Div 09 Finishes

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1. 1-1/2 hours Average drying time of lacquer 14. 1. 9-5/8" x 9-5/8" Dimensions of parquet tiles
2. 14-1/2" x 14-1/2"
2. 1. 1.5mm Thicknesses of vinyl tiles
3. 19-1/4" x 19-1/4"
2. 2mm
4. 24" x 24".
3. 2.5mm
4. 3mm 15. 1. 200mm x 200mm Common sizes of cemen tile
(8"x8")
3. 1. 1" x 3" Nominal sizes of strips (strip flooring)
2. 300mm x 300mm
2. 1" x 4"
(12"x12")
3. 1" x 6";
3. 400mm x 400mm
4. 1. 2-1/4" Net (face) widths of strips (strip flooring0 (16"x16").
2. 3-1/4"
16. 1. Asphalt tile/sheet Resilient floor finishes
3. 5-1/4"
2. Vinyl tile/sheet
5. 1. 2 feet Widths of linoleum rolls 3. Rubber tile/sheet
2. 6 feet 4. Linoleum sheet
6. 1. 2mm Thicknesses of vinyl sheet 17. 1. Binder 3 Components of vehicle or liquid
2. 2.5mm 2. Drier portion of the paint
7. 1. 2" x 3"; or Dimension of sleepers where strip flooring 3. Thinner
2. 2" x 4" is nailed 18. 1. Bright glaze 2 General classes of glaze (Ceramic
8. 1. 3/8" Thickness of parquet tiles 2. Matte glaze tiles) finish
2. 5/15" 19. 1. Calcium Extender pigments include:
9. 1. 3/8"; and carbonate
2. ½" 2. Silica
3. Mica
20. 1. Ceiling board Ceiling finishes
2. Acoustic tile
21. 1. Cellulose fiber tile Types of acoustic tile
2. Mineral wool tile
3. Glass fiber tile
22. 1. Cement tile Tile finishes
Thicknesses of ceiling board 2. Ceramic tile
10. 1. 3/32" Thicknesses of rubber sheet flooring 23. 1. Chalking Paint defects
2. 1/8" 2. Sagging and
3. 3/16" running
4. 3/32" 3. Storm spotting
11. 1. 4"; and 4. Washing
2. 6" 5. Stains
6. Checking
7. Alligatoring
8. Cracking and
scaling
9. Blistering and
Peeling
10. Spot fading
11. Wrinkling
Width of ceiling board
24. 1. Dust-press Types of ceramic tile manufacturing
12. 1.8 meters (6 Width of vinyl sheet process processes
feet) 2. Plastic process
13. 1/8" to 1/4" Thickness of finish coat
25. 1. Glazed Types of ceramic tiles 34. 1. Plain Types of surfaces of
interior tiles 2. Textured glazed ceramic tiles
2. Ceramic 3. Polychrome
Mosaic Tiles 4. Mottled
3. Quarry 5. Stippled
tiles 6. Rippled
4. Pavers
35. 1. Plastic Principal
26. 1. Granolithic Floor finishes 2. Filler constituents of
2. Terrazzo 3. Flux or solvent ceramic tiles
27. 1. Hiding or Classification of white pigments 36. 1. Priming paints 2 types of Rust-
active 2. Finish paints inhibiting paints
pigments
37. 1. Service (1/16") 3 available gauges
2. Extender
2. Standard (3/32") of linoleum
pigments
3. Heavy (1/8")
28. 1. 4 Degrees of vitrification of ceramic tiles
38. 1. Solid vinyl 3 Major types of
Nonvitreous
2. Vinyl and asbestos combined vinyl resilient
tiles
3. A thin vinyl layer applied to other flooring
2.
types of resilient flooring materials
Semivitreous
tiles 39. 1. Strip flooring Wood floor finishes
3. Vitreous 2. Plank flooring
tiles 3. Parquet tile floor
4. 4. Linoleum sheets
Impervious 40. 1. Stucco or cement plaster Concrete surface
tiles 2. Rubbed finish finishes
29. 1. Oil driers Classification of driers (paint) 3. Brushed finish
2 Liquid 4. Tooled finish
driers 5. Sand-blast finish
6. Exposed aggregate finish
30. 1. Oil wood Wood stains
7. Wood float finish
stains
8. Steel trowelled finish
2. Water
9. Integral colored cement finish
stains
3. Spirit or 41. 1. Transparent finishes Paint finishes
alcohol stain 2. Opaque finishes

