AMA Computer College Santa Cruz Campus

Senior High School Department

2018-2019

Effectiveness Of Organic Vegetable

And Neem Oil As Pesticides

RESEARCH CONDUCTED BY:

Estrada, Kim
Malacoco, Abigail
 CHAPTER 1

Problem and its Background

The chapter contains the Introduction, Background of the Study, Theoretical Framework,

Conceptual Framework, Statement of the Problem, Hypothesis, Scope and Limitations,

Significance of the Study, and Definition of Terms.

Introduction

One of the main threats to farmers is pests. Pests are organisms that causes threats to

humans especially in terms of crops as it damages one of our main source of food. If the

pests damage the crops, it can lead to a point where the crops will not be edible causing

the crops and the farmers’ hard work go to waste. Due to problems caused by the pests,

people made a substance that can reduce this threats. Nowadays, this substance is called

pesticides.

Pesticides, which was on our planet since 1500 B.C., was used in order to kill or repel

these pests. Pesticides are substances that is applied to a specific plant or crop in order to

repel the pests. It can be effective on repelling pests but it can also harmful to our

surroundings.

In modern society, pesticides contained highly toxic compounds which are unfavorable

to our environment and can create considerable amount of damage to our ecosystem.

Pesticides can pollute the air, soil and water. Pesticides diminish biodiversity, reduce

nitrogen fixation, contributes to the disappearance of pollinators, threaten fish , and destroy

bird and animal homes. Pesticides can cause serious health problems to the humans too.
 Due to numerous disadvantages that the chemical pesticides can cause to our

environment, ecosystem and society, the researchers made innovations to create an

organic pesticide ,which is harmless to our environment, made from specific vegetables,

such as onions, a clove of garlic and chili pepper, and your everyday materials.

The researcher’s purpose for the creation of this project is to lessen the harmful effects

of the chemical pesticide by using an alternative but natural way to repel pests and prevent

them to destroy our precious crops. The Vegetable Pesticide is not only eco-friendly but is

also affordable for the needs of the consumers.

The contents of the Vegetable Pesticide cause the parts of the plant to be unpalatable

to pests. The liquid sprayed to the plant evaporates and leaves behind the odor and flavor.

For insects and plants, the smell and taste is unpleasant for them to even eat. The pests

will eventually starve as they cannot eat the plants anymore due to the pesticide.

Background of the Study

Farmers put in a lot of hard work into growing their crops to earn living. Day and night, they

tend to their crops, take care of them with love and sell them in a reasonable price to earn

money and create a good life for their families. Pest can be harmful and stand as a

hindrance in growing good crops as they damage the crops and use it as their food source.

Through keen observation, the researchers have found out that pests naturally can

destroy plants and crops. The researchers also discovered that in order for the farmer’s

hardwork to not go to waste, people need to find a solution in order to prevent this. The use

of chemical pesticide is truly effective but its disadvantages in terms of affordability and how

can it affect into our environment is simply unpleasant.

 So the researchers formulated a study in which they can create a natural pesticide

which is agreeable in affordability and how it can affect our environment. They proposed a

pesticide out of daily household materials and vegetables that is effective in this kind of

problem.

Theoretical Framework

This study is anchored into two theories: Kinetic Molecular Theory, and

Vaporization.

Kinetic Molecular Theory is a theory used to explain how the three states of matter

usually behave and is based on five postulates. Relating to the researchers’ study, the study is

anchored the Kinetic Molecular Theory of Liquids. The most notable property of liquids is that

they have a definite volume but no definite shape. So in relation with the study, the liquids and

the extracts that is mixed together in the creation of the product will have their molecular

composition rearranged.

Vaporization is the phase transition for liquid to vapor. There are two types of

vaporization : evaporation and boiling; using evaporation as the study’s frame

work.Evaporation is a type of vaporization of a liquid that occurs from the ((surface of a liquid

into a gaseous phase that is not saturated with the evaporating substance .When sprayed to

the plant or crop, the liquid should turn to vapor to achieve its effectiveness.

