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SIMULATOR
Harprit kaur (student) and Y.S Brar(Professor) Jaswinder Singh Randhawa (Lecturer)
Electrical Engineering department, Guru Nanak Dev Department of Computer application, Chandigarh
Engineering College, Ludhiana, Punjab, India Engineering College, Mohali, Punjab, India
{harpreet_kaur601& braryadwinder }@yahoo.co.in jaswinder317@gmail.com
Abstract - This paper presents an efficient approach to find disadvantages associated with the piece wise quadratic cost
optimal power flow (OPF) determining the dispatch schedule of approximation. LP approach provides optimal results in less
power generators with minimum cost while satisfying the system computational time but results are not very accurate due to
constraints like the upper and lower power and reactive power linearization of the problem. Interior point method is faster
generation limit, upper and lower voltage level limit, and line
than linear programming but it may provide infeasible solution
flow limit using power world simulator. The minimization of the
generation cost will result to a lower cost of electricity paid by the if the step size is not chosen properly.
consumers. Power world simulator employs linear programming
method for finding optimal solution. The reactive power is II. PROBLEM FORMULATION
controlled by installing the shunt capacitors at the bus. The
proposed approach has been tested and examined on IEEE- 30 Following the "classical" OPF formulation by Dommel and
bus test system. Tinney [10]: a number of different methods have been
presented to solve the OPF problem.
Keywords- Power world simulator, Optimal power flow, linear A general minimization problem can be written in the
programming.
following form.
I. INTRODUCTION Minimize: f(x, u) (the objective function)
Subject to: h i(x,u ) = 0, i =1,2,3, . . . , m (equality
Generation and distribution of power must be accomplished at constraints)
minimum cost but with maximum efficiency. This involves the g j (x,u) ≤ 0 , j =1 , 2,3 . . . , n (inequality
real and reactive power scheduling of each power plant in such constraints)
a way as to minimize the total operating cost of the entire Where f(x, u): objective function
network [3]. In other words, the generator’s real and reactive h i(x, u): set of equality constraints
power is allowed to vary within certain limits so as to meet a gj (x,u): set of inequality constraints
particular load demand with minimum fuel cost. This is called u and x represents a set of controllable
the Optimal Power Flow (OPF) or sometimes known as the and dependent variables respectively.
Optimal Power Dispatch or Economic Dispatch (ED) problem The OPF problem can be defined by specifying the following
[3].Optimal Power Flow (OPF) plays an important role in five attributes and can be explained as
power system operations and planning. In the normal 1. Objective function
operating condition OPF is used to determine the load flow 2. The controls
solution which satisfies the system operating limits and 3. The dependent variables
minimize the generation costs. In power system planning. OPF 4. The equality constraints
is used for capacitor placement studies and transmission 5. The inequality constraints
capability studies. Different optimization techniques such as
lambda iteration method, gradient method, lagrangian A. Objective function
relaxation algorithm, Newton’s method, quadratic
programming (QP) , linear programming (LP) , interior point In the solution of OPF, the main objective is to minimize total
(IP) method , dynamic programming (DP) , genetic algorithm operating costs of the system. In OPF, when the load is light,
(GA) etc. have been used for solving OPF. All these methods the cheapest generators are always the ones chosen to run first.
have their own advantages as well as disadvantages. Lambda As the load increases, more and more expensive generators
iteration method is not suitable for complex cost functions will then be brought in. Thus, the operating cost plays a very
because the adjustment of lambda is very difficult. Gradient important role in the solution of OPF. The amount of fuel or
methods suffer from the problem of convergence in the input to a generator is usually expressed in Btu/hr (British
presence of inequality constraints. Newton’s method is faster thermal units per hour) and its output in MW (Mega Watts).
than gradient method and provides in one step results very Figure 1 shows a typical input-output curve of a generator,
close to the minimum generation cost, but the main drawback also commonly known as the heat-rate curve.
is that the method is very much sensitive to the selection of
initial conditions. QP does not require penalty factors or the
determination of the gradient step size but it has the
C. Dependent Variables
These variables are the optimal power flow variables that are
not controlled. These include all type of variables that are free,
within limits, to assume value to solve the problem. The main
dependent variables are complex bus voltage angles and
magnitude.
D. Equality Constraints
E. Inequality constraints
Figure 2: Typical Incremental Cost Curve of a Generator
In a power system components and devices have operating
limits & these limits are created for security constraints. Thus
the required objective function can be minimized by
B. Control Variables maintaining the network components within the security limits.
The control variables in an optimal power flow problem are Inequality constraints.