31. 1 parts The tiles shall be thoroughly soaked in water 42. 1. Tung or china oil (Paint)
portland before laying on a setting bed of cement 2. Soybean Other drying oils
cement to 3 mortar ([,blank,] part of Portland cement to 3. Fish oils used
parts sand [,blank,] parts of sand). 43. 1. Unglazed tiles Finishes of ceramic
32. 1. Paste Wood fillers 2. Glazed tiles tiles
fillers 44. 1. Water-base paint Types of paint
2. Crack 2. Oil-base paint according to
fillers solvent used
33. 1. Plain 5 classifications of linoleum 45. 1. White pigments Classification of
2. Marbled 2. Colored pigments pigments
3. Spatter
46. 1. Wood stains Transparent finishes
4. Straight-
2. Shellac
line inlaid
3. Varnish
5. Molded
4. Lacquer
inlaid
47. 1. zinc oxide Other active white
2. lithopone pigments
3. titanium dioxide
48. 3/8" Thickness of brown coat 67. Alkyd-resin -Type of paint where oil and resin emulsified in
or oil-resin water makes a heterogeneous finishing
49. 3/8" Thickness of scratch coat
emulsion material by an emulsifying agent such as
50. 3/32" Most common thickness of rubber sheet paints casein.
flooring -its great advantage is that its viscosity can be
51. 3 feet wide Width of rubber sheet flooring rolls easily reduced by the addition of water. Water
is added as a thinner for the same reason that
52. 4 to 24 Drying time of varnish
turpentine or mineral spirits is added to oil
hours
paints.
53. 5/8" Minimum thickness of terrazzo topping -Other advantages are that it dries quickly (two
54. 7/8" Net thickness of strips (strip flooring) coats can be applied the same day); it is easy
to apply; it is easy to recoat with itself or other
55. 9" x 9" Dimension of plain and marbled tiles paint, and it has little tendency to fade.
56. 10% High quality exterior paints contain not more 68. Alligatoring
than [,blank,]% of extender pigments
57. 12mm, For wooden subfloors, lumber must be
19mm, properly kiln-dried (or use [,blank,]mm or
11mm [,blank,]mm plywood). An [,blank,]mm
depression, depression below the finish floor level is
10mm thick necessary for [,blank,]mm thick parquet tile
flooring.
58. 25mm (1") Thickness of cement tile
-an advance state of checking, varying in
59. 30 feet Length of linoleum rolls degree to a coarse texturing of the finish film.
60. 35% The vehicle of a paint should not contain more -cause involves application of a harder drying
than [,blank,]% of the paint's volume by weight finish over soft or slow-drying under-coats.
-cure of condition, if extensive, requires
61. 50 meters Length of vinyl sheet
removal of the film and repainting.
62. 50mm (2") When installing cement tile, the top of the base -prevention necessitates precautions noted
slab shall be left [,blank,]mm below the finish above to prevent checking
floor.
69. Asphalt tile -This consists of thoroughly bonded
63. 65% A good exterior paint should contain not less & sheet composition of thermoplastic binder (asphaltic
than [,blank,]% pigment by weight. finish type for standard asphalt tile and resinous for
64. 85% to 95% A good paint's vehicle will contain [,blank,]% to greaseproof asphalt tile), asbestos and other
[,blank,]% drying oil and the rest thinners and fibers, inert filler materials (various stone dust,
driers. diatomite, mica, etc.) and inert color pigments,
formed under pressure while hot and cut to
65. 300mm x Dimensions of vinyl tiles size.
300mm
70. Binder Component of the vehicle (of paint) which
66. Acoustic forms the film
tile
71. Bleaching White shellac is obtained by [,blank,]
72. Blind Method of nailing used in strip flooring
nailing

is used for ceiling and wall finishes in rooms

where it is required to control sound by
absorption.
73. Blistering 75. Brushed
and finish
Peeling

