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Learning Objectives

At the end of the lesson, students will be able to:

Vectors and Scalars 1. Differentiate between vectors and scalar quantities.
2. Determine quantities that are appropriate to be represented by
a vector and represent these vectors geometrically.
3. Name vectors in component form and use them to solve
problems involving addition and subtraction.
4. Solve problems involving quantities that can be represented
Physics for Engineers by vectors.
5. Solve vector problem using component method

Scalar Vector
Scalar Magnitude
A SCALAR is ANY Example A VECTOR is ANY Vector Magnitude
quantity in physics that Speed 20 m/s quantity in physics that & Direction
has MAGNITUDE, but has BOTH Velocity 20 m/s, N
NOT a direction MAGNITUDE and
associated with it. Distance 10 m DIRECTION. Acceleration 10 m/s/s, E
Magnitude – A numerical Force 5 N, West

   
value with units. Age 15 years
Vectors are typically illustrated by
Heat 1000
calories v , x, a, F drawing an ARROW above the symbol.
The arrow is used to convey direction
and magnitude.

1. A boat traveling 50 mph 20°east of north

1. A car traveling 40 mph.
2. An object falling straight down at 15 mph
3. A worker pushing an object with a force of 30 newtons
2. A motorcycle traveling 60 mph due north.

3. A train traveling 40mph east to the beach. #3 There is a magnitude, but no direction!

4. A child’s weight on a scale.

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Vectors are used to represent vector quantities on a diagram. A vector is

composed of a line segment drawn to scale with an arrowhead at one end.
The tail of the vector is at its origin and the tip is at the terminal point
Collinear Vectors
(arrowhead). The length of the vector represents its magnitude and the
arrowhead indicates its direction.
 are vectors that exist in the same dimension.
 B
Initial Point a Terminal Point  they exist either in the same direction or in
or tail or tip
the opposite direction.
A

A vector is a quantity that has both magnitude (size of the

quantity) and direction.
The vector above can be written as a.
The magnitude is written as
When physical quantities can be represented by a single Equivalent vectors
Are vectors with the same magnitude
real number, they are called a scalar. and direction

Non-collinear Vectors Vector direction

 are vectors that exist in more than one

dimension. v v

 They are located along different straight lines.

α
v

True Bearing
is always
measured
Quadrant bearing clockwise from the Standard Position
v is between 0° and 90° east north-south line. is measured counter
or west of the north-south line. True bearings are clockwise from 0°.
v is S70°E always given in
three digits. 050°

Vector Direction: Quadrant Bearing

Vector Direction: Name the direction of vector r, 3 different ways.

N N
NW NE
W of N E of N r Standard Position: 120°
N of E
N of W Quadrant Bearing: N30°W
W E W E
S of W S of E True Bearing: 330°

W of S E of S SE
SW
S S

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Component Form of a Vector:

v
Identify the vector:
t = 14.3 feet per second at bearing 078°
u = 7.8 feet per second at bearing S40°E
v = 15.8 feet per second at a standard
position of 108°
t
The Magnitude of a Vector in a Coordinate Plane:

The Magnitude of a Vector in a Component Form:

u
v

Click here for the

solution:

Applications of Vectors Applications of Vectors

VECTOR ADDITION – If 2 similar vectors point in the SAME
direction, add them.
VECTOR SUBTRACTION - If 2 vectors are going in
opposite directions, you SUBTRACT.
 Example: A man walks 54.5 meters east, then another 30
meters east. Calculate his displacement relative to where he  Example: A man walks 54.5 meters east, then 30
started?
meters west. Calculate his displacement relative to
54.5 m, E + 30 m, E Notice that the SIZE of where he started?
the arrow conveys
54.5 m, E
MAGNITUDE and the -
84.5 m, E way it was drawn 30 m, W
conveys DIRECTION.
24.5 m, E

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Non-Collinear Vectors BUT…..what about the VALUE of the

When 2 vectors are perpendicular, you must use angle???
the Pythagorean theorem.
Just putting North of East on the answer is NOT specific enough
A man walks 95 km, East then 55 for the direction. We MUST find the VALUE of the angle.
km, north. Calculate his
The hypotenuse in Physics Finish RESULTANT DISPLACEMENT.
is called the RESULTANT. To find the value of the
angle we use a Trig
c2  a 2  b2  c  a2  b2 function called TANGENT.
109.8 km
55 km, N c  Resultant  952  552 55 km, N
Vertical
c  12050  109.8 km opposite side 55
Component Tanq    0.5789
Horizontal Component q N of E adjacent side 95
95 km,E 95 km,E q  Tan 1 (0.5789)  30
Start
The LEGS of the triangle are called the COMPONENTS So the COMPLETE final answer is : 109.8 km, 30 degrees North of East