the quantities whose value can be adjusted directly to help
minimize the objective function and satisfy the constraints. Pgi min ≤ Pgi ≤ Pgimax
The control variables can be given as: Qgimin ≤ Qgi ≤ Qgi max
∑Pgi -PD- PLoss = 0
1. Active power generation
Where Pgi is the amount of generation in MW at
2. Reactive power generation generator i.
Qgi is the amount of generation in MVAR at
3. Transformer tap ratio generator i.
The inequality constraints on voltage magnitude V of each PQ 11 30 MW
bus A
57%
12 Mvar 21
18 MW
Vi min ≤ Vi ≤ Vimax
MVA
11 Mvar
9 A
21%
30 Mvar A A
MVA
45 MW 39% A
37% A
9% 1%
8 MVA
MVA A
MVA
10 A
35 MW 8% 10%
MVA
min max
Where Vi & Vi are the minimum and maximum values
76 Mvar MVA
A
MVA
22
A 6 7%
MVA
22%
of voltages at bus i. 6 MW
MVA
A 2 Mvar 20 A
23 MW 52% 2 MW 10%
11 Mvar A
MVA
17 1 Mvar
MVA
7 55% 6 Mvar 9 MW
MVA 13 24
9 MW
The inequality constraints on phase angle δ of voltages at all
A
A
5% 7 Mvar
15% 10.0 Mvar 40 MW
A
4% MVA
A
MVA
45% 23 Mvar MVA
buses i
A A
A
14% 14% MVA
MVA 5 A
MVA
A 2%
47% 7% MVA
MVA 2 MVA 3 MW 23
1 4%
OPF MVA
3 MW profit = -1039.00 $/h
1
A
1 Mvar 3%
72 MW A
MVA MW generation = 232.26 MW
slack
-10 Mvar 15 6%
3 Mvar 25
cost/hr = 505.96 $/hr A
A
4%
A 5% MVA
18% MVA
profit/hr=-187.44 $/h A
MW load =69.00 MW 28 26
of power system operation and control of large interconnected 2 MW
29 A
4%
MVA
4 MW
2 Mvar
3130.17 17 At bus 10
3168.92 NIL NA
CASE 2 :
289.6 MW and 3168.67 5 At bus 7
199 MVAR
3168.49 10 At bus 7
3168.36 15 At bus 7
3168.27 20 At bus 7
3168.23 25 At bus 7
Figure 6: Area 1 Generator incremental cost curves of 30 bus system. 3168.24 30 At bus 7
3206.18 NIL NA
Figure -6 shows generator 1 incremental cost curve in Area 1 CASE 3:
in 30 bus system. The optimum value for operation of 289.6 MW and 3205.35 10 At bus 7
generator 1 is at 72.4 MW with incremental cost of 326.4 MVAR
4.4$/MWhr. Figure-7 represents incremental cost curves of 3204.63 20 At bus 7
various generators which are operating in area 2. Incremental
3204.25 30 At bus 7
cost (in $/MWhr) for various generators (2, 5, 8, 11, 13)
operating in area 2 are 6.84, 4.38, 4.74, 4.39 and 3203.93 40 At bus 7
4.55respectively. Figure-7 shows that generator 2 has
incremental cost of 6.84 $/MWH at 77.3 MW generation. 3204 50 At bus 7
Generator 5 has incremental cost of 4.38 $/MWH at 50 MW 3246.32 NIL NA
power generation. Generator 8 has incremental cost of 4.74 CASE 4 :
$/MWH at 35 MW power generation. Generator 11 has 289.6 MW and 3245.25 10 At bus 7
incremental cost of 4.39 $/MWH at 30 MW power generation. 364.8 MVAR
Generator 13 has incremental cost of 4.55 $/MWH at 40 MW 3244.38 20 At bus 7
power generation. 3243.82 30 At bus 7
3242.97 60 At bus 7
3243.56 65 At bus 7
3297.99 NIL NA
CASE 5 :
289.6 MW and 3296.95 10 At bus 7
425.35 MVAR
(Limits violation 3295.71 20 At bus 7
18.9 MVA)
3295.41 30 At bus 7
3295.33 50 At bus 7
3295.50 65 At bus 7
V. DISCUSSION [1] J. D. Glover and M. Sarma, “Introduction Power System Analysis &
Design, 2nd Edition ", PWS Publishing Company, Boston, 1994, pp. 1-12.
[2] R. H. Miller and J. H. Malinowski, “Economic Operation of Power
Some comments on proposed approach are as follow: Systems,” Power System Operation, 3rd Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York,
1970, pp. 63-82.
Power World Simulator employs a linear programming [3] H. Sadat, Power System Analysis, McGraw-Hill, Boston, 1999.
[4] B. M. Weedy and B. J. Cory, “Basic Power-System Economics and
(LP) OPF implementation. It determines the optimal
Management,” Electric Power Systems, 4th Edition, John Wiley & Sons Ltd,
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[6] R. C. Burchett, H. H. Happ, and K. A. Wirgau, “Large Scale Optimal
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in the electricity business, and is excellent for [7] M. Huneault and F. D. Galiana, “A Survey of the Optimal Power Flow
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[8] D. I. Sun, B. Ashley, B. Brewer, A. Hughes and W. F. Tinney, “Optimal
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an area or group of areas while simultaneously enforcing
[11] J. A. Momoh, M. E. El-Hawary and R. Adapa, “A Review of Selected
the transmission line and interface limits. Simulator OPF Optimal Power Flow Literature to 1993 Part I: Nonlinear and Quadratic
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[16] "Common Format for Exchange of Solved Load Flow Data," IEEE
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