps
6 3
-
equals the total current found at any point in the series
circuit.
Notes:
To calculate total circuit current, we will first

determine the total circuit resistance. Reduce the
parallel branches of this circuit to the equivalent
series resistance:
Rparallel = (R2 X R3)/(R2 + R3)

Rparallel = (6 x 3/6 + 3) = 2 Ohms
Then this equivalent resistance value of the parallel

resistors will be added to the value of the resistor in
series:
R1 = 2 Ohms
Rtotal = R1 + Rparallel
Rtotal = 2 + 2 = 4 Ohms

Basic Electricity
Digital Volt-Ohm Meter (DVOM) Voltage Testing
The ability to measure voltage, current, and resistance is The voltmeter function of the DVOM is used to measure
important when diagnosing electrical problems. The instru- the voltage potential at different points in a circuit. You can
ment most commonly used to make these electrical also think of this as using the DVOM to measuring the
measurements is called the Digital Volt-Ohm Meter difference in voltage between two points. The DVOM is
(DVOM). DVOMs have very high internal resistance, so they connected in parallel (across the points being measured)
are safe to use when measuring computer circuits. Old- when measuring voltage.
style analog meters (meters with needles) do not have
high internal resistance and should not be used to
measure computer circuits. 88 AUTOMOTIVE METER
12.0V
Basic DVOMs are capable of measuring the ZERO MIN MAX
RPM
RANGE
% DUTY
HOLD
ALERT X
H
- Be sure selector is in DC Volts position.

SMOOTH Hz ms-PULSE ±TRIGGER
following: mV
X
mA
V A
V A
OFF
• AC Voltage
A mA A COM V
• DC Voltage !
400mA MAX CAT

! II
• Resistance
FUSED
10A MAX CA1000V MAX
FUSED ! 10 T II
00
VM
AX
• Capacitance
• Continuity
• Diode Test
• Amps/Milliamps
• Microamps
12 v
Advanced DVOMs add:
• Frequency
• RPM The selector knob on the DVOM must be set to read either
• Duty Cycle AC volts or DC volts. When testing automotive systems,
• Pulse Width you will almost always use the DC volts setting. The black
lead is connected to the “COMMON” connection on the
DVOM, and the red lead is connected to the “VOLT-OHM-
88 AUTOMOTIVE METER Display DIODE” connection.
DC Voltage 0.0 Resistance
ZERO MIN MAX RANGE HOLD H
The red probe is placed on the more positive test point in
SMOOTH
RPM
Hz
X
% DUTY
ms-PULSE
ALERT X
±TRIGGER
Diode Test
the circuit, with the black lead on the more negative test
mV
mA point. If the meter leads are reversed, which reverses the

Current (Amps)
V A
polarity, a negative value will be displayed on the meter.

µA
AC Voltage
V
OFF
The DVOM can be used to measure applied voltage or

A mA µA COM V
voltage drop across a load, a connector or a portion of
!
10A MAX
FUSED
400mA MAX
FUSED
!
10
00
V
T
II
CAT II
!
CA 1000V MAX the circuit.
M
AX
On some DVOMs, the voltage scale will auto-range. On

Positive Lead for current testing others, you select the voltage scale or range. Always use
(Amps, Milliamps, Microamps) the lowest possible scale for the greatest accuracy.
We will deal specifically with the proper methods of

measuring Voltage, Resistance and Current.

Basic Electricity
Amperage Testing Inductive Clamp
The ammeter function of the DVOM is used to measure the

flow of current in Amps. When placed in series in a circuit,
all current in the circuit also passes through the meter
itself. An ammeter is NEVER connected in parallel.
88 AUTOMOTIVE METER
- Always measure current in series 6.0A

with a circuit. ZERO MIN MAX RANGE HOLD H
RPM % DUTY ALERT X
- Be sure meter leads are in the proper

X
mV
location on the multimeter. V

mA
A
- Set multimeter selector switch to the

V A
Another method of measuring current is with an inductive
OFF
Amps (A) position. current clamp. Unlike the previous "in series" measurement
A mA A COM V
!
technique, this device is clamped around the wire and
400mA MAX
measures current flow by sensing the magnetic field

CAT II
FUSED !
10A MAX CA 1000V MAX
FUSED !
10 T
00 II
V
M
AX
around the wire with Hall-effect technology. The circuit

does not have to be broken or disturbed in any way.
12 v
Always take initial measurements with the highest scale to

avoid blown meter fuses or damage to the meter. After
determining the amount of current in the circuit, switch to
a lower scale for the most accurate readings.
Always be sure that the meter leads are connected to the

proper terminals on the DVOM. The black lead is
connected to the “COMMON” connection on the DVOM,
and the red lead is connected to the “AMPS” or
“MILLIAMPS” connection. If the meter leads are reversed, An inductive AC/DC current clamp connects to the Volts
which reverses the polarity, a negative value will be inputs of the DVOM. An internal battery powers the clamp.
displayed on the meter. Typically, ammeters are rated for Select the Vdc or mVdc scale on the DVOM to measure
no more than 10 Amps. Current flow above 10 Amps will DC current, or select Vac to measure AC current.
blow the internal fuse of the meter, which must then be A 1 mV reading on the meter is equal to an actual 1 Amp
replaced. current measurement.
Note:
Always replace blown fuses with the correct “fast blow”
type. Using an incorrect type of fuse can be dangerous.

Basic Electricity
Resistance Testing To measure resistance, the ohmmeter uses a battery to
pass a small amount of current through the circuit being
The ohmmeter function of the DVOM is used to measure tested. The meter leads are placed across, or in parallel,
component or circuit resistance or continuity. An ohm- to the component or circuit to be measured. Disconnect at
meter is always used in an open or unpowered circuit. least one side of the circuit to avoid false readings from
circuit power or other circuit components.
Never use an ohmmeter in a live or powered circuit.
The black lead is connected to the “COMMON” connection
on the DVOM, and the red lead is connected to the “VOLT-
88 AUTOMOTIVE METER
OHM-DIODE” connection. When testing resistance, polarity

10.0Ω is usually not important.
ZERO MIN MAX RANGE HOLD H
RPM % DUTY ALERT X
X
mV
mA
Place the DVOM selector in the Ohms position. Use the
- Measure resistance with no
V A
power applied to the circuit (switch open).

V A
lowest scale for greatest accuracy. On some DVOMs, the
OFF
- Be sure multimeter selector switch is in Ohms scale will auto-range. On others, you select the
the Ohms ( ) position. A mA A COM V
Ohms scale or range.
!
400mA MAX CAT II

10A MAX
FUSED !
1000V MAX
CA
FUSED ! 10 T
00 II
V
M
AX
10
resistor
12 v
Notes:

Basic Electricity

Electrical Components
Subject Page
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
Switches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
Relays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
Resistors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
Lights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
Capacitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
Inductive Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
Temperature Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
Photo Diode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
Potentiometers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
Hall-Effect Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
Active Wheel Speed Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Solenoids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
Electric Motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10

Introduction Typical switches used include the clutch pedal position
switch, door close switch, brake pedal switch, and battery
These electrical components are commonly used in cutoff switch.
vehicle circuits:
• Switches
• Relays
• Resistors
• Lights Mechanically Operated
• Capacitors Switch
• Sensors
• Actuators The 3-way refrigerant pressure switch has two functions,
one switch controls the compressor by shutting off the
Sensors are devices that output a voltage signal that compressor when the refrigerant pressure drops below, or
changes with changing physical conditions. Sensors can rises above safe levels for compressor operation.
be designed to respond to changes in temperature,
pressure, light, motion, etc. Usually, sensors send their For example:
signals to a control unit, which uses this input information
to make control decisions. The coolant temperature Switch opens < 36 psi (2.5 bar)
sensor and camshaft position sensor are examples of Switch opens > 391 psi (27 bar)
sensors.
The second switch controls the condenser cooling (it
Actuators are devices that receive output signals from raises the fan speed when refrigerant pressure rises
control units in order to do work or modify a condition. above a pressure threshold). Both of these switches are
Fuel injectors and e-throttle bodies are examples of controlled by the pressure in the refrigerant system.
actuators.
Sensors and actuators will be discussed more later

in this section.
Components
Switches
Normally open Normally closed

switch switch
Switches are mechanical devices used to start, stop or
redirect current flow. A switch may be used to directly
control a load, or to control a relay that in turn operates a
higher current device. A switch may be installed on the
power side (positive, feed or insulated side), or on the
ground side (negative side) of the circuit. A - Medium pressure switch
B - High/low pressure switch
Switches can be normally open (NO) or normally closed a - To DME control unit to control the condensor fan
(NC). There are many different types of switches including b - To compressor relay
momentary, multiple-position, pressure activated, tempera-
ture activated, and mechanically activated.

Relays Typical relay pin identification:
• Pin 30 (switch or load side battery power)

• Pin 85 (solenoid or control side output)
• Pin 86 (solenoid or control side input)
• Pin 87 (switch or load side output, normally open)
• Pin 87a (switch or load side output, normally closed)
Relay Failures
4 Pin 5 Pin
If the control side of a relay fails, the relay will not operate.
A relay is an electromagnetic switch that uses a small On the load-side, contacts can weld together, or the load
current to control or switch a large current. A small control circuit can open.
current through a coil (the electromagnet) moves an
armature against spring tension to open or close load- Dual Five Pin Relays For Controlling Motor Rotation
carrying contact points. When the control current is inter-
rupted, the relay returns to its rest state (unless it is a When we need to control the direction of rotation of an
latching relay). electric motor, we usually employ two five-pin relays in the
configuration below. This is used to control cabriolet tops,
electric windows (when we have digital control), door lock
motors, or whenever we need to control an electric
motors direction of rotation. When we energize one relay
the motor spins clockwise, and when we energize the
other, the motor spins counterclockwise.
Relay configurations may vary (number of pins, normally

open or closed state, rated current), and relays should not
be substituted except with an exact replacement.
Common relay pin configurations include SPST (Single

Pole Single Throw), and SPDT (Single Pole Double Throw).
Notes:
4 Pin 5 Pin

Resistors Fixed Resistors
Resistor
Resistors limit current flow in a circuit. Resistors are

available in a fixed resistance value, or variable resistance.
Fixed value resistors are color coded to indicate the resis-
tance value.
Stepped Resistors
A stepped or tapped resistor has two or more fixed taps Fixed resistors are often used in voltage divider circuits.
that provide different resistance values. These taps allow One example is the computer sensor circuit shown below.
current to flow through all or part of the resistor, which Note that two resistors, R1 and R2, are placed in series. A
changes the amount of current flowing through the circuit. fixed pull-up resistor R1 is used to create a voltage drop.
Stepped resistors can also be encased in ceramic and are As the resistance of coolant temperature sensor R2
nothing more than a series of fixed resistors placed end to changes, the voltage drop across R2 also changes. A
end. monitor circuit inside the computer measures this voltage
drop between the two resistors.
An example of a stepped resistor in operation is the
blower motor circuit shown here. The blower resistor is in
series with the blower motor. Adding resistance in series
with the motor will lower the current flow. Higher blower
circuit resistance will result in lower blower speeds.
In low speed 1, current flows

through the entire resistor from
(2) though (4) before powering
the motor. The motor will run at
low speed because less current
is flowing. Moving the blower
switch to medium speed 2
removes one of the resistors
(shown as 17 ohm) from the
circuit. The motor will now run
faster compared to low speed
because more current is flowing
through the circuit.
Typically, blowers are controlled with stepped resistors on vehicles with manual A/C.