Conceptual Framework
The researchers constructed the the following frameworks showing the Independent and

Dependent Variable:

Odor

Figure 1 Research Paradigm

Statement of the Problem

1. What are the content of the Vegetable Pesticide?

2. What is the level of the Vegetable Pesticide in terms of :

2.1 Viscosity
 2.2 Odor

2.3 Color

2.4 Effectiveness in Repelling Insects

3. Is Vegetable Pesticide effective in repelling insects?

Hypothesis

Vegetable Pesticide is not effective on repelling insects.

Significance of the Study

The following will benefit on this study:

Farmers. They will benefit from the said product. The Vegetable Pesticide can contribute

to the farmers who have faced threats from pests. As the researchers have said, pesticides

poses large threats to us especially to farmers ,such as the damage that can be done to crops

if not protected. If this cannot be prevented, large number of crops will surely go to waste.

Plant love. Some people really love plants that they have numerous plants found in their

homes. So in order to preserve the joy that can be found in the people’s eyes, the pesticide

can be used to protect the plants from pest

Interior designers. Plants can make a house a home because of the different kinds of

beauty they possess. Pests can damage its natural beauty so in orders to prevent this,they can

use the pesticide to maintain the plants’ beauty.

 Chefs. Some cooks prefer to grow their own food instead of buying from the market. In

order to grow the perfect crop for their dish, they need to make the plant grow perfectly, no

pests involved. The pests can be repelled by the Vegetable Pesticides.

Families. Some families love to take care of plants. Plants need good caring for it to

grow well. A good advice in taking care of plants is to use the Vegetable Pesticide which is

affordable and effective.

Future Researchers. Students can learn a lot from the study the researchers have

conducted. They can also use this as a base for future studies related to the researchers’

study.

Scope and Limitations

The Vegetable Pesticide, made from a variety of vegetables and household materials,

can successfully repel pests such as insects and bugs. The study covers the prevention of

damage to plant and crops. Due to the organic composition of the product, it is eco-friendly

and at the same time, effective. It decreases the threats that can be done by the pest and also

lowers the damage done to the environment, being a organic pesticide and does not contain

any chemical products. Preventing the waste that can be done, it can save a lot of time, labor

and financial resources. This study limits to repelling pests such as insects and bugs. This

pesticide cannot repel other pests that can be harmful to other things like as repellence of

cockroaches in homes and the extermination of rats in some parts of buildings

Definition of Terms

Pesticide. A type of substance used to prevent damage done by pests to plant and crops.

A chemical that is used to kill animals or insects that damage plants and crops.

Pests. An organism that poses threats to people especially to plants and crops

An animal or insect that causes problems for people especially by

damaging crops.

Viscosity. The fluid’s resistance to flowing.

Quantity that describes a fluid's resistance to flow.

Odor. Smell of an object.

A distinctive smell.

Effectiveness. Successfulness in creating a desired result.

The degree to which something is successful in producing a desired result

 Chapter 2

Review of Related Literature

This chapter contains the Related Literatures and Related Studies.

Related Literatures

One of the factors to be considered in this study is viscosity. Viscosity is a measure of a

fluid’s resistance to flow. A solid is a material that has structural rigidity and resistance to

change in shape or volume. In other words, solids maintain their shapes and do not form to

their containers. A fluid, either liquid or gas, can flow to take the shape of its container. More

formally, a fluid is a substance that continuously deforms or flows under an applied shear

stress.