This type of finish is obtained by scrubbing or

brushing the concrete surface with fiber or wire
brushes and water to remove the surface film or
mortar, leaving the coarse aggregate exposed.
-characterized by swelling of the entire film which
This should be done while the concrete surface is
is usually followed by a break in the film and
still green and just as soon as it is possible to do
subsequent peeling.
so without removing particles of the aggregate.
-cause is water pressure from behind the film due
to faulty construction that allows moisture
Its appearance can be improved by washing with
seepage or abnormal condensation. This is a
a diluted solution of acid applied with a brush.
mechanical damage that may occur whatever the
The acid thoroughly cleans the surface of the
type or quality of paint used.
aggregate, thereby intensifying the color and
-sometimes also results also when damp surfaces
texture of the same.
are covered by quick-drying paints.
-This type of damage may be evident on wood,
The surface should be thoroughly washed after
stucco or masonry surfaces.
the acid treatment as otherwise it will have a
-cure of condition requires complete removal of
mottled, streaky appearance.
the paint and repainting as for new work.
- prevention necessitates permanent removal of 76. Ceiling
the moisture sources, often involving extensive board
repairs and waterproofing.
74. Bright (Ceramic tiles)
glaze A type of glaze finish which have a highly
polished surface and reflect an image clearly

These are shiplapped boards with a bead running

along the center of the board and along the joint,
hence it is often referred as beaded ceiling board
(B.C.B.)
77. Cellulose Type of acoustic tile made from compressed
fiber tile sugar cane or wood fibers with perforations on
the surface of the tile.
78. Cement manufactured by pressing in moulds a plastic
tile mixture of cement and sand. Surface color of the
tile is achieved by the addition of mineral oxide
colors.
79. Ceramic 82. Checking
Mosaic
Tiles

-characterized by minute cracks on the surface of

elastic paint films. Usually it is not a serious film
defect, for checks do not extend through the film.
-cause is improper application or improper
formulation of undercoats. The finish film is
Types of ceramic tile which are tiles less than 6 sq.
applied over a body coat not quite enough for a
in. in facial area, preponderantly unglazed, and
proper foundation. Unequal tensions occur in
having fully vitrified or fairly dense bodies.
drying and small surface checks result.
80. Ceramic are small surfacing units made from clay or -cure of condition involves wire brushing affected
tile mixture of clay with other ceramic materials and areas and repainting if checking does not
fired according various processes. disappear under influence of normal wear.
81. Chalking -prevention involves allowance of sufficient
drying time between coats and formulation of the
body coat with a minimum amount of oil in order
to develop a hard foundation for finish
83. Crack (Wood fillers)
fillers Plastic wood putty, stick shellac, etc. They are
used for filling nails holes, cracks and dents.

-evidenced by surface dusting and rapid thinning

of the film, sometimes to bare wood.
-caused by improper formulation or paint
application.
-May be prevented by strict adherence to high
standards of paint formulation and application.
84. Cracking 89. Exposed
and aggregate
scaling finish

-characterized by irregular cracks that
subsequently curl at the edge, flake and finally
scale off. Over wood, scaling is usually most
marked in direction of or across the grain.
-is a wear characteristic of hard-drying paints that
contain large proportions of zinc oxide pigment.
-comes from the water pressure when moisture
seeps through the crack to the original surface.
The condition is common to any surface coated
with paint improperly formulated to withstand
local conditions.
-cure of condition at an early stage requires
vigorous brushing and recoating with a less brittle
film
-prevention involves formulation to produce a
tougher, more elastic film. Usually this means an
increased percentage of white lead
85. Drier Component of the vehicle (of paint) which speeds
up formulation of the film
A type of concrete finish wherein the color is
obtained from exposed aggregate and not by
adding coloring material to the mixture.
90. Extender -are inert pigments which when mixed with
pigments the drying oils possess very little hiding
power.
-often referred to as fillers, extenders, or
suspenders.
-They serve to prevent the primary pigment
from settling in a hard mass at the bottom of
the paint can.
91. Face nailing Method of nailing usually used in plank
flooring
92. filler Principal constituent of ceramic tiles which
reduces shrinkage in drying and firing and
imparts to the body a certain rigidity which
prevents deformation under heat, e.g. flint or
finely pulverized silica, kaolin, tale