Variable Resistors Capacitors
Variable resistors change their resistance value with A capacitor consists of two conductors or plates
changes in some physical condition. separated by an insulator (dielectric), and is used to store
a electrical charge. Unlike a battery, a capacitor can
There are three main types of variable resistors: release its entire charge very rapidly. The maximum
charge a capacitor can hold is called its capacitance, and
• Thermistors - vary resistance with changes in tempera- is measured in units called the Farad (F).
ture
• Photo resistors - vary resistance with changes in light
• Potentiometers - vary resistance with changes in
position
Variable resistors are usually used as sensors which

provide information to control units. Variable resistors will
be discussed in detail later in this section.
Lights
At high frequencies a capacitor acts like a short circuit,

making it ideal for use as a voltage spike protector. An
example of this is the generator noise suppressor, which
limits radio interference.
Notes:
Lights provide illumination or signal functions. Typical

lights are incandescent, halogen, Xenon or Light Emitting
Diodes (LEDs). LEDs will be discussed in detail in the

Semiconductors and Control Units section.
Headlights: halogen, Litronic or Xenon.
Lights used for Boxster taillight assembly.

Analog Sensors
Inductive Sensors
Inductive sensors have a coil winding around a permanent

magnet core. The permanent magnet creates a magnetic
field, and as impulse wheel teeth move past the sensor,
the strength of the magnetic field increases and
decreases. Magnetic lines of force to cut through the
turns of wire in the coil winding, inducing a voltage. The
voltage signal produced is an alternating current (AC) sine
wave.
Porsche uses various pulse generators, such as this wheel
How fast the impulse wheel teeth move past the sensor
sensor.
core affects the signal voltage. The amplitude (height) of
the signal increases with increasing speed. The signal
frequency (how many cycles or waves per unit of time)
also increases with increasing speed. In most analog
circuits, a reference signal (usually 5-Volts) is provided,
and the control unit then compares the sensor signal to
the reference voltage.
Typical applications for inductive sensors include:
• Crankshaft Position Sensor

• Camshaft Position Sensor
• Transmission Input/Output Speed Sensor
• Wheel Speed Sensor
Inductive crankshaft sensor.
Typical analog signal from inductive sensor.
Notes:

Temperature Sensors Photo Sensitive Diode
Temperature
Dependent
Resistor
Temperature sensors (thermistors) change resistance with Porsche uses photo diodes to sense the amount of
changes in temperature. The sensors are analog, and sunlight entering the passenger compartment. Photo
sensor resistance varies continuously as temperature diodes generate voltage when exposed to light. The
changes. The resistance of Negative Temperature Coeffi- stronger the light the stronger the voltage.
cient (NTC) sensors decreases as the temperature
increases. This decrease in resistance causes the voltage
drop across the sensor to decrease and the input signal
voltage at the control unit also decreases.
Notes:
Typical applications for NTC Type sensors:
• Engine Coolant Temperature Sensor

• Transmission Temperature Sensor
• Intake Air Temperature Sensor
The signals from Positive Temperature Coefficient (PTC) sensors

are also analog, but increase as the temperature increases.

Potentiometers Digital Sensors
3v
2v Hall-Effect Sensors
4v
1v
5v
5v
+
Å
Å
R S G
Potentiometers are three-wire variable resistors that

output an analog voltage signal with changes in the sensor
wiper position. One terminal is the supply voltage
(reference voltage). This is typically a 5 Volt regulated
supply. The second terminal is ground, and the third is the
input signal to the control unit. The signal voltage will vary
continuously as the wiper moves across the fixed resistor.
Like an inductive sensor, a Hall-effect sensor outputs a
signal in proportion to movement of shutter wheel teeth
past the sensor. A Hall-effect sensor receives an input
voltage to a semiconductor chip, and has a permanent
magnet and a metal trigger wheel with teeth, notches or
holes.
The advantage to a Hall-effect sensor is that it produces a

well-defined digital square wave “ON-OFF” signal. Also, the
signal strength does not depend on trigger wheel speed. A
Hall-effect sensor will provide a reliable signal even at very
low rotational speeds.
Potentiometers can be used to measure mechanical

movement, such as in the throttle position sensor or the
accelerator pedal position sensor.
Typical applications for potentiometer sensors:
• Throttle Position Sensor

• Accelerator Pedal Position Sensor
Typical Hall-Effect sensor and signal

Hall-Effect Sensors (cont’d) Operation of the sensor element integrated in the active
speed sensor is based on the Hall-effect principle, which
The Hall effect semiconductor chip receives the input senses the change in strength and direction of a magnetic
voltage and outputs a digital signal as the magnetic field field. The pulse generator is integrated in the wheel
from the permanent magnet alternately passes through, bearing seal ring in the form of small magnetic plates with
and is blocked from the semiconductor chip. alternating polarity. As the wheel bearing/seal ring rotates,
the resistance in the sensor elements of the active speed
Typical applications for Hall-effect sensors: sensor changes.
• Crankshaft Position Sensors The change in resistance is converted into a digital speed
• Camshaft Position Sensors signal by an electronic circuit in the sensor element and
• Wheel Speed Sensors transmitted to the PSM control unit. Following the instal-
lation/replacement of the PSM multiple sensor, the
integral sensors for linear and lateral acceleration
Active Wheel Speed Sensors must be calibrated.
Caution!
• Do not measure the resistance of the active speed
sensor. This will destroy the sensor.
• Observe installation orientation of the wheel bearing.
• Do not expose wheel bearing to a strong magnetic field.
Notes:
The wheel speed sensors on the 911 Carrera (997) and

Cayenne are described as “active speed sensors.” Active
speed sensors require an external power supply. A two-
wire cable provides the connection to the control unit. The
active speed sensor is supplied with power and ground by
the PSM control unit.
1 - Multipole ring
2 - Sensor element
3 - Sensor case

Actuators Electric Motors
M
Solenoids
Motor
Electric motors change electrical energy to motion. As we

have said, a basic electric motor consists of a current-
Arrows indicate direction of solenoid plunger movement carrying conductor loop within a stationary magnetic field.
When the windings in the motor armature carry current, its
A solenoid uses an electromagnet to produce mechanical magnetic field interacts with the stationary magnetic field
movement. Solenoids can be used to physically move a and the motor armature turns.
component. Solenoids can also combine electrical
switching functions with the mechanical movement
function.
A rear wiper motor on the Cayenne is shown.
The commutator and brushes keep current flowing in the

right direction in the armature loop. The stationary
magnetic field may be created with permanent magnets or
A solenoid consist of a coil winding around a metal plunger the fields may be electromagnets with windings. Window
with a return spring. When current flows through the motors and blower motors are examples of electric
solenoid winding, a magnetic field attracts the plunger, motors.
moving it against spring tension toward the center of the
coil. When current flow stops, the magnetic field collapses
and the spring returns the plunger to the rest position.
Solenoids are commonly used on starter motors, fuel
injectors, oil control solenoids and purge valves.
Motor symbol in a wiring diagram.

Batteries, Starters and Generators
Subject Page
General Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
Battery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
Starter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
Starter Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
Gateway Control Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7

For example the order of testing is essential the first
component we need to test is the battery if the battery is
defective none of our other measurements will be valid.
Next we can test the starter and finally the generator.
Then we perform voltage drop test on the cables and
connections. When we have completed this test sequence
we can make a definitive diagnosis of any defective
components in the battery, starter, generator system.
Battery
General Information
The battery, starter, generator system is the heart of the

vehicle electrical system. The Starter turns over the
engine allowing it to start. The battery stores electrical
energy to operate the starter and provide power to vehicle
systems when the engine is not running and the generator
is not producing power. And the generator provides power
to vehicle systems when the engine is running and charges
the battery.
These components are a balanced system the generator

must produce enough energy to charge the battery and Battery Testing
operate vehicle systems at the same time. The battery
must be able to supply enough energy to operate the Inspection:
starter and allow vehicle systems to function when the
engine is not running. A battery with plenty of storage The first battery test is a through visual inspection of the
capacity is desirable so we have more capacity than battery for damage to the case or terminals. And a
required to start the engine in case of unforeseen circum- voltage drop test across the terminal to determine if
stances. But a batteries weight, cost and size grow with corrosion is causing a resistive connection from the
capacity. battery post to clamp.
The starter must be able to provide enough torque to spin Open circuit voltage test:
the engine fast enough to start but not be too heavy or If when the prerequisite conditions are met the open circuit
expensive. The components of the battery, starter, voltage is 12.5 Volts or higher the battery is unlikely to
generator system must have the lowest weight possible have a problem.
and with a reasonable cost. The battery, starter, generator
system must be designed to operate together the battery Battery load test:
must produce sufficient amperage for the starter and the
This is a generic test utilizing a tester (for example SUN
correct internal resistance and capacitance for the
VAT 40) If this test and the open circuit Voltage are passed
generator to operate correctly.
a battery is in good condition. Load battery to 3 times the
Ampere Hour rating for 15 seconds if battery can maintain
Understanding the relationship between the system
the amps draw and voltage remains above 10.5 volts it
components and the restrictions imposed by design
passes and starter testing can be performed.
requirements is useful for diagnostics. We need to be able
to test the components of the charging starting system,
understanding the system dynamic will help us correctly
diagnose the battery, starter, generator system.

Valve-Regulated Lead–Acid Battery (VRLA) As opposed to vented (also called flooded) batteries, a
VRLA cannot spill its electrolyte if it is turned upside down.
Because AGM VRLA batteries use much less electrolyte
(battery acid) than traditional lead–acid batteries, they are
also occasionally referred to as an "acid-starved" design.
The name "valve regulated" does not wholly describe the

technology; these are really "recombinant" batteries, which
means that the oxygen evolved at the positive plates will
largely recombine with the hydrogen ready to evolve on
the negative plates, creating water and so preventing
water loss. The valve is a safety feature in case the rate of
hydrogen evolution becomes dangerously high. In flooded
cells, the gases escape before they have a chance to
recombine, so water must be periodically added.
Porsche vehicles after 2010 with Start/Stop have VRLA
(valve regulated lead acid), AMG (absorbed glass matt) Construction
batteries. These batteries require battery chargers
designed for use with AGM batteries. They must also have These batteries have a pressure relief valve which will
the battery data entered into the gateway when replaced. activate when the battery is recharged at high voltage,
typically greater than 2.30 volts per cell. Valve activation
General Information allows some of the gas or electrolyte to escape, thus
decreasing the overall capacity of the battery. Rectangular
A VRLA battery (valve-regulated lead–acid battery) more cells may have valves set to operate as low as 1 or 2 psi.
commonly known as a sealed battery is a lead–acid
rechargeable battery. Because of their construction, VRLA At high overcharge currents, electrolysis of water occurs,
batteries do not require regular addition of water to the expelling hydrogen and oxygen gas through the battery's
cells, and vent less gas than flooded lead-acid batteries. valves. Care must be taken to prevent short circuits and
The reduced venting is an advantage since they can be rapid charging. Constant-voltage charging is the usual,
used in confined or badly ventilated spaces. But sealing most efficient and fastest charging method for VRLA
cells and preventing access to the electrolyte also has batteries, VRLA batteries may be continually "float"
several considerable disadvantages as discussed below. charged at around 2.35 volts per cell at 77° F. (25° C.).
Sustained charging at 2.7 V per cell will damage the cells.
An absorbed glass mat battery has the electrolyte Constant-current overcharging at high rates (rates faster
absorbed in a fiber-glass mat separator. While these than restoring the rated capacity in three hours) will
batteries are often colloquially called sealed lead–acid exceed the capacity of the cell to recombine hydrogen and
batteries, they always include a safety pressure relief oxygen.
valve.
Notes:

Starter Voltage drop test of the starter cables:
The large cables from the battery to the starter on the

positive side and battery to body and body to engine on
the negative side supply the high amperage for starter
operation. They are tested by measuring their voltage
drop. Correct connection of the volt meter is shown in the
following diagrams.
Starter Testing
A defective starter will usually not operate at all or

intermittently not operate or have reduced speed when
cranking. For the first case a problem in the control circuit
is indicated. In the second case a starter draw test is
needed.
Starter control circuit testing:
Connect a voltmeter negative to the 50 circuit terminal of

the starter. Connect the voltmeter positive to the battery
positive terminal. Activate the starter and read voltage the
value should be no more than 800 millivolts if higher there
is a defect in the starter activation circuit. If there is no
voltage drop an open circuit or control system problem is
indicated.
Starter draw test:
Connect an inductive ammeter on the positive or negative

battery cable prevent the engine from starting (best is to
remove the fuel pump fuse) and operate the starter then When we measure the voltage drop of a cable we see its
read the amps draw. Allowable draw is approximately 15% dynamic resistance (its resistance when amperage is
to 25% lower than the amps load applied to the battery actually flowing) this could not be done by using an
and cranking speed should be normal. If the draw is high ohmmeter.
and cranking speed is low voltage drop testing of the
cables for excessive resistance is indicated. If the no Voltage drop testing is a versatile and powerful diagnostic
problem with the cables is found a resistive solenoid tool when we measure a voltage drop we see the
switch is indicated. resistance of the circuit or component we measure the
voltage drop of. When the electrical engineer designs the
To get specifications for normal voltage drops test a
circuit he must select a conductor cross section large
known good vehicle. If the draw is high and cranking
enough to carry the amperage that flows in the circuit.
speed is low excessive mechanical resistance in the
This keeps the voltage drop on any circuit leg under 200
starter or engine is indicated. For example the starter
mV only high amperage circuits (for example alternator or
bushings could be worn or the engine could have carbon
starter) have higher voltage drops. To measure a voltage
build up in the combustion chambers raising the compres-
drop the voltmeter must be connected in parallel to the
sion of the engine.

component being measured and the circuit must have A voltage drop check is quick and easy the specifications
current flowing in it. That is it must be a “live” circuit in for voltage drops are for the most part the same 200 mV
other words we test the circuit when it is operating. Some (.2 Volts) and the outcome of the test is conclusive that is
problems are only seen when the circuit is operational if you see a voltage drop there definitely is resistance.
resistive connections and conductors have a PTC tempera-
ture behavior. The three requirements for a voltage drop test are:
1. You must use a voltmeter.

That is their resistance increases when their temperature
2. It must be connected in parallel to the component being
rises and current flow through the resistive components
tested.
causes them to heat up. We could use an Ohmmeter to
3. The circuit must be live (current must be flowing.
measure the resistance of the circuit or connection but we
would not see the PTC effect. We would also need to have
a different specification for every circuit depending on the
cross section and length of the conductor connections of
course have no allowable voltage drop.
Wiring Type Voltage Drop

Maximum in
Voltage
Voltage drop in total circuit
Droppos. circuit
in Pos. Circuit
Wiring from light switch K1.30 to lights < 15W 0.1 V 0.6V
Wiring from light switch K1.30 to lights > 15W 0.5 V 0.9V
Wiring from light switch K1.30 to main beam 0.3 V 0.6V
Charging wire from 3-phase generator K1.B+ to battery 0.4 V
Main starter cable 0.5 V
Starter control wire from start switch to starter K1.50 1.4 V 1.7V
latching relay with pull-on and hold winding 1.5 V 1.9V
Other control wiring from switch to relay, horn, etc. 0.5 V 1.5V
Notes:

Starter Operation
When the starter 50 terminal is energized and

current flows in the solenoid windings a
magnetic field builds up. This magnetic field
pulls the solenoid plunger against the return
spring (3) moving the pinion engaging lever and
pulling the starter pinion into engagement with
the engine ring gear. The solenoid plunger bot-
toms against the high current switch (1) closing
the circuit from the battery to the starter motor.
The starter motor generates torque turning the
engine initiating engine start.
When current flows through the motor a voltage

drop is generated that changes the potential at
the bottom of the pull in solenoid winding (a)
from ground to system voltage and current flow
ceases in the pull in winding. Current continues
to flow in the hold in winding (b) and the mag-
netic field generated by the hold in winding is
sufficient to hold the solenoid plunger in pos-
ition until the 50 circuit is shut down at end of
starter operation.
Notes:

Generator Gateway Control Unit
Beginning in 2010 with the Panamera Porsche adopted an

electrical platform that utilizes an energy management
system with the Gateway as system master. With a LIN
bus connecting the components of the system to the
gateway (slave / master system). All of the Porsche
models Panamera 9X1 and E2 Cayenne utilize energy
management.
The main function of the energy management system is

ensuring that sufficient energy is always available for the
vehicle electrical system. This is most critical for
stop/start operation. When the stop/start system has shut
Generator Testing the engine down there must be sufficient energy in the
battery to ensure restarting of the engine.
Voltage test:
The components of the energy management system
Perform a voltage test with the engine running, check
are:
voltage across the battery. It should be between 14 and
16.5 Volts if voltage is close to battery voltage the > Gateway (system master)
generator is nonoperational if it is above 17 volts there is > Battery sensor (measures amps in and out of battery,
some problem in the voltage regulation. volts and battery temp)
> DC to DC converter (Panamera DC to DC converter is
Amperage output test: an analog unit no LIN connection)
> Current distributor (main fuse box)
For the amperage output test, connect an inductive
> Generator (Panamera generator is slaved to DME via
ammeter to the generator output lead and a voltmeter
BBS)
across the battery hold engine speed to 2000 RPM.
Utilizing a carbon pile (a test unit like the Sun VAT40 is
Vehicles with energy management also have stop/start
best) load the system until the voltage across the battery
and recuperation. There are values for energy manage-
falls to 12.6 volts the amperage should be within 75% of
ment in the PIWIS gateway function also the closed circuit
generator output specification. If no specification is
draw test and alternator output test as well as the battery
available test a known good vehicle. If output is low
replacement function are via PIWIS.
perform a voltage drop test on the cable from the
alternator to battery. Before performing generator test
The gateway control unit is the central interface of the
always inspect the drive belt and generator mounting.
network architecture and permits data interchange
between the different networks (Controller Area Network –
CAN, Media Oriented System Transport – MOST and the
Local Interconnect Network – LIN). In addition, the
gateway control unit also contains the Vehicle Network
State Manager, which switches the connected systems to
a sleep mode after terminal 15 off (Power Down).

The gateway also supports After Sales Service in fault
finding (e.g. fault codes, watchdog, wake-up guardian,
closed-circuit current measurement) by providing compre-
hensive system and diagnostic functions for monitoring
network communication. The gateway includes vehicle
energy management as an additional function. This
function supports optimization of battery charging during
driving as well as minimization of the closed-circuit current
by switching off comfort functions and networks when the
vehicle is not being driven.
Depending on the power requirement in the network, the

gateway control unit (5) decides what capacity must be
requested from the generator (1) in order to meet the
energy requirement of the vehicle electrical system. The
generator (1) generates the required amount of energy
corresponding to the request from the gateway control
unit (5) and supplies this to the vehicle electrical
system/vehicle battery (3). The battery sensor (2)
measures the energy flow quantity and forwards the result
of this measurement to the gateway control unit (5).
Depending on the power requirement, the gateway control

unit (5) decides which loads/power distributors (4) can be
activated or which loads (7= dynamic management of
engine and A/C control unit, 8= closed-circuit current
management, heating/ventilation allocation/HVA) can be
switched off in order to ensure that the power requirement
is met. It also decides when a vehicle can be switched to
Auto Start Stop mode (DC/DC converter [6]) in order to
guarantee the supply of power to voltage-sensitive loads
(9) such as infotainment and the instrument cluster.

PIWIS Tester Wiring Diagram Viewer
Subject Page
Selecting Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
Selecting Wiring Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
Wiring Diagram Viewer/Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
Wiring Diagram Viewer Navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
Zooming the Wiring Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
Lines (Wires) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
Selecting & Deselecting a Line/Filter Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Following the Line Routing into Another Wiring Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
Internal Circuitry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
Connector View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
Printing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
Help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
Operating Instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
Function Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16

1. Selecting language
1. Click on the drop-down menu
(marked in red).
2. Select desired language from list.
2. Selecting wiring diagram

1. Click on the “Wiring diagram” button
(marked in red).
2. To open the wiring diagram directory,

click on the plus icon
(marked in green).
Selecting language

3. Open wiring diagram

Directory structure shown on the:
- 911, Boxster, Cayman
- 911 (997)
- MY (model year) 2005
- Carrera Coupé, Carrera S Coupé
- Clicking on Vehicle elect. sys. control unit

(vehicle electrical system control unit) opens
the corresponding wiring diagram.
4. The illustration shows:

The selected wiring diagram for the
Vehicle elect. sys. control unit.
Table of contents

3. Wiring Diagram Viewer/functions
Main window (Wiring diagram view)
Wiring diagram functions
Zoom range (100% - 600%)
Wiring diagram overview

Scroll Forward active

This function is active if:
At least two wiring diagrams are open and the “Scroll Back” button was pressed once.
Reset function is active if:

An additional wiring diagram is opened using the wiring diagram directory. All open wiring diagrams
are closed and the scroll functions are disabled.
Scroll Back active
This function is inactive (arrow greyed) if: Only one wiring diagram is open and the icon at the
end of the line is not used to jump to another wiring diagram.
This function is active if:

A wiring diagram is already open and the next wiring diagram (target wiring diagram) is opened
from the open wiring diagram (source wiring diagram) using the icon at the end of the line.
The selected line flashes in both the source and target wiring diagrams (the flashing function
remains active even when the target wiring diagram is opened).
Reset function is active if:

An additional wiring diagram is opened using the wiring diagram directory . All open wiring
diagrams are closed and the scroll functions are disabled.
Wiring diagram directory. Clicking on the folder opens the directory.
Magnifying glass. Selected section is zoomed in the main window.
Filter. Hides lines that are not highlighted.
Highlight line. Lines can be marked in different colours using this button.
Undo line highlighting. Resets the marked lines to a standard colour.
Other functions. Clicking on this icon opens the “Print”, “Operating instructions” and
“Help” windows.
Help. Cursor changes to a question mark and context-sensitive information is displayed.
Operating instructions. The operating instructions for the Wiring Diagram Viewer are opened.
Print. Clicking on this icon prints the visible area of the main window.

Configure display. (Minimise/maximise wiring diagram by 25 %).
Wiring diagram overview (select viewing area).

The blue window highlights the part of the wiring diagram currently
displayed in the main window.
4. Wiring Diagram Viewer navigation

1. Example:
Selecting desired wiring diagram
2. To navigate:
Move the blue window within the red frame.
3. Procedure:
Click on the blue window in the wiring diagram
overview.
- Hold down the mouse button or press the
pen onto the PIWIS Tester screen and move in
the desired direction at the same time.
- The display in the main window changes as you
move the window.