Fluid mechanics is the study of how fluids react to forces. Fluid mechanics includes

hydrodynamics, the study of force on liquids, and aerodynamics, the study of bodies moving

through air. Fluid mechanics encompasses a wide variety of applications. Engineers mostly

uses fluid mechanics to study things such as pollution dispersion and medical conditions. With

just these few examples of the wide variety of applications of fluid mechanics, you can see

how fluid mechanics is an important area of study for many types of engineering. (Briggs,

B.,2011)
 Making slime is an annual tradition for many high school chemistry students. It is also a

very popular activity that high school students can do with younger children. There are

numerous ways to make slime, but the end result is always a cool concoction that can provide

hours of fun, act as a great stress reliever, and provide a platform for learning many important

chemical principles. Slime will be defined as any non-Newtonian fluid. It is important to

examine the theories of Isaac Newton (1642–1727), one of the greatest scientists who ever

lived. He made many revolutionary discoveries in the fields of mathematics, motion, and

gravity. But he also did a lot of work with fluids. Newtonian fluids and viscosity Newton

observed that the viscosity of fluids is affected only by temperature. Viscosity refers to a fluid’s

resistance to flow. The more viscous a substance, the slower it flows. If a fluid is heated, it

tends to become less viscous, and if cooled, it tends to become more viscous. The colder the

temperature, the more viscous the fluid becomes. Testing for viscosity a simple way to test for

viscosity is to take two tall graduated cylinders containing equal volumes of two liquids. If you

simultaneously drop a ball bearing in each cylinder, the one that takes the longest to fall will be

the more viscous liquid..( Rohrig, B.)

The potential for nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) mobilization is one of the most

important considerations in the development and implementation of surfactant-based

remediation technologies. Column experiments were performed to investigate the onset and

extent of tetrachloroethylene (PCE) mobilization during surfactant flushing. To induce

mobilization, the interfacial tension between residual PCE and the aqueous phase was

reduced from 47.8 to 0.09 dyn/cm by flushing with different surfactant solutions. The resulting

PCE desaturation curves are expressed in terms of a total trapping number (NT), which relates

viscous and buoyancy forces to the capillary forces acting to retain organic liquids within a
porous medium. The critical value of NT required to initiate PCE mobilization fell within the

range of 2 × 10-5 to 5 × 10-5, while complete displacement of PCE was observed as NT

approached 1 × 10-3. The interplay of viscous and buoyancy forces during PCE mobilization is

illustrated in horizontal column experiments, in which angled banks of PCE were displaced

through the columns. These results demonstrate the potential contribution of buoyancy forces

to PCE mobilization and provide a novel approach for predicting NAPL displacement during

surfactant flushing.

This paper reviews the literature on the influence of viscosity on separation in dense

medium processes, for both baths and cyclones, in the context of the well-known fundamentals

of particle motion in fluids. It is concluded that viscosity does play a role in determining both

the separation density and the extent of separation inefficiency (Ep). because most DMS

processes probably operate in the intermediate particle flow regime. A high viscosity increases

particle misplacement in baths and cyclones. It increases or decreases the separation density

of bath separators (depending on whether the bath is top or bottom fed. Respectively) and

decreases the separation density in cyclones due to a reduction in the medium differential. The

effects of viscosity are strongly size dependent. In practice, viscosity is not seen as a major

problem in most coal preparation applications, as long as it is properly managed. (T.J. Napier

Munn)

A knowledge of various thermophysical (in particular transport) properties of ionic liquids

(ILs) is crucial from the point of view of potential applications of these fluids in chemical and

related industries. In this work, over 13 000 data points of temperature- and pressure-

dependent viscosity of 1484 ILs were retrieved from more than 450 research papers published

in the open literature in the last three decades. The data were critically revised and then used
to develop and test a new model allowing in silico predictions of the viscosities of ILs on the

basis of the chemical structures of their cations and anions. The model employs a two-layer

feed-forward artificial neural network (FFANN) strategy to represent the relationship between

the viscosity and the input variables: temperature, pressure, and group contributions (GCs). In

total, the resulting GC-FFANN model employs 242 GC-type molecular descriptors that are

capable of accurately representing the viscosity behavior of ILs composed of 901 distinct ions.