What if you are missing a component? Example

Suppose a person walked 65 m, 25 degrees East of North. What A bear, searching for food wanders 35 meters east then 20 meters north.
were his horizontal and vertical components? Frustrated, he wanders another 12 meters west then 6 meters south. Calculate
the bear's displacement.
The goal: ALWAYS MAKE A RIGHT 23 m, E
TRIANGLE! - =

To solve for components, we often use

the trig functions since and cosine. 12 m, W
H.C. = ? - =
14 m, N
6 m, S
adjacent side opposite side
V.C = ?
cosineq  sineq  20 m, N
hypotenuse hypotenuse
25 65 m R  14 2  232  26.93m
adj  hyp cos q opp  hyp sin q
14
adj  H .C.  65 cos 25  58.9m, E 35 m, E R 14 m, N Tanq   .6087
23
opp  V .C.  65 sin 25  27.5m, N q
q  Tan (0.6087)  31.3
1

23 m, E
The Final Answer: 26.93 m, 31.3 degrees NORTH of EAST

Example Example
A boat moves with a velocity of 15 m/s, N in a river which A plane moves with a velocity of 63.5 m/s at 32 degrees South of East. Calculate
flows with a velocity of 8.0 m/s, west. Calculate the the plane's horizontal and vertical velocity components.
boat's resultant velocity with respect to due north.

Rv  82  152  17 m / s adjacent side opposite side

8.0 m/s, W cosineq  sineq 
8 H.C. =? hypotenuse hypotenuse
15 m/s, N
Tanq   0.5333 32 adj  hyp cos q opp  hyp sin q
Rv q 15 V.C. = ?

63.5 m/s
q  Tan 1 (0.5333)  28.1 adj  H .C.  63.5 cos 32  53.85 m / s, E
opp  V .C.  63.5 sin 32  33.64 m / s, S

The Final Answer : 17 m/s, @ 28.1 degrees West of North

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Example Components of Vector

A storm system moves 5000 km due east, then shifts course at 40
degrees North of East for 1500 km. Calculate the storm's 
resultant displacement.
adjacent side opposite side
cosine q  sine q 
1500 km hypotenuse hypotenuse
V.C.
adj  hyp cos q opp  hyp sin q
40
5000 km, E H.C.
adj  H .C.  1500 cos 40  1149.1 km, E
opp  V .C.  1500 sin 40  964.2 km, N H.C. Components of a Vector. The original vector, defined
relative to a set of axes. The H.C. stretches from the
start of the vector to its furthest x-coordinate. The V.C.
5000 km + 1149.1 km = 6149.1 km R  6149.12  964.2 2  6224.14 km V.C. stretches from the x-axis to the most vertical point on
964.2 the vector. Together, the two components and the
Tanq   0.157 vector form a right triangle.
6149.1
R
964.2 km q  Tan (0.364)  8.91
1

q
6149.1 km The Final Answer: 6224.14 km @ 8.91
degrees, North of East

Adding vectors using Component Example

Method



Vector X-component Y-component

A 5000 cos 0 5000 sin 0
B 1500 cos 40 1500 sin 40

The Final Answer: 6224.14 km @ 8.91

degrees, North of East

Example Example

Four vectors, A, B, C and D, are shown in the
Vectors x-component y-component
figure. The sum of these four vectors is a vector
A 35 cos 0 35 sin 0 having magnitude and direction.
B 20 cos 90 20 sin 90
C 12 cos 180 12 sin 180
D 6 cos 270 6 sin 270

The Final Answer: 26.93 m, 31.3 degrees NORTH of EAST

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Solution Example

Vectors x-component y-component
A 6 cos 90 6 sin 90
B 4 cos 210 4 sin 210
C 6 cos 270 6 sin 270
F2
D 4 cos 330 4 sin 330
R=8N
F1= 5 N

The Final Answer: 4 cm, South

Why Rx = 0? Because the resultant is a vertical vector.

No Horizontal vector

Rx = F1x + F2x Ry = F1y + F2y

0 = 5 cos 45 + F2x 8 = 5 sin 45 + F2y
F2y = 8 - 5 sin 45 = 4.46 N
F2x = -5 cos 45 = -3.53 N

F2

R=8N
F1= 5 N