CHEMICAL BONDS – force that holds together 2 atoms  Sulfur sometimes needs more than 8

in a molecule by transfer of sharing of atoms electrons to be stable (optional)

ELECTRONEGATIVITY – reflects atom’s ability to attract
electrons (0.7 to 4.0)
IONIZATION ENERGY – energy required to remove an
electron from an atom in a gas phase
 Metals lose electrons easily
 SINGE COVALENT BOND – involves 1 pair of
shared electrons (2 e-)
 DOUBLE COVALENT BOND – involves 2 pairs of
shared electrons (4 e-)
 TRIPLE COVALENT BOND – involves 3 pairs of
shared electrons (6 e-)

IONS – electrically charged atom that can be positively Steps to figure out if there will be sharing of electrons:
(lose electrons) or negatively (gain electrons) charged a. Get the total number of electrons in a compound
o Subscript * valence electrons
ELECTRON DOT STRUCTURE – aka Lewis Symbol by o In CO2,(C: 1 * 4) + (O: 2 * 6)
Gilbert Newton Lewis  4 + 12 = 16
 Shows valence electrons by means of dots b. Compute for the Octet Rule requirement
o Number of atoms(subscript) * 8
Atoms become stable when it lose, gain or share
 (C: 1 *8 ) + (O: 2 *8 )
electrons and attain the electron configuration of the
 8 + 16 = 24
nearest noble gas
c. Subtract a from then divide the difference by 2
IONIC BOND – bond between 2 ions by transfer of (2 e- = 1 pair = 1 bond)
electrons (uses arrows) o quotient=number of bonds
 Occurs when the electronegativity  (24 – 16) ÷ 2
difference of elements ranges from 1.9 to  8÷2=4
3.3 Covalent VS Ionic Properties
 Forms ions COVALENT IONIC
 Complete transfer of electrons Low melting and boiling High melting and boiling
 Metals lose electrons and become cation points points
 Smaller than the parent atom Softer and squishier Harder and inflexible
 Non-metals gain electrons and become More flammable Less flammable
anion Not soluble Soluble
 Larger than the parent atom Does not conduct Conduct electricity in
electricity in water water
Properties of Ionic Compounds
 Melting and Boiling Points – High due to strong METALLIC BOND – hold metal atoms very strongly
attractions  ELECTRON-SEA MODEL – used in describing
 Solubility – soluble in water due to the metallic bonding
attractive forces between ions and water o Sea of free moving electrons from the
molecules outer shell holds the metal ions rigidly in
 Mechanical Properties – hard and brittle, place
charges are disoriented and will repel
Properties of Metals
 Conductivity – do not conduct as solids, they
conduct when dissolved in water  Melting and Boiling Points - higher due to the
stronger bonding forces
COVALENT BOND – bond by sharing of electrons (uses lines)  Electrical and Thermal Conductivity – good
 Forms molecules conductors because of the free moving
 NONPOLAR – electrons are shared equally electrons
 Occurs when the electronegativity  Malleability and Ductility – can be shaped
difference of elements ranges from 0 to because metal ions can slide due to the
1.4 electrons surrounding them
 Common in diatomic molecules  Hardness – varies due to the differences in
(Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Fluorine, Oxygen, crystal size (smaller=harder)
Iodine, Chlorine, Boron)
 POLAR – electrons are shared unequally ALLOYS – solid mixtures of 2 or more metals
 Occurs when the electronegativity  Addition of the second metal significantly
difference of elements ranges from 0.4 affects the properties of a substance
to 1.9  In some case, non-metal atoms (Carbon) are
 One atom has stronger attraction added
 Results charge separation (partial  If the size of the metals are the same, 2nd atoms
positive and partial negative) take the place of 1st atoms
 Hydrogen and Helium only needs 2  If the second atoms are smaller, they will fill in
electrons to be stable spaces between 1st atoms