The neural network training, validation, and testing processes, involving 90, 5, and 5% of the

whole data pool, respectively, gave mean square errors of 0.0334, 0.0595, and 0.0603 log

units, corresponding to squared correlation coefficients of 0.986, 0.973, and 0.972 and overall

relative deviations at the level of 11.1, 13.8, and 14.7%, respectively. The results calculated in

this work were shown be more accurate than those obtained with the best current GC model

for viscosity of ILs described in the literature. (Paduszynski K.)

A variable that is also considered in this research study is odor. Actually, the odor of a

pesticide has nothing to do with how toxic it is. But many people do associate odor with

toxicity. They feel that the stronger the smell, the more toxic and the more potentially

hazardous the pesticide.

When exposed to strong odors of any kind, some people have negative reactions. It seems

that, as a nation, we have become much less tolerant of invasive smells like the perfume of the

woman who works in the next cubicle. People exposed to certain smells complain of

headaches, nausea, breathing difficulties, mood changes, and fatigue. (Pennel,K. )

We know that people vary greatly in their ability to detect odors. And we know that some

people react more strongly to odors that they consider to be “disagreeable.”Some people,
though do have real physical reactions after pesticide applications. In most cases, it’s the inert

(nontoxic) ingredients in the product, not the toxin itself, that cause the odors. When these

various carriers become airborne, they can trigger conditions such as headache or asthma in

susceptible people.Fortunately, pest control has come a long way since the good old days

when the standard service was a baseboard spray of a (usually) smelly insecticide. Today, pest

control can often be accomplished without pesticides at all. When pesticides are necessary, we

have options such as nonvolatile baits or gels, or very low odor sprays and dusts. Odors are

kept to a minimum, too, by applying pesticides only into cracks and crevices or into voids

rather than general sprays to large areas. The post-treatment complaints of “that smell,” are

much less frequent. (Williams,C.,2011)

The sense of smell is a primal sense which allows communication through odours by

way of recognition of cues, odours and memory. It is a social reality that prompts a variety of

associations and meaning in different cultures Smell has been successfully transformed into a

powerful and commercially viable product and as such has altered and lessened the primal

nature of its function. As stated by Ackerman that smells spur memories, but they also rouse

our dozy senses, pamper and indulge us, help define our self image, stir the cauldron of our

seductiveness, warn us of danger, lead us into temptation, fan our religious fervour,

accompany us to heaven, wed us to fashion, steep us in luxury. Yet, over time, smell has

become the least necessary of our senses, “the fallen angel” as Helen Keller dramatically calls

it.

Although today the sense of smell is less heightened and less integral as a primal

sense, historically that was not the case. The use of aromatic substances to elicit particular

responses via the sense of smell was integral to many cultures and life practices.Aromatic
substances were and still are used as an aid to meditation, altering the mood state and often,

even though part of a sacred or ritualistic setting, were simply appreciated for the fragrance

imparted during offerings or worship.

Smell is rarely the focus of meditation; oils, scented candles and incense are frequently

used to create a particular environment or space to encourage a meditative state to enable the

person to bring something else into focus e.g. breathing/ spiritual icon. (Rhind J.,2011)

Odor is an environmental pollutant that can impose physical, psychological, social and

behavioral stress to humans. As a result, exposure to outdoor malodor in residential areas can

cause negative public reactions and complaints from the citizens. Annoyance is the first

negative reaction reported by humans exposed to increasing concentrations of environmental

malodor, and it has been pointed out as an important component of an early warning system of

health impairment . People annoyed by odor may also report respiratory symptoms and health

impairment even at odorant exposures below irritation thresholds as a result of psychological

or stress mechanisms .

Citizens expect rural air to have characteristic pleasant odors or to be odorless .

However, during the last 50 years the livestock industry, typically located in rural areas, has

followed an intensification process at both functional level and spatial level. Expectations of

clean air and rural life style that are formed before settlement, and the trend for rural residents

to have less tolerance to livestock odors and to be more demanding for quality of life, have

made citizen complaints of odor annoyance from animal production to significantly increase

during the past decades.