Wiring diagram in the main window after moving
the window in the wiring diagram overview.
Table of contents

5. Zooming the wiring diagram
1. To zoom:
Move the zoom marker within the red frame.
Moving the zoom marker
- to the right magnifies the display in the main
window.
- to the left shrinks the display in the main
window.
2. Procedure:
Click on the grey zoom marker
- Hold down the mouse button or press the
pen onto the PIWIS Tester screen and move in
the desired direction at the same time.
3. Or:
Press the [+] button to zoom in,
or
the [-] button to zoom out
in 25% increments.

The “Reversing light switch” in the main
window after moving the grey zoom marker to
the right (display highly magnified).
Table of contents

5. Magnifying function:
Click on the magnifying glass button (marked
in red), hold down the mouse button or press
the pen over the desired point on the PIWIS
Tester screen and highlight the desired area by
pulling open a rectangle.
The cursor must remain inside the boundaries of
the displayed wiring diagram.
After releasing the mouse button or removing
the pen from the screen, the contents of the
dotted rectangle is magnified to fill the entire
screen.
6. Lines
6.1 Displaying the attributes of a line
1. Example:
“Reversing light switch”
2. Click on the blue window in the wiring diagram
overview (circled in red). Navigate to the end of
the lines using the window.
3. The attributes of the lines (written on the

lines) can also be displayed by clicking on the
desired line.
All other functions must be deactivated in order
to display the attributes.
4. The “Info window” (upper left-hand corner of

the illustration) displays the attributes of the line
marked in red.
Table of contents

6.2 Selecting and deselecting a line/Filter function
1. To select a line:
Press the Highlight line button (marked in
orange).
The colour of the line can be changed by
clicking on the desired line. Highlighting will
remain visible during navigation.
2. Clicking again removes the highlighting (line
reverts to blue).
3. A subsequent click on the line changes its
colour to grey.
Other colours: yellow, green and brown, then
red again.
4. Several lines can be highlighted in the sequence
outlined above.
5. To deselect a line:
The selected lines can be deselected using the
Undo line highlighting button (marked in
orange).
6. Filter function:
The Filter button allows you to reduce the
number of displayed lines to those that have
been highlighted.
Table of contents

6.3 Following the line routing into another wiring diagram
1. Click on the icon at the lower end of the line

highlighted in red. Further routing beyond the
current wiring diagram is displayed.

The open wiring diagram to which the selected
line leads.
3. The line you are following will flash blue. The line
will stop flashing as soon as you click on
another line.
4. Clicking on the arrow (marked in red) brings
you back to the previous wiring diagram.
5. The line can be examined in more detail using
the Navigation and Zoom functions.

The flashing line after zooming in.
For further navigation, the line needs to be
highlighted.
Table of contents


The open wiring diagram, from which a line
beyond the current wiring diagram was
already selected.
8. Clicking on the arrow (marked in red) displays
the line routing beyond the current wiring
diagram, provided the icon was clicked
beforehand.

Another wiring diagram that was activated
previously using the icon. If several lines
beyond the current wiring diagram have
already been followed, the arrows (marked in
red) can be used to navigate between the
individual wiring diagrams.
10. To highlight a line:

Lines can be highlighted in various colours
using the Highlight line button. Highlighting
will remain visible even while navigating in
various wiring diagrams.

The highlighted line after returning to the
previous wiring diagram.
Table of contents

7. Internal circuitry
1. Click on “Reversing light switch” to display
its internal circuitry.
2. Internal circuitry:
A new window with the title bar
“Info” opens.
3. Click on the “INTERNAL CIRCUITRY” link.

The internal circuitry of the
“reversing light switch”.
Table of contents

8. Connector view
1. Click on the golden-yellow connection
between the line and reversing light switch
(red arrow).
2. A new window with the title bar “Info” opens.

3. Click on the “CONNECTOR VIEW” link.

Connector view for the reversing light switch.
Table of contents

9. Printing
1. Use the icon to start the Print function by

clicking on the Print icon .
2. Printer icon (marked in red):

Click on the icon to print the visible area in
the main window.
3. Select the desired printer and click

“Print” to start printing.
4. The desired document will be printed.
Table of contents

10. Help
1. Use the icon to display Help.

Clicking on the question mark changes
the cursor (arrow with question mark).
2. Help icon(marked in red) :

Clicking on the Help button changes the
cursor (arrow with question mark).
Clicking on the desired object displays the
corresponding Help.
11. Operating instructions

The operating instructions can be
displayed using the icon. Clicking on
the manual opens the Wiring Diagram
Viewer operating instructions.
Table of contents

12. Function Flow
1. Function flow shows how the system commu-
nicates both data flow and hard wire commu-
nication. This information is very useful in
diagnosing distributed systems.
2. You can see data transmission is shown as

dotted lines and hard wire as solid lines. Also
the information that is transmitted between
components is listed next to the lines.

Semiconductors and Control Units
Subject Page
Semiconductor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
Diodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
Zener Diodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
Transistors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
Control Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
Function Flow Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7

Semiconductors When making semiconductor circuits, impurities are added
to the silicon atoms. This is called doping. Doping either
As we discussed earlier in this course, the number of adds free electrons or creates holes (missing electrons),
electrons in the valence (outer) ring of atoms determines depending on the impurity that is added. These impurities
whether a material is a conductor or an insulator. Materials allow the semiconductor to carry current.
with one to three electrons in the outer ring readily accept
free electrons, making it easy for electrons to move from N-Type Material
atom to atom. The electrons in the outer ring are loosely
held, and even a small potential difference (voltage) can If the semiconductor is doped with substances such as
make free electrons flow. These materials are conductors. phosphorous or antimony, N-Type material with excess
Most metals are good conductors (copper, silver, gold, valence electrons is formed. N-Type semiconductors have
aluminum). extra electrons that move easily in the crystal structure. N-
Type materials attract positive charges.
Atoms with five to eight electrons in the outer ring have
valence electrons bound tightly to the atom. These
materials are insulators. These atoms do not easily accept
free electrons. Insulators tend to stop the flow of free
electrons. Rubber, glass, and many plastics are good insu-
lators.
Atoms with exactly four electrons in the outer ring are not
conductor, nor are they insulators. These materials can be
classified as semiconductors. Silicon and germanium are
examples of semiconductor materials with four valence N-Material has an extra, or free electron.
electrons. The four valence electrons in these materials
give them special electrical properties which can be very P-Type Material
useful in making electrical circuits and components.
If the semiconductor is doped with substances such as
Semiconductor Doping boron or indium, P-Type material with missing valence
electrons, called holes, is formed. P-Type semiconductor
Pure silicon atoms with four electrons in the outer ring materials attract negative charges (free electrons).
tend to form crystalline structures. The four electrons in
the outer ring are shared with neighboring atoms. This Useful semiconductor components such as diodes and
makes the crystal form of these materials an excellent transistors can be made when layers of P-Type and N-Type
insulator because there are no free electrons to move. material are combined.
Crystalline silicon is an excellent insulator. P-Material has a hole in some of it’s valence rings.

Diodes
Current can flow in one direction.
A diode allows current to flow in only one direction and

stops current flow in the opposite direction. Diodes are
used to rectify or change AC (alternating current) to DC
(direct current). Diodes are also used to block current flow
in one direction in a circuit. Diode in forward direction.
A diode is made by combining a layer of N-Type semicon- A diode is reverse-biased when the N-Type layer is
ductor material with a layer of P-Type semiconductor connected to the positive side of the circuit, and the P-
material. The line along which P-Type and N-Type material Type layer is connected to the negative side of the circuit.
meet is called the junction. When connected like this, free electrons from the N-Type
layer are attracted to the positive side of the circuit and do
not flow through the diode. No current flows and the diode
blocks current flow.
Diodes are rated for specific voltage and current.

Exceeding the ratings can damage the diode.
Simplest semiconductor device is a diode. It is formed by joining

chips of P and N materials.
A diode is forward-biased and allows current flow when the

diode’s N-Type layer is connected to the negative side of
the circuit, and the P-Type layer is connected to the
positive side of the circuit. When connected like this, extra
electrons from the circuit are provided to the N-Type layer.
These extra electrons are attracted to the more positive P-
Type layer in the diode and current flows.
Diode in reverse direction.

Zener Diodes Notes:
A Zener diode is a special type of diode that works like a

pressure relief valve. Below a preset breakdown voltage,
the zener diode conducts and blocks current like any
diode. But when the reverse-bias voltage exceeds a
threshold or breakdown voltage value, the zener diode will
conduct in the reverse direction.
Zener diodes are commonly used in charging system

voltage regulator circuits. They are also used in inductive
circuits to reduce voltage spikes.
Light Emitting Diodes (LED)
LEDs emit visible light when forward biased. As current

flows through the diode, electrical energy is converted to
light that is radiated through the thin positive material layer
in the diode.
Photodiode
Diodes designed specifically to detect light are called

photodiodes. They include a glass or plastic window
through which light enters the diode.

Transistors Transistor Operation
The transistor load circuit is through the emitter-collector.

The emitter-collector circuit is controlled by a small
emitter-base circuit current, and it works just like a relay.
When the emitter-base circuit is forward-biased with a
small current, this allows a larger current to flow through
the emitter-collector circuit.
NPN Transistor
When the emitter-base circuit is reverse-biased or not
A transistor is a three-element semiconductor with three powered, then the emitter-collector circuit is open and no
layers of semiconductor material. Transistors are current flows.
sometimes described as two diodes connected back-to-
back.
The three layers of a transistor are called:
• Emitter
• Base
• Collector
The emitter and collector are the outer layers, with the
base layer in the middle. Transistors are either NPN or
PNP-Types, with alternating layers of N-Type and P-Type Small input current yields high output current.
material. If the emitter and collector are N-Type material,
then the base is P-Type material, and vice versa.
Transistors are used to control current flow and act as a

relay, or act as an amplifier to vary the current output
depending on base voltage variations. A transistor can
also switch or control a large current with a small signal
current.
Current is blocked.

Control Units When the system is digital we add software the instruc-
tions that tell the digital system how to operate software is
the brains of the system without the step by step instruc-
tions from software the system could not function.
We also add Memory information stored in maps that the

software program utilizes to control the system. Utilizing
software and memory we are able to have diagnostics
built into the digital system to diagnose the system in real
time.
Current Porsche vehicles utilize digital systems to control

onboard functions without digital systems we could not
enjoy the high level of performance and customer conve-
niences that we have come to expect from Porsche
vehicles. Digital control systems are utilized in Engine
management, Stability management, Body functions,
Crash risk, Access and Keyless entry and a host of other
systems.
The basic system dynamic is illustrated by the block

diagram below.
We and also have communication between digital systems

over CAN. The example shows the interaction between the
front and rear control units for a command to lock the
doors.
Inputs mainly from sensors are used to determine the

appropriate output.
The system is fine-tuned by adding the controlled output

as an input resulting in closed loop or feedback control.