86. Driers are added to the vehicle of paints containing 93. Finish paint Examples of this type of rust-inhibiting paint
drying oils to accelerate the hardening of paint by are lead sulfate and zinc dust
speeding the union of the oil with oxygen from 94. Flux or Principal constituent of ceramic tiles which
the air. solvent melts under intense heat and fuses the heat
87. Dust- A ceramic tile manufacturing process wherein tiles resisting elements into a solid mass.
press are shaped in steel dies by applying heavy 95. - for exterior Vinyl flooring should not be used:
Process pressure to the damp ceramic mix while it is in floor
finely pulverized form. This method of production surfaces
gives greater mechanical precision and a more - in areas
regular appearance to the tiles than other where
methods specific
88. Enamel paints which use varnish as a vehicle. They have chemicals
paints the ability of levelling brush marks, are more that attack
resistant to washing and rough usage, and have a vinyl are
harder and tougher film. They can have either a used
glossy, semi glossy or matt finish. 96. Glass fiber Type of acoustic tile made of glass fibers held
tile together by binder. Thickness is 1-1/4". Sizes
are 23-3/4" x 23-3/4" or 47-3/4".
97. Glazed 103. Integral
interior colored
tiles cement
finish

When the concrete is still green but surface

water is gone, the surface is leveled with a
straight wood screed. Then a finish coat of 1:3
Types of ceramic tile which are non-vitreous plaster is applied. This finish coat is leveled with a
product made by the dust-press-process . wood screed, given a wood float finish and then
steel-trowelled
98. Glazed
tiles 104. Lac is a resin exuded by certain insects in India in the
twigs of trees.
105. Lacquer is made synthetically, and is closely related to
rayon or nylon fabrics. It requires a special
thinner sold by each manufacturer for his own
brand.
106. Latex preferred paint for the plaster, cement, concrete
paint and masonry
107. Linoleum recommended in areas:
have a glassy surface of ceramic materials
- where a resilient, durable, colorful, greaseproof,
fused upon their face to give them a
waterproof type of flooring is needed;
decorative appearance and to make the
- where there is spillage of water such as baths
surface impervious to moisture.
and toilet rooms;
99. Granolithic This consists of a topping with a mixture of 1 - where there is spillage of grease, fruit juices,
finish part cement, 1 part sand and 1 part finely etc. such as kitchens, cafeterias; for countertops
crushed stone. It is called granolithic because and desk tops where heavy wear, grease and
fine aggregate chips were originally used in the cooking spillage occur.
aggregate.
108. Linoleum is resilient, waterproof floor covering that
consists of a backing covered with a relatively
Finely ground corundum may also be a part of
thick layer of wearing surface. This wearing
the aggregate to produce an enduring and
surface is a mixture that contains oxidized linseed
non-slip surface .
oil processed in a special way, combined with
100. Hiding or are those which when mixed with the drying wood or cork flour, various fillers, stone dust,
active oil, produces an opaque finishing material. whiting, diatomite), resins binders, driers and inert
pigments color pigments.
101. Hydrated lime is often added to stucco to make the 109. Liquid (Paint)
lime mortar easier to work. driers Type of drier which are inorganic compounds of
102. Impervious (Ceramic tiles) lead, manganese and cobalt, which are dissolved
tiles are the hardest. Their moisture absorption is in turpentine or benzene and which mix readily
negligible and they are readily cleansed of with the oil at ordinary temperatures.
stains and dirt. 110. Matte (Ceramic tiles)
glaze A type of glaze finish which do not clearly reflect
an image or are entirely without sheen
111. Mineral Type of acoustic tile which has limited 122. Parquet
wool tile acoustic values, is flame retardant but will not tile
withstand rough usage and cannot be flooring
painted. It is available in ½, 5/8, 2/4, 7/8 and 1
in. thickness. Sizes are 12"x12", 12"x24" and
24"x24".
112. Minimal most widely used flux in floor and wall tiles
feldspar
113. Nonvitreous (Ceramic tiles)
tiles have a degree of density that permits
moisture absorption of more than 7% of the Also called block flooring, consists of square
weight of the tile but does not prevent the tile pieces or blocks which have been built up in
from having a high degree of strength. several layers like plywood and having a veneered
114. Oil-based Type of paint wherein the solvent is an surface, or consists of several parquet strips
paint organic liquid assembled at the factory to form a tile.