 The US National Research Council identified odor exposure in non-urban/agricultural

areas as a major concern at the local level. However, odor pollution is difficult to assess and

regulate, firstly, because olfactometricodor measurements are expensive and therefore,

measurement campaigns are usually very limited in space and time. Secondly, because odor

perception is a result of a complex mixture of odorant gases, which depends on the

concentration of individual odorants and the existence of interaction effects between them .

Finally, because odor annoyance is a subjective and complex relation between a given gas

concentration situation and a given individual, and this relation is affected by both sensory and

non-sensory individual-specific factors of the exposed subject . (Vidal, V.,2012)

The perception of smell consists not only of the sensation of the odours themselves but

of the experiences and emotions associated with these sensations. Smells can evoke strong

emotional reactions.

The association of fragrance and emotion is not an invention of poets or perfume-makers. Our

olfactory receptors are directly connected to the limbic system, the most ancient and primitive

part of the brain, which is thought to be the seat of emotion. Thus, by the time we correctly

name a particular scent as the scent has already activated the limbic system, triggering more

deep-seated emotional responses.

Although there is convincing evidence that pleasant fragrances can improve our mood

and sense of well-being, some of these findings should be viewed with caution. Recent studies

have shown that our expectations about an odour, rather than any direct effects of exposure to

it, may sometimes be responsible for the mood and health benefits reported. The mere

mention of a positive odour reduced reports of symptoms related to poor health and increased

reports of positive mood. The thought of pleasant fragrances may be enough to make us a bit
more cheerful, but the actual smell can have dramatic effects in improving our mood and

sense of well-being.

Although olfactory sensitivity generally declines with age, pleasant fragrances have been found

to have positive effects on mood in all age groups.

The positive emotional effects of pleasant fragrances also affect our perceptions of

other people. In experiments, subjects exposed to pleasant fragrances tend to give higher

‘attractiveness ratings’ to people in photographs, although some recent studies have shown

that these effects are only significant where there is some ambiguity in the pictures.

Unpleasant smells can also affect our perceptions and evaluations. In one study, the presence

of an unpleasant odour led subjects not only to give lower ratings to photographed individuals,

but also to judge paintings as less professional.

The mood-improving effects of pleasant smells may not always work to our advantage: by

enhancing our positive perceptions and emotions, pleasant scents can cloud our judgement

A note for perfume-marketers: one of the studies showing our tendency to prefer scents

that we can identify correctly also showed that the use of an appropriate colour can help us to

make the correct identification, thus increasing our liking for the fragrance. (Fox, K).

Odor is complex chemistry. One can come across various smelly substances especially

those emanating from the kitchen of every household.

Smells influence much of our behaviour, including what we choose to eat, with whom we flirt,

and also alert us to danger. But, despite its importance, we have never fully understood how
we smell. The olfactory system is a complex set of processes that include membrane receptors

in the nose, electrical signals, and our brain. (Joshi,P.,2013)

Another variable that can be considered is color. Organic chemists are regularly

surrounded by chemicals and their smell. Colour is not the only characteristic by which we

recognize compounds. Too often, it is their odor that allows us know that they are around. My

relationship with strong, pungent, fishy, offending odors began in the early years of

undergraduate lab training. This is not true only for chemists, but also for them coming from

allied fields. (Thierauf, A)

Colour plays an important role in our life. Through colour we recognize things, we make

meanings communicable to others, and we interpret occasions and situations, besides a host

of other activities. In fact our experience with objects has a lot to dowith our response to their

colours. It is a visual language therefore it can give alert or warning, to reflect mood or to

represent emotions. To an artist or a designer, colour is considered one of the most basic

elements that each must know. Training in art and design requires students to handle colours

successfully. They not only need to understand the nature of colours but also to how to use

them. Artists must know the meaning of colour to use them in their artwork.Colours in an

artwork will convey the message of the artist more strongly to the audience.Colour has an

impact on our mood, our appetite, energy level, feelings and emotions. A fewstudies have

focused on colour-emotion associations. Among them, Hemphill (1996) states thatBirren and

Sharp (1974, 1978) cited in Boyatzis and Varghese, 1994 showed that colours doappear to

elicit certain mood emotional responses. (Kumarasamy,J)

The current Food and Drug Administration concern that artificial food dyes could

increase hyperactivity in children and cause other health hazards raises a simple question:
Why do we put these things in our food? They are not added for the chemical reactions they

produce. They are added to food simply because the chemicals are colorful. The explanation

for this behavior must be rooted in biology or psychology.