The digital system can communicate to sub system Notes:
control over CAN and the sub system control unit to slave
control units over a LIN buss.
The control and data paths for digital systems are shown
in the Function flow diagrams. These diagrams help us to
understand and diagnose distributed digital systems.
Function Flow Diagram


BUS Communications
Subject Page
CAN Bus Networking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
Network Architechure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
Bus Logic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
MOST Bus Networking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
Boxster (981) Network Topology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
911 (991) Network Topology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Cayenne (92A) Network Topology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
Panamera (970) Network Topology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11

BUS Communications
CAN Bus Networking
The CAN (Controller Area Network) is a digital bi-directional

communications system used on Porsche vehicles. CAN
allows many control units to send and receive different
information over a single pair of wires (called a bus). Old-
style hard-wired circuits transmit one piece of information
over each wire. When information is needed in more
places, more wires must be added. In a network, informa-
tion can be shared by many units at the same time, and
over the same pair of wires.
Compare the examples in the figures below. In the first,

temperature sensor information is needed by three
different control units, so three different hard-wired
sensors are needed. In the second, the temperature
sensor data is hard-wired to ECM 1 and is made available
to all units on the CAN Bus network. Only one sensor input
is needed.
With CAN, only one control unit needs to receive temperature
Advantages of CAN over hard-wiring include: input. It processes this information and shares it with all units on
the bus.
• Less wiring and fewer connectors and terminations
(less weight and space, lower cost) CAN communication messages over the bus are digital
• Information from sensors can be shared by all other signals, a combination or pattern of high and low voltages,
control units "ones" and "zeros".
• High data transmission rate (up to 100 M baud)
• Diagnostics and communication errors can be managed Since more than one control unit might try to transmit data
better over the network at the same time, the system uses a
• High resistance to electromagnetic interference (the message-specific addressing system to rank the data in
bus wires are twisted) order of priority or importance. Each message is coded to
identify its content and priority. More important messages
Coolant Sensor 1 Coolant Sensor 2 Coolant Sensor 3 override less important ones, and control units pay
attention to specific messages that are addressed to
them.
ECU 1 ECU 2 ECU 3
(Fuel System) (Climate Control) (Transmission) Porsche uses two CAN systems. High Speed CAN (CAN -
C) is used for power train control (engine, transmission,
ABS, etc.). High Speed CAN transmits and receives data
at a baud rate of 500 K bits/second (500 K baud). Low
Actuator 1 Actuator 2 Actuator 3
Speed CAN (CAN-B) is used for body features (comfort
and convenience). Low Speed CAN transmits and receives
Without CAN, each control unit needs its own temperature sensor data at a baud rate of 83 K bits/second (83 K baud).
and related wiring
Control units called "gateway" units are connected to both

networks and can pass information from one network to
the other. On Cayenne models, the instrument cluster is an
example of a gateway. It can share High Speed CAN infor-
mation such as road speed from the DME with the
alarm/locking system on the Low Speed CAN.

BUS Communications
On 911 Carrera (997) models, there is a separate If electromagnetic interference occurs, the voltage on
gateway controller. both wires (both lines on the oscilloscope) moves up or
down together, so the voltage difference between CAN
The buses for both High Speed CAN and Low Speed CAN High and CAN Low always remains approx. 2 Volts. This is
are two copper wires twisted together, a "twisted pair". sometimes called a "differential signal". The signals always
One of the wires in the twisted pair carries the CAN High mirror one another, and this guarantees signal integrity.
signal, and the other wire in the pair carries the CAN Low The trace at the bottom of the screen indicates the logic
signal. The wires are twisted together to reduce input that caused the CAN signals to go high and low.
electromagnetic interference. When the signal in one CAN
bus wire goes high, the signal in the other wire goes low. Network Architecture
In other words, the signals mirror one another.
In a "Master-Slave" network, a master "node" or electronic
CAN High Signal component must coordinate communications. All commu-
nications depends on the availability of this specific
component (i.e., the DME in earlier Porsches).
CAN bus systems in newer Porsche vehicles use a "Multi-

Master" architecture. In this design, ALL controllers have
equal ability, and all controllers (nodes) can access the
bus freely. Therefore, event-oriented communication can
originate from anywhere on the bus. Also, a component
failure does not lead to complete system failure. Since any
control unit can attempt to access the bus at any time,
CAN Low Signal
priority status must be assigned to all messages to
Oscilloscope traces for CAN High and CAN Low signals. prevent message "collisions". Every message on the bus
has a priority assignment. With these priority assignments,
An actual High Speed CAN bus signal is shown in the a dominant signal (critical signal) will be transmitted before
example on the oscilloscope below. Whenever the CAN a recessive signal.
High and CAN Low signal voltage values are the same (and
they overlap), this represents a "one" or a recessive signal, As previously stated, the High Speed CAN bus and Low
and the signal voltage values in both CAN High and CAN Speed CAN bus use twisted copper wires. A fiber optic
Low will be approx. 2.5 Volts. When the signal voltage in bus can handle more information at higher transmission
one wire goes high, the other will go low, and the speeds and is used in the entertainment system.
difference in CAN High and CAN Low signal voltages will
always be about 2 Volts. This condition represents a "zero" Notes:
or a dominant bit. (Note that voltages on the Low Speed
CAN are a little different, and you will see this shortly.)
High Speed CAN Signals

BUS Communications
High Speed CAN
Node Node n
(max. 30)
CAN High
120 Ω 120 Ω
Bus Level CAN Low

(V)
5
4 CAN High
3
2
1 CAN Low
0
rec dom rec t
Bus Logic - High Speed CAN
High Speed CAN control units recognize the two bus signal levels: dominant (zero) and recessive (one). As stated previously, a
dominant signal occurs whenever the unit sends out a "0" (zero) onto the bus. The voltages on the twisted wire pair are then 2
Volts apart (approx. 3.5 Volts on CAN High and 1.5 Volts on CAN Low). Even when another unit sends a recessive "1" (one),
the bus signal remains dominant. The figure below shows a bus signal changing from recessive (both CAN High and CAN Low
values approx. 2.5 Volts), to dominant (CAN High signal approx. 2 Volts higher than CAN Low signal), and back to recessive.
Up to 30 control units can be present on the High Speed CAN network. Both ends of the High Speed CAN bus have 120 ohm
termination resistors to prevent reflections. ISO 11898 is the international standard for high speed CAN in motor vehicles.
Low Speed CAN

Node Node n
(max. 20)
2.2k CAN Low
2.2k
Bus Level
CAN High
(V)
5 min. 4.8V
4 min. 3.6V
3 CAN High
2 CAN Low
max.
1 0.2V max. 1.4V
0
rec dom rec t
Bus Logic - Low Speed CAN
Low Speed CAN control units recognize dominant (zero) and recessive (one) bus signal levels differently than units on High
Speed CAN. Low Speed CAN also works at different voltages than High Speed CAN. The voltages on CAN High and CAN Low
bus wires do not coincide as they do on the High Speed CAN. When a recessive (one) signal is sent by a node, CAN High
voltage is 0.2 Volts and CAN Low voltage is 4.8 Volts. When a dominant (zero) signal is sent, CAN High voltage goes to 3.6
Volts and CAN Low voltage is 1.4 Volts. The difference in voltage between the two wires in the pair goes from approximately
4.6 Volts to 2.2 Volts.

BUS Communications
CAN Low Signals formats at the same time. Digital information (much like
the digital information on the CAN network) is present
A termination circuit at one end of the Low Speed CAN bus along with analog data (music, video, etc.). The digital
has a resistance value of approx. 2.2 K Ohms. The other information in the lightwave helps the separate MOST
end of the bus may be an open circuit. Low power drivers system components to communicate with one another.
and networks with very low quiescent draw are possible.
Some functions on the Low Speed CAN must remain ready
to operate at any time even with ignition OFF. Examples
include the alarm, interior lighting, remote entry, etc. When Signal
the ignition is turned OFF, the Low Speed CAN goes into Signal
Sleep Mode to minimize current draw. While asleep, High
and Low voltages on the bus become constant. The The analog information in the lightwave transmits the music
system will reawaken when a message is transmitted by or video, for example from the CD changer to the PCM2 to
one of the units on the Low Speed CAN. the amplifier, where it is converted back to a voltage signal
and sent to the speakers and/or video display.
MOST Bus Networking
MOST Signal
The MOST Bus (Media Oriented Systems Transport Bus) is
an optical bus network used on newer Porsche vehicles.
Instead of electrical signals in copper wires, data is trans-
mitted over the MOST network with visible light signals
(lightwaves) that travel through plastic optical fibers. The
optical fibers act as "light pipes", just like copper wires
carry electrical signals. The MOST network is used for
multimedia data systems. The data transfer rate on MOST
is very high: 21.2 M bits/second (21.2 M baud).
The MOST Bus complements the CAN Bus. The

figure below shows how CAN Bus and MOST Bus
networks can work together in a vehicle:
Since the MOST control units are electronic devices,
signals must be converted from electrical to light waves
and back to electrical. Fiber Optical Transmitters and
Receivers make this conversion. The Fiber Optical Trans-
mitters and Receivers (FOT) unit consists of a photodiode
and a light emitting diode (LED).
The information sent over the MOST network is in two

BUS Communications
The LED converts voltage signals to visible red light waves
(at a wavelength of between 400-650 nm). The LED
transmits this red light signal over the optical fiber
network.
400 nm 650 nm
Ultraviolet Infrared
The photodiode receives the light signal sent over the fiber
optic network by the LED and converts it back to a voltage
signal. This voltage signal is then processed by the control
units just as information is processed in control units on
the CAN system.
The MOST fiber optic bus is a complete loop. There is only
one MOST fiber optic line and all transmitted information
makes the complete loop. Since the information must
travel the entire loop, any disruption in the line or a
component will disable the system.
The fiber optic cable has several layers:
• An orange jacket to identify the cable

• A black non-reflective layer to keep out light
• A silver layer to refract the optical light signal
• The transparent plastic fiber core

BUS Communications
Precautions must be taken when working on or
around MOST system components and fiber optic
cables:
• The fiber optic cable must never be bent in a radius

smaller than 25 mm.
• Never touch the cable end, as acid on the skin can etch
the fiber optic plastic core.
• Never use cleaning agents on the fiber optic plastic
core.
• Properly align cable connectors.
• The MOST connections must be clean.
Notes:

BUS Communications
Boxster (981) Network Topology
Diagnostics
Boxster (981) Network
twork T
Topology
opology
p gyy
PIWIS
IWIS Tester
Tester II
500 kbps
DME PDK Selector Lever POSIP Seat Occupancy

Drive
500 kbps
PSM Multiple Sensor PASM

PASM / PADM
PADM Electronic
Electronic Parking Brake Electric Power Steering
Chassis
500 kbps
Driver Seat Passenger Seat Steering Column Multifunction Steering Wheel

Comfort
Comfort
500 kbps
BCM Fr
Front
ont Wiper
W iper Light Switch Rain / Light Sensor
Ignition Switch
Gateway Steering Column Adjustment HomeLink

Driver Door Passenger Door
Overhead Console Interior Surveillance EC Mirr

Mirror
or Alarm Sir
Siren
en
BCM Rear
MOST
20 Mbps
MOST
PDLS/AFS Left PDLS/AFS Right CDR 31 BOSE Amplifier

Crash Risks
500 kbps PCM 3.1
Instrument Cluster Spor

Sportt Chrono
Chrono ParkAssist TPM Operating and Air
Man Machine Air Quality Sensor
Interface
Inter face Conditioning Unit
500 kbps
Heater Unit
Battery Sensor Power Distributor Generator DC / DC Conver
Converter
LIN
19.8 kbps Switch Module
Notes:

BUS Communications
911 (991) Network Topology
Diagnostics
PIWIS
IWIS T
Tester
ester II 911 (991)
( ) Net
Network
twork Topology
Topology
p gyy
500 kbps
DME PDK Selector Lever POSIP Seat Occupancy