115. Oil driers (Paint)

This type of flooring may also be nailed to a
Type of drier (vehicle component) used in
wood subfloor or set in mastic to a concrete
powdered or crystalline form such as litharge
subfloor.
(monoxide of lead), manganese dioxide,
borate 123. Paste (Wood fillers)
fillers -Composed of silex (stone dust), japan-drier,
116. Oil paint contains white lead as the white paint
linseed oil, turpentine, and sometimes colors
pigment, color pigments and extenders in a
ground in oil
vehicle consisting of a drying oil, usually
-applied with the grain and allowed to dry "flat"
linseed oil, dryers, and turpentine as the
for about 10 minutes. It is then wiped off across
solvent or thinner.
the grain with burlap or some other coarse
117. Oil paint Principal paint for exterior wood surface material
118. Oil Which is more durable oil varnish or spirit -requires about 24 hours for drying before it can
varnishes varnish? be sanded.

119. Oil wood A wood stain which pigments are derived 124. Pavers Types of ceramic tile which are standard size
stains from various earth clays. After they are unglazed tiles resembling ceramic mosaic tiles in
dissolved in linseed oil, the coloring particles composition and physical characteristics but
remain suspended between the oil molecules. usually having facial area of 6 sq. in. or more.
For spreading the color particles over large Because of their greater size, which usually ranges
surfaces, the ground oil color is thinned with from 3"x3" to 6"x6", these tiles are generally not
turpentine. pasted onto paper but are laid out individually.
When by the plastic method, it is either vitreous
120. Orange Natural color of shellac and semivitreous
121. Paint is a mixture containing a pigment and a 125. Pigment is that solid, finely ground portion which gives to
vehicle. paint the power to obscure, hide or color the
surface.
126. Plank 132.
flooring
This type of flooring consists of square-edged
boards 8" or more in width as are commonly
found in old Spanish- period houses.
127. Plastic Principal constituent of ceramic tiles which are
usually clays having high bonding power and
some fluxing ability
128. Plastic A ceramic tile manufacturing process wherein
Process tiles are shaped from clay rendered plastic by
mixing with sufficient water. They are made either
by hand molding or by extrusion from an auger-
machine. When shaped by machine, the extruded
ribbon of clay is cut into the desired sizes as it
emerges from the die. Most types of tile made by
this method vary slightly from the true geometric
forms and therefore have a more hand-made
appearance than to dust-pressed tiles. 133.
129. Portland a water-base paint (where the solvent is water)
cement- used for painting concrete and masonry surfaces
base 134.
paints
130. Priming Examples of this type of rust-inhibiting paint are
paint red lead, litharge, lead chromate
131. Quarry Types of ceramic tile which are unglazed floor
tiles tiles made from natural clays or shales by the
plastic method. They are a very durable flooring
material, being impervious to moisture, stains and
dirt, and are resistant to abrasion .
Rubbed
finish
This consists of grinding down the surface of the
concrete a day or two after it is poured, using a
brick of carborundum, emery or soft natural
stone.
With the rubbing, which is done with a circular
motion, a thin grout of cement and sand is
applied to the surface and well rubbed in to fill
surface imperfections, and the work afterward
washed down with clean water.
If fine sand is used instead of a grout, the
method is called a sand-float finish .
Rubber are as a rule made of neutral rubber for greatest
floor resilience.
tiles
Rust- protective paints for ferrous metal
inhibiting
paints
135. Sagging and 141. Shellac is an under or a preparatory coat for varnish and
running wax finishes, but is not satisfactory as an
indepen-dent finish because it is not durable and
turns white from contact with water. It is also
used to cover wood knots before a priming lead
and oil coat is applied because it kills the resin in
the knot and prevents discoloration.
142. Spirit or A wood stain mixed with alcohol-solution anilyne
alcohol powders and warmed alcohol.
stain
-marked by irregular wavy lines that texture
143. Spot -characterized by color changes and flatting of
an otherwise smooth finish film.
fading gloss in irregular patches on the film.
-cause is usually paint formulation with too
-cause is from uneven oil absorption, usually a
low a pigment volume, or too heavy and
result of insufficient coats or a priming coat
careless an application of a thin-consistency
improperly formulated to penetrate and
paint. It occurs sometimes when repainting an
adequately seal surface pores. It may be
interior if an original gloss surface has not
emphasized when "skimping" is attempted, that is,
been cut by light sanding.
application of two coats when three are needed,
-Cure of condition necessitates sanding the
or the use of a cheaply formulated paint.
irregularities and repainting. Prevention
-cure of condition is repainting
involves maintaining proper proportions of
-prevention requires merely the exercise of
pigment and linseed oil as to formulation and
proper painting technique
careful brushing of properly thinned paint as
to application 144. Stains -are surface discolorations which often
disappear gradually as the paint film wears.
136. Same as for Sizes, thicknesses and methods of application
Sometimes, however, they go through the film
vinyl floor of rubber floor tiles
necessitating its removal and subsequent
tiles
repainting.
137. same as Method of application of rubber sheet -Metal stains are sometimes caused by water
linoleum flooring dripping from exposed metal.
138. Sand-blast -Prevention involves coating metal. Galvanized
finish iron should be painted with metallic zinc dust in
spar varnish or paint containing zinc oxide.
145. Steel
trowelled
finish