Color preferences are deeply rooted emotional responses that seem to lack any rational basis,

yet the powerful influence of color rules our choices in everything from the food we eat and the

clothes we wear to the cars we buy.

In an essay in 1973, Biologist Theodosius Dobzhansky, famously observed that "nothing in

biology makes sense except in the light of evolution." Psychologists Stephen Palmer and

Karen Schloss of UC Berkeley, apply this viewpoint to the question of color preference in an

article published in 2010 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Science. The idea is

that the more experience-based feedback that a person receives about a particular color that is

associated with a positive experience, the more the person will tend to like that color. They

proposed that in general, people should favor colors associated with clear sky and clean water

and be repulsed by colors associated with negative reactions. To test this, they studied 48

participants who were asked to rate 32 colors in terms of how much the participant liked the

color. The conclusion is that color preferences derive from our preference for the objects that

typically have these colors. Interestingly, the researchers found that Japanese color

preferences were different from American preferences, suggesting a cultural influence on color

preference. Our individual preference for a particular color associated with these objects will

be produced and reinforced by the positive feedback associated with the object and the color it

has. Everyone has a somewhat different life experience, and so as people increasingly
experience pleasure in something they bought in a particular color, they will tend to chose

similar objects in the future with the same color. ( Douglas Fields, R.)

There are several reasons why colors are able to influence how we feel. "We react on

multiple levels of association with colors -- there are social or culture levels as well as personal

relationships with particular colors," explains Leslie Harrington, executive director of The Color

Association of The United States, which forecasts color trends. "You also have an innate

reaction to color.

You also have learned certain associations with color, such as red making your heart

race since it’s linked with fire trucks and ambulances or yellow having positive association

simply because it was the color of your beloved grandmother’s kitchen. "As you get older, you

become much more conscious of those learned reactions than the innate ones," adds

Harrington.Jeannie Mai, who hosts "How Do I Look?" on the Style Network. You can channel

the different moods you want with different colors.” (Bender,R.,2011)

Memory refers to the mental process of encoding, retaining, and retrieving environmental

information . One of the most interesting and challenging questions in contemporary memory

research is on ways to enhance human memory performance. Many variables have been

proposed to contribute to the retrieval operations and one of the variables is colour. Colour is

believed to be the most important visual experience to human beings . It functions as a

powerful information channel to the human cognitive system and has been found to play a

significant role in enhancing memory performance . Colour can be very effective in learning

and educational setting, marketing, communication, or even sport.

 Pesticides are used to protect plants all over the world. Their increasing specificity has

been due to utilization of differences in biochemical processes, and has been accompanied by

lower human toxicity. Nevertheless cases of poisoning are still observed. While certain toxic

substances are provided with characteristic dyes or pigments to facilitate easy identification, no

overview of pesticide colors exists. The lack of available product information prompted us to

explore the colors and dyes of pesticides registered in Germany, most of which are

commercially available worldwide. A compilation of the colors and odors of 207 pesticide

products is presented. While some of the substances can be identified by their physical

characteristics, in other cases, the range of possibilities can be narrowed by their nature and

color.

For now, that responsibility falls to organic farmers, whose integrative practices, like

using compost on crops, help avoid injections of carcinogenic chemicals into our food supply.