Drive
500 kbps
PSM Multiple Sensor PASM

PASM / PADM
PADM Electronic
Electronic Parking Brake PDCC Electric Power Steering
Chassis
500 kbps
Driver Seat Passenger Seat Cabriolet

let Top
Top Steering Column Multifunction Steering Wheel
Comfort
Comfort
500 kbps
BCM Fr
Front
ont Front
Front W
Wiper
iper Light Switch Rain / Light / Humidity Sensor Ignition Switch
Steering Column Adjustment HomeLink
Gateway
Overhead Console Interior Surveillance EC Mirr
Mirror
or Alarm Sir
Siren
en
BCM Rear
Driver Door Driver Door Rear (Cabriolet) Passenger Door Passenger Door Rear (Cabriolet)
MOST
20 Mbps
MOST
BOSE Amplifier
PDLS/AFS Left PDLS/AFS Right CDR 31
Crash Risks Burmester Amplifier
500 kbps PCM 3.1
Instrument Cluster Spor

Sportt Chrono
Chrono ParkAssist TPM Operating and Air
Man Machine Air Quality Sensor
Interface
Inter face Conditioning Unit
500 kbps
Heater Unit
Converter
LIN
19.8 kbps Switch Module
Notes:

BUS Communications
Cayenne (92A) Network Topology
Diagnostics
PIWIS
IWIS Tester
Tester II Cayenne
Ca
ayenne
y (92A)
( ) Network
twork Topology
Topology
p gyy
500 kbps
DME Tiptronic
Tiptronic Selector Lever POSIP Seat Occupancy
Drive
500 kbps
PSM Multiple Sensor Differential

Dif ferential Lock All Wheel Hang On Electronic
Electronic Parking Brake PDCC PASM
PASM / Level Control
Control
Chassis
500 kbps
Driver Seat Passenger Seat Trailer

Trailer Hitch Power Lift Gate Steering Column Multifunction Steering Wheel
Comfort
Comfort
500 kbps
Steering Column Lock
BCM Fr
Front
ont Front
Front Wiper
Wiper Light Switch Rain / Light / Humidity Sensor Ignition Switch
(Up to MY 11)
Steering Column Adjustment HomeLink
Gateway
Overhead Console Sliding Roof EC Mirror
or Panorama Roof Alarm Sir
Siren
en
BCM Rear
Driver Door Driver Door Rear Passenger Door Passenger Door Rear
MOST MOST
20 Mbps
BOSE Amplifier
CDR 31
PDLS/AFS Left PDLS/AFS Right Control
Adaptive Cruise Control Blind Spot Detection
Burmester Amplifier
Crash Risks PCM 3.1
500 kbps
Instrument Cluster Compass ParkAssist TPM Front Operating and

Front
Man Machine Heater Unit
Air Conditioning Unit
Interface
Inter face
500 kbps
Air Quality Sensor
Chassis Contr
Control
ol Switch
Sun Sensor
Converter
ter
LIN Rear Operating and
19.8 kbps
Notes:

BUS Communications
Panamera (970) Network Topology
Diagnostics
PIWIS
WIS T
Tester
ester II Panamera (970) Network
twork T
Topology
opology
p gyy
500 kbps
DME Generator PDK Selector Lever POSIP Seat Occupancy

Drive
500 kbps
PSM Multiple Sensor Differential
Dif ferential Lock Electronic
Electronic Parking Brake PDCC PASM
PASM / Level Control
Control
Chassis
500 kbps
Driver Seat Passenger Seat Power Lift Gate Steering Column Multifunction Steering Wheel
Comfort
Comfort
500 kbps
Steering Column Lock
BCM Fr
Front
ont Front
Front Wiper
Wiper Light Switch Rain / Light / Humidity Sensor Ignition Switch
(Up to MY 11)
Tire
Tire Pr
Pressure
essure Monitoring Reversing Camera Steering Column Adjustment HomeLink
Gateway
Overhead Console Sliding Roof EC Mirr
Mirror
or Alarm Sir
Siren
en
BCM Rear
Driver Door Driver Door Rear Passenger Door Passenger Door Rear
MOST
20 Mbps MOST
BOSE Amplifier
PDLS/AFS Left PDLS/AFS Right Adaptive Cruise Control
Control Blind Spot Detection CDR 31
Crash Risks
500 kbps
Burmester Amplifier
PCM 3.1
Instrument Cluster Sport Chrono
Sport Chrono ParkAssist
Man Machine Front
Front Operating and
Interface
Inter face Heater Unit
500 kbps
Air Quality Sensor
Battery Sensor Power Distributor
LIN Rear Operating and Air Conditioning Unit Pressure
Pressure Sensor
19.8 kbps
Notes:

BUS Communications

Worksheets
Subject Page
Worksheet 1 - Series Circuit Breadboarding Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
Worksheet 2 - Parallel Circuit Breadboarding Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
Worksheet 3 - Relay Circuit Breadboarding Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
Worksheet 4 - Transistor Circuit Breadboarding Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

Worksheets
Worksheet 1
Series Circuit Breadboarding Exercise
Objective
In this worksheet you will build a series circuit using a

breadboard and electronic components. You will first
calculate various circuit values using Ohms Law, and then
verify your calculations using the DVOM.
Tools and Equipment
• Breadboard Volts
• Power Supply E
• Wires
• Switch Amps Ohms
I R
• Fuse
• 100 Ohm resistor (R1)
Part 1 - Calculating current flow and voltage drops.
1. Calculate the following:
Total circuit resistance: __________________

Current: __________________
Voltage across R1 (100 Ohm): __________________
Voltage across R2 (200 Ohm): __________________

Worksheets
Part 2 - Building the circuit and measuring actual current flow and voltage drops.
1. Using the breadboard and supplied components, build the circuit in Part 1. Do not apply power to the circuit yet. When the
circuit is complete, have your instructor inspect the circuit.
2. What is the resistance of R1? __________________________
4. Apply power to the circuit.
5. What is the supply voltage? __________________________
6. What is the voltage drop across R1? __________________________
8. Remove power from the circuit.
9. Connect the ammeter in series with the circuit.
10. Apply power and measure the current flow in the circuit. What is the reading? __________________________
11. Does it match your calculations in Part 1? __________________________

Worksheets
Worksheet 2
Parallel Circuit Breadboarding Exercise
Objective
In this worksheet you will build a parallel circuit using a

breadboard and electronic components. You will first
calculate various circuit values using Ohms Law, and then
verify your calculations using the DVOM.
Tools and Equipment Volts

E
• Breadboard
Amps Ohms
• Power Supply
I R
• Wires
• Switch
Rt= R1 x R2
• 200 Ohm resistor (R2) R1 + R2
Part 1 - Calculating current flow and voltage drops.
1. Calculate the following:
Total circuit resistance: __________________

Total Circuit Current: __________________
Current through R1 (100 Ohm): __________________
Current through R2 (200 Ohm): __________________

Worksheets
Part 2 - Building the circuit and measuring actual current flow and voltage drops.
4. Apply power to the circuit.
5. What is the supply voltage? __________________________
9. Connect the ammeter in series with the total circuit (ex. at the switch).
10. Apply power and measure the current flow in the circuit. What is the reading? __________________________
12. Move the ammeter to connect in series with R1 and ground. Apply power and
measure current flow through R1. What is the reading? __________________________
14. Move the ammeter to connect in series with R2 and ground. Apply power and
measure current flow through R2. What is the reading? __________________________
15. Do the measurements in steps 12 and 14 match your calculations in Part 1? __________________________

Worksheets
Worksheet 3
Relay Circuit Breadboarding Exercise
Objectives
In this worksheet you will build relay circuits using a breadboard and electronic components. You will see how a small control
current will turn a higher load current ON and OFF.
Tools and Equipment
• Breadboard
• 12 V Power Supply
• Wires
• Switch
• SPST Relay
• SPDT Relay
• Light Bulbs
• Fuse
• DVOM
Part 1 - Building a relay control circuit.
85 86
Switch Fuse
87 30
SPST Relay
1. Using the ohmmeter, determine which relay terminals are for the relay control circuit and which terminals are for the relay
load circuit.
Control circuit terminals: _________________ Load circuit terminals: _________________
3. Operate the switch. Does the relay "click"? __________________________
4. Using the ohmmeter, check continuity between terminals 30 and 87 while operating
the switch. When is there continuity between terminals 30 and 87? __________________________
5. Turn the circuit switch OFF.

Worksheets
Part 2 - Adding loads and measuring actual current flow.
A
“A”
85 86
Switch Fuse
87 30
SPST Relay
“B”
B
Lamps
1. Add two lamp loads to the circuit as shown above. Do not apply power to the circuit yet. When the circuit is complete,
have your instructor inspect the circuit.
2. Turn the circuit switch ON to be sure that the lamps illuminate, then turn the switch OFF.
3. Install the ammeter at "A" in the circuit. Remember that an ammeter is always used in series.
4. Turn the circuit switch ON and measure current in the control circuit. __________________________
6. Install the ammeter at "B" in the circuit.
7. Turn the circuit switch ON and measure current in the load circuit. __________________________
9. Compare the control current to the load current. __________________________

Worksheets
Part 3 - Circuit with SPDT (Single Pole Double Throw) relay.
1. Using the breadboard and supplied components, build the circuit shown below. Be sure that the switch in the circuit is in
the OFF position. When the circuit is complete, have your instructor inspect the circuit.
2. Which light is illuminated? _________________________
3. The illuminated light is connected to which relay terminal? _________________________
4. This relay terminal is: NORMALLY OPEN _____ NORMALLY CLOSED _____
5. Turn the circuit switch ON.
6. Which light is now illuminated? _________________________
7. The illuminated light is connected to which relay terminal? _________________________
8. This relay terminal is: NORMALLY OPEN _____ NORMALLY CLOSED _____
85 86
Switch Fuse
87
30
87a
SPDT Relay
Lamps

Worksheets
Worksheet 4
Transistor Circuit Breadboarding Exercise
Objectives
In this worksheet you will build a transistor circuit using a breadboard and electronic components. You will see how a
transistor can perform the same function as a relay.
Tools and Equipment
• Breadboard
• 12 V Power Supply
• Wires
• Switch
• NPN Transistor
• Light Bulbs
• Fuse
• 100 Ohm Resistor (R1)
• DVOM
Building a transistor circuit.