-is very much the same in appearance as that

obtained by brushing the concrete while it is
still green.
-produces a granulated finish somewhat After the concrete aggregate is forced below
similar to sandstone but not so uniform, the surface, the surface is leveled with a straight
because the aggregates are likely to be wood screed, and given a wood float finish.
brought out irregularly. Before the concrete finally sets, the entire
139. Semivitreous (Ceramic tiles) surface is steel-trowelled
tiles have a degree of density that limits moisture 146. Sticklac Lac is a resin exuded by certain insects in India in
absorption to from 3 to 7% of the weight of the twigs of trees. These twigs with the resin
the tile. attached are called [,blank,] and are crushed
140. Shellac is made by refining seed lac and washed to produce seed lac.
147. Storm 151. Terrazzo a mixture of cement, marble chip aggregates and
spotting water laid as a topping or as a wall finish, and
ground to a fine, smooth surface.
152. Terrazzo a mixture of cement, marble chip aggregates and
finish water laid as a topping or as a wall finish, and
ground to a fine, smooth surface.

It is used for floor and bases where durability,

resistance to wear, and minimal maintenance are
necessary. It is available either in precast form e.g.
tile, or cast-in-place form, with either a smoothly
polished or non-slip surface.

-usually occurring after continuous rains and For non-slip surfaces, abrasive granules are
electric storms, are characterized by unsightly added to the mixture.
and irregular color changes. 153. Thinner Component of the vehicle (of paint) which is the
-Rain sometimes absorbs nitrates and peroxides volatile solvent
formed by electrical discharges and penetrates
154. Thinners act as a solvent both for the materials of the paint
the paint film, changing the refractive index of
and for the resin in the wood surface thereby
the coating.
providing greater penetration and anchorage in
-Cure of condition can sometimes be
the wood pores. It improves the brushing and
accomplished by rubbing spots with alcohol.
spreading qualities of the paint and also hastens
Subsequent weathering usually restores the
its drying by absorbing oxygen from the air and
original color within a month or two.
transferring it to the drying oil.
148. Strip
155. Tooled
flooring
finish

-Concrete surfaces may be finished by tooling by

This type of flooring consists of tongue-and- any of the methods employed for dressing or
grooved (T&G) boards 6" or less in width. finishing natural stone.
149. Stucco
Bush hammering, either by hand or by pneumatic
tool, is the most popular method used in tooling
concrete surfaces. The best results are obtained
on surfaces which are thoroughly hard.