( Imus, D.,2014)

Related Studies

Natural products as pesticides have been reviewed from several perspectives in the

past, but no prior treatment has examined the impact of natural product and natural product-

based pesticides on the U.S. market, as a function of new active ingredient registrations with

the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Thus, EPA registration details of new active

ingredients for all conventional pesticide registrations and biopesticide registrations were

compiled from the years 1997–2010. Conventional pesticide registrations and biopesticide

registrations were examined both collectively and independently for all 277 new active
ingredients (NAI) and subsequently categorized and sorted into four types: biological (B),

natural product (NP), synthetic (S), and synthetic natural derived (SND). (Cantrell,C.,2012)

Organic produce is unlike its conventionally-grown counterpart.. Methods differ from

those of so-called factory farms from the farms where the steps to create pesticides are

monitored carefully , where pesticides and other chemicals are rampantly used and impact the

quality of the finished product. Despite their known toxicity, pesticides persist on farms all

around the country, potentially affecting not only the consumer but anyone who works on the

farm or lives nearby. In fact, a recent article in The Nation highlights a groundbreaking,

ongoing 15-year study on the health and brain development of the children of farmworkers in

California's Salinas Valley. The study looks at not only how heavy, chronic pesticide exposure

may affect children but also how low-dose, continuing exposure may impact developing brains

And yet, pesticide use continues in this country, particularly on farms where genetically

modified crops are pre-programmed to tolerate certain chemicals, among them the herbicide

glyphosate.

Testing of pesticides focuses on the active ingredient. But many other "inert" ingredients

are added to the pesticide formulation that is actually sold. A new study suggests that these

additives can make pesticides more dangerous to cells than current safety testing reveals.The

study suggests that inert ingredients in pesticides can magnify the effects of active ingredients,

sometimes as much as 1,000-fold. .Roundup, a commercial herbicide sold by Monsanto that

uses the active ingredient glyphosate, was by far the most toxic of the herbicides and

insecticides tested, according to the study, which was published in the journal BioMed

Research International. Used to kill weeds on lawns, gardens and crops including soybeans
and corn, glyphosate is one of the most widely used herbicides in the United States. (Myers,

J.M., 2014)

Mr. Vande Berg, a research and development director in Bayer’s Crop Science division,

is part of an expanding hunt that has led researchers to far-flung corners of the U.S., combing

dry creek beds and compost piles for tiny microorganisms. The companies aim to coat the

outsides of the seeds with such beneficial microbes, and in other cases, spray them on

growing plants.

Microorganisms have been narrowly used for decades in agriculture, mainly in coating

soybeans and other legumes to better absorb nutrients and fight fungus. Now, companies say

advances in genetic-analysis technology and cultivation practices enable them to find and

develop new microorganisms that can perform much broader functions, such as shielding

crops from more diseases and pests or mitigating damage from drought.

Consumers’ appetite for healthier, more environmentally friendly options has made

organics a star in the food industry, driving deals like General Mills Inc.’s planned $820 million

purchase of organic-and-natural foods purveyor Annie’s Inc. A small-but-growing number of

food makers also have started culling GMOs from some products.

The products also may appeal to agricultural producers who export crops to foreign

countries that restrict synthetic-pesticide use, said Sara Olson, agricultural analyst for advisory

firm Lux Research Inc.

Finding beneficial microorganisms is like looking for a needle in a field of haystacks. (Bunge,

J.,2014)
 Pesticide use, while it's been tied to a decline in honeybee populations and other

pollinators, now may also threaten global freshwater biodiversity, according to new research.

Researchers at the Institute for Environmental Science of the University of Koblenz-

Landau evaluated for the first time comprehensive global insecticide contamination data for

agricultural surface waters. They found that in water-phase samples, with hints of insecticide

concentration, more than 40 percent exceeded respective RTLs. What's more, in sediment

samples, more than 80 percent of the insecticide concentrations exceeded RTLs.

The findings suggest that the current regulatory risk assessment schemes and pesticide

authorization procedures fail to protect the aquatic environment, and need to be changed. The

researchers recommend improving basic global conventional agricultural systems and

adopting approaches from organic farming as possible ways to both provide enough food for a

growing human population, and protect global ecosystems from agricultural insecticides.