Worksheets
Worksheet 4 (Cont’d)
1. Using the breadboard and supplied components, build the circuit on the previous page. Do not apply power to the circuit
yet. When the circuit is complete, have your instructor inspect the circuit.
2. Operate the switch. Do the lights illuminate? __________________________
4. Install the ammeter at "A" in the circuit. Remember that an ammeter is always used in series.
5. Turn the circuit switch ON and measure current in the base circuit. __________________________
(Remember that the base circuit is similar to the control circuit on a relay.)
7. Install the ammeter at "B" in the circuit.
8. Turn the circuit switch ON and measure current in the collector circuit. __________________________
(Remember that the collector circuit is similar to the load circuit on a relay.)
10. Compare the base current to the collector current. __________________________
11. Can you think of at least two uses for transistors in automotive circuits? __________________________

Appendix
Wring Diagram Symbols
Dual Filament
4 Pin Relay 5 Pin Relay Battery Condenser Spark Plug
Bulb
Single Filament Dual Winding Single Winding Electronically

Fuse Ignition Coil
Bulb Solenoid Solenoid Controlled Relay
Instrument Motor With Push Button Solenoid

Motor Resistor
(Gauge) Potentiometer Switch With Valve
Solid State Steering Wheel Wires Not Wires LED - Light

Diode
Device Contact Connected Connected Emitting Diode
Flags
Pressure Connector Connector a - In Module,

Weld Point b - Out Component,
Switch (Multiple Pins) (Single Pin) c - Bi-directional ECU

Appendix
Wring Diagram Symbols
Double Contact Brake Pad Wiring Harness PTC - Positive Twisted Pair Twisted Pair
Temperature
Switch Sensor Bundle Coefficient
Version A Version B
Shielded
Options Speaker Antenna Bridge Plug
Wires

Appendix
Wire Color Codes DIN Standards
English and German Abbreviations DIN Standards for Terminal Designations

BK SW Black
BN BR Brown The following are examples of the common Porsche DIN
BU BL Blue list for terminal designations:
GD ----- Gold
GN GN Green 1 Ignition coil, ignition distributor - Low voltage
GY GR Grey 1a To contact breaker I (Ignition distributor with
OG OR Orange two separate circuits)
PK RS Pink 1b To contact breaker II (Ignition distributor with two
RD RO/RT Red separate circuits)
SR ----- Silver 4 Ignition coil, ignition distributor - high voltage
TQ TK Turquoise 4a From ignition coil I (Ignition distributor with two
VT VI Violet separate circuits)
WH WS White 4b From ignition coil II (Ignition distributor with two
YE GE Yellow separate circuits)
15 Switched (+) downstream of battery (output of
ignition/driving switch)
American Wire Gauge (AWG) Conversion to Metric 15a Output at ballast resistor to ignition coil and
starter
The conversion from AWG to Metric (mm2) is shown 17 Glow plug and starter switch - Start
below. 19 Glow plug and starter switch - Preheat
30 Input from battery (+) term., direct 12/24 V
AWG mm2 series-parallel battery switch
22 0.35 30a Input from (+) terminal of battery II
20 0.50 30F Power circuit controlled by Main Fuse Box shut
18 0.75 down when there is a fault in the energy manage-
16 1.00 ment system and when the vehicle has been
14 1.50 quiescent for a sufficient period.
12 2.50 30SD Power circuit controlled by Main Fuse Box supplys
10 4.00 the power sockets in the vehicle interior shut
8 6.00 down when the vehicle has been quiescent for a
4 16.0 sufficient period.
2 25.0 30TP Power circuit controlled by Main Fuse Box curcits
2 35.0 are shut down during transport or controlled by
30F relay.
31 Battery negative terminal, or ground, direct
31b Return line to battery negative terminal, or
ground via switch or relay (switched negative)
31a Return line to battery II, negative
(12/24 V series-parallel battery switch)
31c Return line to battery I, negative (12/24 V
series-parallel battery switch)

Appendix
Electric Motors Starting relay for sequential control of the

engagement current during parallel operation of two
32 Return line starters
33 Main terminal connection
33a Self-parking switch-off 50c Input at starting relay for starter I
33b Shunt field 50d Input at starting relay for starter II
33f For second lower-speed range 50e Start-locking relay Input
33g For third lower-speed range 50f Start-locking relay Output
33h For fourth lower-speed range 50g Start-repeating relay Input
33L Counterclockwise rotation 50h Start-repeating relay Output
33R Clockwise rotation
Wiper Motors
Starters
53 Wiper motor, input (+)
45 Separate starter relay, output; starter, input 53a Wiper (+), self-parking switch-off
(main current) 53b Wiper (shunt winding)
53c Electric windshield-washer pump
Two-starter parallel operation - Starting relay for 53e Wiper (brake winding)
engagement current 53I Wiper motor with permanent magnet and third
brush (for higher speed)
45a Output, starter I, Input, starters I and II
45b Output, starter II Lighting
48 Terminal on starter & on start-repeating relay
for monitoring starting 55 Fog light
56 Headlight
Turn-signal Flashers (pulse generators) 56a High beam, high-beam indicator light
56b Low beam
49 Input 56d Headlight-flasher contact
49a Output 57a Parking light
49b Output, second circuit 57L Parking light, left
49c Output, third circuit 57R Parking light, right
58 Side-marker, tail, license plate, and instrument
Starter Control panel lights
58b Dimmer
50 Starter control (direct) 58d Dimmer
50a Series-parallel battery switch - Output for 58L License-plate light, left
starter control 58R License-plate light, right
50b with parallel operation of two starters with
sequential control

Appendix
Generators and Voltage Regulators Directional Signals (turn signal flashers)
61 Alternator charge-indicator light C Indicator light 1

B+ Battery positive C2 Indicator light 2
B- Battery negative C0 Main terminal connection for separate
D+ Dynamo positive indicator circuits actuated by the turn signal
D- Dynamo negative switch
DF Dynamo field C3 Indicator light 3 (e.g., when towing two
DF1 Dynamo field 1 trailers)
DF2 Dynamo field 2 L Turn-signal lights, left
U,V,W Alternator terminals R Turn-signal lights, right
75 Radio, cigarette lighter
76 Speakers
Switches
Break contact (NC) and changeover switches

81 Input
81a Output 1, NC side
81b Output 2, NC side
Make contact (NO) switches
82 Input
82a Output 1
82b Output 2
82z Input 1
82y Input 2
Multiple-position switches
83 Input
83a Output, position 1
83b Output, position 2
83L Output, left-hand position
83R Output, right-hand position
Switching Relays
85 Output, actuator (end of winding to ground or

negative)
86 Input, actuator (start of winding) higher potential
Relay contact for break (NC) and changeover

contacts
30 Input
87 Output 1 NCC (normally closed contact)
87b Output 2 NOC (normally open contact)

Appendix
Glossary Biasing
Applying voltage to a junction of semiconductor mate-
Actuator rials.
An output device that receives electrical signal Body Ground
commands and acts mechanically to change the sys- Using the vehicle's body frame (chassis) or engine to
tem being controlled. ground a circuit.
Alternating Current (AC) Breakdown Voltage
A flow of electricity through a conductor, first in one The voltage above which a Zener diode will allow
direction, then in the opposite direction. reverse current flow.
Alternator Brush
See Generator. A spring-loaded block of carbon or copper that rubs
Ammeter against a commutator or slip ring to conduct current.
A test instrument used to measure current flow Typically used in alternators/generators and starters
(amps). .
Amperage Buss Bar

The amount of current (amperes) flowing through a cir- A solid metal strip or bar used as a conductor in a
cuit. fuse panel.
Ampere (amps) Capacitance

A unit for measuring the rate of electrical current flow. The ability of two conducting surfaces, separated by
an insulator, to store an electric charge.
Analog
A voltage signal that varies relative to the operation Capacitors (Condensers)
being measured or controlled. Components composed of two conductor plates with
a dielectric between them. Capacitors are used to
Analog Meter
store electrical current or Electromotive Force (EMF).
An electrical test meter that uses a spring-loaded nee-
dle and a magnetic field to indicate a circuit value on Cell
the meter's scale. In a battery, one of the cases containing a set of posi-
tive and negative element suspended in electrolyte.
Armature
Each battery cell produces 2.1 to 2.2 Volts, and are
The moveable part in a relay, or the revolving part of a
connected in series.
generator or electric motor.
Circuit (Closed Circuit)
Atom
A complete path from the voltage source to an electri-
The smallest part of any element that still has all the
cal load or device and back to the voltage source
characteristics of that element.
through a ground. A circular or unbroken path through
Base which electric current can flow.
The central layer or semiconductor material in a tran-
Circuit Breaker
sistor.
A device that protects a circuit from excess voltage
Battery (overload).
A component that produces electrical current (DC)
Coil
through a chemical reaction between positive and neg-
Any electrical device or component consisting of wire
ative lead plates submerged in a sulfuric acid solution.
loops wrapped around a central core.
Battery Voltage
Cold Cranking Amps
Voltage measured between a battery's positive and
A system that rates a battery by the amount of
negative terminals.
current it produces at -17° C (0° F).

Appendix
Collector Digital Volt/Ohm Meter (DVOM)
The outside layer of semiconductor material in a tran- An electrical testing device that measures volts,
sistor that conducts current away from the base. amps, ohms, and displays results in a digital readout.
Commutator Diode
A segmented ring attached to one end of an armature A semiconductor device made of P-material and N-ma-
in a direct current generator or motor, providing the terial bonded together at a junction. A diode allows
electrical connection between the armature and the current flow in one direction, while blocking current
brushes. In a generator, it rectifies the alternating cur- flow in the other direction.
rent. In a motor, it provides a direct current path to
Direct Current (DC)
the armature.
A flow of electricity in one direction through a conduc-
Conductor tor.
A substance, usually metal, in which an electric
Doping
current will flow easily. Current flow is possible
The addition of a small amount of a second element to
because of the many free electrons in the substance.
a semiconductor element.
Connector
Draw
A device that joins two conductors.
The amount of current a given resistance will pull or
Contact conduct with a given voltage. Draw increases with low
One of the current-carrying parts of a relay or switch resistance and decreases with high resistance.
that engages or disengages to open or close an elec-
Duty Cycle
trical circuit.
The percentage of the total time that a solenoid is en-
Continuity ergized during pulse width modulation, as determined
A continuous or unbroken circuit. by a timed voltage pulse from a control unit.
Conventional Theory Electricity
The current flow theory that describes electron flow The movement of electrons from one body to another.
from the positive to negative.
Electrolyte
Current The chemical solution in a battery that conducts elec-
The flow of electrons through a conductor measured tricity and reacts with the plate materials to produce
in amperes. electricity.
Cycling Electromagnet
Battery electrochemical operation from a charged A soft iron core wrapped in a coil of a current-carrying
state, to a discharged state, and back. conductor. When current flows through the conductor,
Depletion Region a magnetic field is created.
An area near the junction of a diode where P-material Electromagnetic Induction
is depleted of holes, and N-material is depleted of The creation of voltage within a conductor when rela-
electrons. tive motion occurs between the conductor and a mag-
Dielectric netic field.
The insulating material between two conductive plates Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)
in a capacitor. An undesirable form of electromagnetism created by
Digital Multimeter (DMM) rapid changes in field strength when current starts
An electronic test instrument that can measure volts, and stops.
amps, and ohms; same as a DVOM. Electromotive Force (EMF)
Digital Signal The force that causes electrons to move from one
A voltage signal that has only two states: on/off, or atom to another atom.
high/low.