The concrete should preferably be about 2

months old.
is a mortar consisting of cement, sand and
Only small-sized aggregate should be used in the
water.
facing material, as it is hard to dress and obtain
150. Synthetic -is made from synthetic latex which acts as the uniform results where large angular stones are
latex pigment binder and the film-forming material encountered.
(rubber- for the paint.
base) -paints have little tendency to turn yellow -cannot ordinarily be performed satisfactorily on
paints because, unlike oil paints, they absorb very little gravel concrete, as the pebbles will be dislodged
oxygen from the air. before being chipped.
156. Turpentine a spirit obtained by steam distillation of the 166. volatile facilitates application and contributes, through its
resin or gum which exudes from pine trees. solvent evaporation, to the drying of the paint, but is not
(The residue of the distillation is known as a permanent part of the film.
rosin, used in the making of varnish.) Other
167. Washing -is characterized by streaking on the surface,
thinners include mineral spirits (petroleum
fading color, the final exposure of the original
distillation products) benzol, solvent naptha.
surface and accumulation of pigment particles
157. Turpentine is also added to the first or priming coat to below the painted area
assist the penetration of the paint and in much -caused by water-soluble compounds in
smaller quantities to the outer coats especially pigments of poor paints or soluble compounds
for exterior work. which develop by chemical reactions in the paint
Because it dries without a gloss, it is mixed are dissolved during rain storms and wash out of
with the final coats for interior finishes when a the film.
flat or dull finish is required. -also when paints are applied during periods of
high humidity and low temperatures, the film
158. Turpentine (Paint)
structure may be injured during the drying
Best thinner
period.
159. Unglazed
168. Water Thinner used for Alkyd-resin or oil-resin emulsion
tiles
paints
169. Water- Type of paint wherein the solvent is water
base
paint
170. Water A wood stain made from anilyne dyes and
are composed of the same ingredients stains mineral extracts which have been dissolved in
throughout and derive their color and texture hot water
from the materials of which the body is made. 171. White -The most widely used active pigment
160. Varnish Should never be applied when the weather is lead -will produce and excellent durable paint when
moist or humid used alone with linseed oil

161. Varnish It is a resolution of resin in drying oil (oil 172. Wrinkling -not to be confused with alligatoring, is marked
varnish) or in a voltatile solvent such as by a tough, leather-like texturing.
alcohol or turpentine (spirit varnish). It -cause is usually when paint is put on too thickly
contains no pigment and hardens into a and not well brushed out and may be
smooth, hard and glossy coat by the oxidation contributed to by formulation if too high a
of the oil or by the evaporation of the alcohol. proportion of oil is used in finish coats.
-cure of condition requires only sanding and
162. Vehicle is the fluid portion of the paint. It carries the repainting if texture is slight. Otherwise, film
particles of the pigment in suspension and by removal is indicated with subsequent painting as
the oxidation deposits and hardening binds for new work .
them to painted surface or by evaporation -prevention requires strict adherence to high
deposits them thereon. standards of paint formulation and thorough
163. Vinyl is recommended where a colorful, textured, brushing out in application
flooring tough, durable, easily maintained, grease-
resistant type of finish flooring is required for
areas of both light and heavy human traffic.
164. Vitreous (Ceramic tiles)
tiles have a moisture absorption of less than 3%
and a body density which prevents any
penetration of dirt hat cannot be easily
removed.
165. Vitrification is a measure of the tile's density and relative
absorption which depends partly on the tile's
composition and partly on the degree of
burning