(Iacurci,J.,2015)

Chapter 3

Research Methodology
 This chapter discuss the methods and different sections used in the study. It contains

the Research Design, Respondents of the Study, Research Procedure, Research Instrument

and the Statistical Treatment of Data.

Research Design

The experimental method of research was used in this study. Experimental method of

research is The best method of establishing causation is to conduct a carefully designed

experiment in which the effects of possible lurking variables are controlled. To experiment

means to actively change x and to observe the response in y." (Moore, D. & McCabe,

D.,1993). This method was utilized in order to gather relevant information about how

vegetables can be turned into an organic pesticide which will be used on the actual

experiment.

Respondents of the Study

The respondents directly came from the researchers’ school namely Southbay

Montessori School ,located at the Brgy. Pagsawitan ,Sta.Cruz ,Laguna. The researchers will

provide a booth where 10 selected students and 10 selected farmers will test the product. In

relation to this study, purposive sampling technique was used in order to gather the tests’

results from the said respondents.

Sampling Technique

Purposive sampling was used in this study. Purposive sampling is a probability

sampling wherein the researchers specifically chose respondents according to their goal or

purpose. Purposive sampling is a sampling technique in which researchers relies on his or her

own judgment when choosing members of population to participate in the study.

Research Instrument

The researchers made a questionnaire to find out if the pesticide made was proven to

be effective. The questionnaire that was provided by the researchers was then given to the

respondents. A questionnaire can serve as a tool for collecting and obtaining information form

the respondents. Questionnaires are effective on gathering information because it can provide

more time for the respondents to think and to answer carefully on what questions are asked by

the researchers.

LEGEND INTERPRETATION

4.21 – 5.00
Very High

3.41 – 4.20
High

2.61 – 3.40
Moderately High

1.81 – 2.60
Low

1.00 – 1.80
Very Low

Table 1. Scale

Validity of the Questionnaires

 The researchers made a questionnaire to validate the study. It was given to 5 chosen

students and 5 chosen teachers which were not part of the actual respondents. Consideration

will be accepted for the suggestions and comments which will be the main basis of the final

revision and the editing of the questionnaires. It will be then submitted to an adviser for further

necessary review, suggestions and revisions.

Research Procedure

Data was collected from the respondents by utilizing a self-made questionnaires. The

questionnaires was personally handed down by the researchers to the respondents and after a

week, the questionnaires was collected by the researchers from the respondents. The purpose

of this questionnaires was carefully explained to the respondents. The main purpose of this

questionnaire is to gather and collect data from the respondents all for furthering the research

study.

Material Tools and Equipment

Materials Amount

Pure Neem Seed oil 6 ml

Warm water 150 ml

 Garlic 5 cloves

Onion 1 piece

Chilli 4 pcs

Organic detergent soap 2ml

Table 2. Materials and Amount

Procedure

This part shows the procedures needed to follow in order to create Organic Vegetable

Pesticide.

1. Blend the Garlic, Onion and Chilli together, then set aside.

2. While letting the Vegetables rest for a moment, mix the Neem oil and Warm water together.

3. After the Oil and Water were mixed together slowly pour the blended Onion, Garlic and

Chilli to the mixture continuously stirring.

4. When the concoction is done, carefully pour it inside the container.

Trials and Revision

This part shows the trial and errors of the researchers to create Organic

Vegetable Pesticide

Trials Preparation Result Revisions

1. The researchers The product lacks Due to lack of time

prepared the on Neem oil making making this

materials in a safe the Pesticide less procedure the

place effective product became

less effective
2. The researchers The researchers Due to the process
 prepared the add more Neem oil been made, the

product keeping in to make it more product became

mind the time effective effective.

needed to be used

on the procedure
Table 3. Trial and Revision

Statistical Treatment of Data

Descriptive Statistics such as frequency counts, percentage ,mean and standard

deviation were used to describe some parts of the research.