Appendix
Electron Ganged Switch
A negatively charged particle of an atom. A switch having two or more wipers that operate in
Electron Theory unison from a single contact.
The current flow theory that describes electron flow Gauge
from the negative to positive. An instrument panel display used to monitor engine
Emitter conditions; also a measurement of wire size.
The outside layer of semiconductor material in a tran- Generator
sistor that conducts current to the base. An engine-driven component that produces electric
Equivalent Resistance current through magnetism by converting rotary mo-
The total resistance of a parallel circuit. The single tion into electricity.
mathematical equivalent of all the parallel resistance. Ground
Farad The portion of a circuit that completes the path back
The unit of measurement used in measuring to the voltage source after the load.
capacitance. Ground Cable
Field Circuit Battery cable connecting the negative pole to the
The charging system circuit that delivers current to chassis.
the alternator field. Ground-Side Switch
Flux Density A circuit where the switch is located between the load
The number of flux lines in the magnetic field area. and the ground.
The more flux lines, the stronger the magnetic field at Half Wave Rectification
that point. A process by which only one-half of the AC sine wave
Forward Bias voltage is rectified and allowed to flow as DC.
The application of a voltage to produce current flow Hall Effect Switch
across the junction of a semiconductor. A signal generating switch that develops a transverse
Free Electrons voltage across a current carrying semiconductor,
Three or fewer electrons in an atom's outer orbit (va- when subjected to a magnetic field.
lence ring). Free electrons are easily forced out of or- Harness
bit, allowing them to flow in a conductor. A group of electrical wires bundled together for neat-
Full Wave Rectification ness or ease of handling.
A process by which all of an AC sine wave voltage is Hold-In Winding
rectified and allowed to flow as DC. The coil of a small-diameter wire in a solenoid that is
Fuse used to create a magnetic field to hold the solenoid
A circuit protection device containing a metal strip de- plunger in position within the coil.
signed to melt at an excessive voltage (overload) Hole
opening the circuit. In an atom, the space in the valence ring where
Fusible Link another electron could fit.
A circuit protection device consisting of a piece of Impurities
wire smaller in size than the wire in the protected cir- The doping elements added to pure silicon or germa-
cuit, An overload causes the link to melt, opening the nium to form semiconductor materials.
circuit.
Induced Voltage
Gage The voltage that appears in a conductor when relative
An alternate spelling of "gauge," sometimes used motion occurs between it and magnetic flux lines.
when referring to wire size to avoid confusion with au-
tomotive gauges.

Appendix
Induction Momentary Contact Switch
The creation of an electrical current in a conductor A switch with a spring-loaded contact that keeps it
caused by passing the conductor through a magnetic from completing (or breaking) a circuit except when
field. the button is pressed.
Insulator Mutual Induction
A non-conducting substance that oppose electron flow Creation of voltage in one conductor by the rise and
because of their many bound electrons (lack of free collapse of the magnetic field surrounding another
electrons). Used to prevents leakage of electricity conductor.
from a conductor.
Negative Temperature Coefficient (NTC)
Ion A type of resistor that has increasing resistance as
An atom which is unbalanced due to losing or gaining the temperature decreases (and conversely, decreas-
an electron. It can be positively or negatively charged. ing resistance as the temperature increases).
Ionization Neutral Junction
The process of making an atom positively charged by The center connection of the three windings in a Y-
losing an electron or negatively charged by gaining an type stator.
electron.
Neutron
Jumper Wire A particle in an atom that has no charge and is electri-
A length of wire used to form a temporary connection cally neutral.
between two points in a circuit.
N-Material
Junction A semiconductor material that has excess (free) elec-
The area where two types of semiconductor materials trons because of the type of impurity added. It has a
(N- and P-material) are joined. negative charge and will repel additional electrons.
Junction Box Normally Closed (NC)
A box in which connections are made between differ- When the rest position of the switch closes the circuit.
ent wires or cables. See Pin-out Box.
Normally Open (NO)
Lead When the rest position of a switch opens the circuit.
A connecting wire, such as a test lead, or a battery
Nucleus
lead.
The center core of an atom, comprised of protons
Light Emitting Diode (LED) and neutrons and has a positive charge.
A gallium-arsenide diode that emits energy as light.
Ohm
Load The unit for measuring electrical resistance. When one
Any device that converts electrical current into light, volt pushes one ampere through a circuit, the
heat, or motion to perform work in an automotive resistance present is one ohm. Abbreviated by the
electrical system. Greek capital letter Omega (W).
Magnetic Field Ohmmeter
The area surrounding a magnet that is influenced by A testing device used to measure resistance to
the magnet's energy. current flow in a circuit, measured in Ohms.
Magnetic Shunt Ohm's Law
A piece of metal on a voltage regulator coil that con- A series of formulas that express the relationship
trols voltage output at varying temperatures by affect- among volts, amps, and resistance in an electrical cir-
ing the coil's magnetic field. cuit. When any two values are known, the third can be
calculated using the formula V = A x R.

Appendix
Open Circuit Potentiometer
A condition where the circuit path is broken and A variable resistor with three terminals. Return signal
current cannot flow. voltage is taken from a terminal attached to a move-
Parallel Circuit able contact that passes over the resistor.
A circuit that has more than one path through which Power-Side Switch
current can flow. A circuit where the switch is located between the volt-
Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV) age source and the load.
The highest reverse bias voltage that can be applied Primary Windings
to a junction of a diode before its atomic structure The coil windings made of a few turns of heavy wire
breaks down and allows current to flow. that uses battery current to create a magnetic field.
Permeability Printed Circuit
A measure of the ease or difficulty with which materi- A circuit in which the interconnecting wires have been
als can be penetrated by magnetic flux lines. Iron is replaced by conductive strips printed or etched onto
more permeable than air. an insulating board.
Photoelectricity Proton
Voltage caused by the energy of light as it strikes cer- A positively charged particle found within the nucleus
tain materials. of an atom.
Piezoelectricity Pull-In Winding
Voltage caused by physical pressure applied to the The coil of large diameter wire in a solenoid used to
faces of certain crystals. create a magnetic field to pull the solenoid plunger
Pin-out Box into the coil.
A box in which connections are made between differ- Rectification
ent wires or cables. The process that changes Alternating Current (AC) into
P-Material Direct Current (DC).
A semiconductor material that has holes for additional Reference Voltage (VREF)
electrons because of the type of impurity added. It A constant source of voltage regulated and supplied
has a positive charge and will attract additional from a control unit.
electrons.
Regulator
Polarity A device used to regulate the output of a generator or
Having poles, such as the north and south poles of a alternator by controlling the current and voltage.
magnet. The poles of a battery or an electrical circuit
Relay
are its positive and negative poles.
A switch consisting of a control and a power circuit
Pole that uses a small current to control a larger current.
The areas of a magnetized body where the lines of
Resistance
magnetic force are concentrated. One end of a mag-
The opposition to current flow through an electrical
net.
circuit, measured in ohms.
Positive Charge
Resistor
An electrical charge with fewer electrons than normal. A device used to limit current flow in an electrical cir-
Potential cuit due to its high resistance.
Voltage between two points. Latent or unreleased
electrical energy.

Appendix
Rheostat Specific Gravity
A variable resistor with a moveable wiper that The weight of a volume of liquid divided by the weight
increases or decreases resistance as the wiper of the same volume of water at a given temperature
moves away from or toward the source voltage. Used and pressure. Water has a specific gravity of 1.00.
to control a load.
Splice
Sensor A joining of two or more wires permanently without the
A device that provides input data in the form of a volt- use of a connector.
age signal to a control unit.
Stepper Motor
Series Circuit A DC motor that moves in incremental steps from
One path for current to follow. deenergized to fully energized.
Series-Parallel Circuit Switch
A circuit arrangement that combines two or more A mechanical or electrical device that breaks or com-
loads in parallel, with one or more loads in series. pletes the path of the current in an electrical circuit.
Short Circuit (Short) Temperature-Sensitive Switch
An unintentional routing of current, bypassing part of A switch containing a bi-metallic element that
the original circuit. completes or breaks a circuit when the switch is
Short To Ground heated to a certain temperature.
A condition in which an unwanted path is created be- Thermister
tween the positive side of a circuit and the ground A Negative Temperature Coefficient resistor.
side.
Thyristor
Short To Power A silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR) that normally blocks
A condition in which an unwanted path for power to a all current flow. A slight voltage applied to one layer of
load is present. its semiconductor structure will allow current flow in
Signal one direction while blocking current flow from the
An electrical quantity that conveys information from other direction.
one point to another. Transducer
Single Wire A device that converts one form of energy into
The wiring system used in most automobiles in which another. For example, a sensor that converts light into
one wire carries current to the load and the vehicle's voltage.
frame acts as the return path (ground) to the source Transformer
voltage. A device for transforming an electric current to a
Solenoid higher or lower voltage without changing the total en-
An electromagnet with a moveable core or plunger ergy.
that converts electrical current into mechanical Two-Wire Circuit
motion. A wiring system that uses a second wire instead of
Source the chassis as a return path to the source voltage.
The field-effect transistor (FET) which supplies current- Valence Ring
carrying holes or electrons (similar to the emitter of a The outermost electron shell in an atom.
bipolar transistor).
Variable Resistor
A resistor with a range of resistances available
through two or more taps and a moveable control.
Volt
The unit used to measure electrical force or pressure
in a circuit.

Appendix
Voltage
The electrical pressure in a circuit.
Voltage Drop
The change in electrical pressure (voltage) between
two points in a circuit, caused by the loss of electrical
pressure as current flows through resistance. The
amount voltage drops between two points in a circuit
is determined by the resistance of the circuit and the
number of loads in the circuit.
Voltmeter
A testing device for measuring voltage in an electrical
circuit.
Watt
The unit used to measure electrical Dower or "work."
Wattage
The power rating of a component. Calculated by multi-
plying voltage times amps (P = I x E).
Wiper
The moveable portion of a switch that establishes con-
tact between the input and output poles.
Zener Diode
A junction of semiconductor materials that has been
heavily doped so that the junction will allow reverse
current flow without damage at any voltage above a
specified value.

Part Number - PNA P90 002

ELECTRICAL

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

ELECTRICAL

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

®

Student Name: ________________________________________________

Training Center Location: ________________________________________________

Instructor Name: ________________________________________________

Electrical Troubleshooting Logic

1 - Do you understand how the electrical consumer is expected to operate?

Part Number - PNA P90 002 Edition - 11/12

Section 1 – Basic Electricity

Section 2 – Electrical Components

Section 3 – Batteries, Starters and Generators

Section 4 – PIWIS Tester II

Section 5 – Semiconductors and Control Units

Section 6 – BUS Communications

Series Circuits and Ohm’s Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10

Parallel Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11

Series/Parrallel Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

Digital Volt-Ohm Meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13

Voltage Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13

Amperage Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14

Inductive Clamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14

Resistance Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15

Electrical Systems Page 1.1

vehicles. Electrical energy must be available to provide

Electricity is the movement of electrons from one atom to

An atom is the smallest particle of matter. Matter is

• Electrons - Negatively charged particles orbiting around

Page 1.2 Electrical Systems

Atoms can sometimes lose an electron and become posi- 3 Protons

Valence Ring Balanced

Atoms with four electrons in the valence ring are a special

Electrical Systems Page 1.3

A flow of electricity is the movement of electrons from the

More than 4 Electrons =

Fewer than 4 Electrons =

Voltage is the force, or electrical pressure that makes

Page 1.4 Electrical Systems

To illustrate this principle, compare electricity to a water

Voltage drops across each resistance only when current

Electrical Systems Page 1.5

A circuit is a complete path for electron (electrical

• Voltage (electrical pressure, the “push” to move

When all three items are present, current (electrons) will

Page 1.6 Electrical Systems

Amps Ohms Amps Ohms Amps Ohms

And one more example. A circuit with 6 Ohms resis-

Electrical Systems Page 1.7

Values for electrical measurements use a series of

The milli prefix is used when measuring units smaller than

The Kilo prefix is used when measuring units larger than

The most common use for this is when measuring units

Volts Basic Unit Units For Units For

Current Basic Unit Units For Units For

Resistance Basic Unit Units For Units For

Page 1.8 Electrical Systems

The simplest circuit is called a series circuit. In this type of

the source of the current, through a load or loads, and

Characteristics of series circuits:

• The total circuit resistance is the sum of all the

In the second example, if the switch is open (or if a wire is

In the third example, there are multiple loads (two light).

Electrical Systems Page 1.9

In the example above, we have replaced the light with a 3

Ohm’s Law can be used determine the current flow

First, let’s find the circuit current.