Water Resources of the world

Water Resources of the world

Over the last century

• Human population has increased 3x

• Global water withdrawal has increased 7x

• Per capita water withdrawal has increased

4x
About one-sixth of the world’s people don't
have easy access to safe water

Most water resources are owned by

Government and are managed as
publicly owned resources
Use of Water Resources in Pakistan
PAKISTAN

5% 2%
 Agriculture
Industry Public
 Industry
1
2
 Domestic 3
Agriculture

93%
Principal source of drinking water
GROUND WATER

Most of the rural areas and

many major cities rely on it,
although some cities such as
Islamabad, Karachi, Hyderabad
etc, get water from a number of
other sources
About 80% of Punjab has fresh
Groundwater
In Sindh, less than 30% of
groundwater is fresh
In Khyber Pukhtoonkhwa, increasing
abstraction has resulted in wells
now reaching into saline layers
Balochistan also has saline groundwater
Ground Water cycle
Flowing
artesian well

Precipitation
Evaporation and transpiration
Well requiring a pump

Evaporation
Confined
Recharge Area

Runoff

Aquifer Stream
Infiltration Water table
Lake
Infiltration
Unconfined aquifer

Confined aquifer
Less permeable material
such as clay
Confirming permeable rock layer
Problems Using Groundwater
Water Table Lowering
Depletion
SALTWATER INTRUSION is the movement of saline
water into fresh water aquifers
Reduced Stream Flow
The drying up of wells

Groundwater in
the sub basin of
Quetta would be
exhausted by 2016
In Islamabad, the drop
has been 50 feet
between 1986 and 2001
In Lahore, the drop has been about 20
feet between 1993 and 2001.
Punjab has the best rural
water supply
The vast majority of the Rural Water Supply i
rural population has Pakistan
either piped water or
water from a hand
pump or motor
pump.
Only 7 % of the rural population depends
on a dug well or a river, canal or stream.
Sindh is considerably worse:
some 24% of the rural
population depend on these
sources
Situation in Khyber
Pukhtoonkhwa is worse
still 46%
 In Balochistan, 72% of the rural
population depend on dug well or
.
from a river/canal/stream
Human Water Needs

•A person needs about

1 gallon water/day
for hydration
In the Pakistan each person uses about 188 gallons/day

An additional 657 gallons/person/day

are used for irrigation, industrial use
If world’s water supply were 100 liters,
the usable supply would be about 0.5 tsp
 US has highest per
capita water withdrawal,
followed by Canada,
Australia, Russia, Japan
Water Condition in Pakistan
Pakistan has decreased from 5,000 in 1951
to 1000 cubic meter per Annum in 2010
2010 and 2025 have reached 173 million and 267
million respectively
 The situation could get
worse in areas where it is
already below 1000m3 per
head
WATER AVAILABILITY
Per Capita Water Availability
Years Population Per Capita
(million) Availability (m3)
1951 34 5000
1961 46 3950
1971 65 2700
1981 84 2100
1991 115 1600
2000 148 1200
2013 207 850
2025 267 659
WATER AVAILABILITY IN PAKISTAN
 The water Shortage
The water shortage in the agriculture
sector is another serious issue.
29% for the year 2010 and 33%
for 2025.
Today groundwater contributes a merely 48% of the water available
The hike in the cost of electricity in 1990s and the
development of new technologies have led to a
considerable increase of diesel pumps whose numbers
have grown 6 times over the last 30 years. (SOE 2005)
WATER QUALITY IN PAKISTAN
WATER QUALITY IN PAKISTAN
• Domestic and Industrial waste are discharged
directly or indirectly in fresh water
• Only 3 waste treatment plants are present in
Pakistan
• Only some 8% of urban wastewater is treated in
municipal treatment plants.
• In Sindh 95% of shallow groundwater supplies are
bacteriologically contaminated
• In Punjab, approximately 36% of the population is
exposed Arsenic (10ppb)
Pakistan
Pakistan
• Rapid increase in
Population
• Urbanization
• Industrial Development
• Non development of
Water resources

• Extended Drought
Sources of water pollution

Sources of water pollution

• Municipal Sewage
• Industrial Water Pollution
• Agriculture Water Pollution
Municipal Sewage

It has been estimated that

around 2,000 million gallons of
sewage is being discharged to
surface water bodies every day
in Pakistan (Pak-SCEA 2006)
NCS states that 40% of death
are related to water born diseases
Drinking Water Supply Lines Conditions in Pakistan

Water is contaminated
with
• Lead
• PCBs
• Cyanides
• Mercury
• Hospital Waste
• Pharma Waste
It is estimated that 50% Nationally (less than 20% in many
rural areas), with only about 10% of collected sewage is
effectively treated
Industrial Water Pollution
Most industries in the country are located in or
around major cities and are recognized as key
sources of increasing pollution in natural streams,
rivers, as well as the Arabian Sea to which the
toxic effluents are discharged
 Major Industrial Contributors to Water
Pollution in Pakistan

Petrochemicals, Paper and

pulp, Food processing, Sugar,
Textile, Cement and fertilizer
produce more than 80% of the
total industrial effluents
 Sugarcane Based Industry

• A major cause of
industrial water pollution due
to discharge of wastewater
containing high pollutant
concentrations

• Several hundred thousand

tons of wastewater is
generated per day
In Pakistan, only 1% of wastewater is treated by industries
before being discharged directly into rivers and drains
Tanneries
It may take hundreds or even
thousands of years for pollutants
such as toxic metals from the
tanneries to be flushed out of a
contaminated aquifer
In K.P, 80,000 m3 of industrial effluents
containing a very high level of pollutants are
discharged every day into the river Kabul
In Karachi, Sindh Industrial Trading Estate (SITE) and
Korangi Industrial and Trading Estate (KITE), two of
the biggest industrial estates in Pakistan, there is no
effluent treatment plant and the waste containing
hazardous materials, heavy metals, oil etc. is
discharged into rivers.
In Multan, a fertilizer factory discharges its waste untreated
to cultivated land causing death of livestock and increasing
health risk to humans. (WB-CWRAS Paper 8, 2005)
In Lahore, only 3 out of some
100 industries using
hazardous chemicals treat
their wastewater. Biological
Oxygen Demand (BOD)
levels in water courses
receiving these wastes are as
high as 800mg/l and Mercury
levels over 5 mg/l
In Faisalabad, one of
the biggest industrial
cities, there is little
segregation of
domestic and
industrial wastes
Agriculture Water Pollution
According NWP, the irrigation network of Pakistan
is the largest infrastructural approximately $ 300
billion of investment, 25% to the country's GDP.
provides 90 % of food and fiber The remaining 10 %
arid.
 This includes runoff and leaching
Fertilizers
xcv
pesticide drift and volatilization
erosion and dust from cultivation,
animal manure
The study revealed that in Punjab, Sindh and
Balochistan and all drains were carrying saline
and sodic waters due to high values of Total
Dissolved Solids (TDS) and Residual Sodium
Carbonate (RSC) and all of them also had very
high values for Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
and Biological Oxygen Demand(BOD).
The contribution of agricultural drainage to
the overall contamination of the water
resources exists but is marginal compared to
the industrial and domestic pollution.
For example, in Sindh, the pollution of water
due to irrigation is only 3.21% of the total
Pollution (SOE 2005)
Source of contamination of Water
Pollution
 Point sources

 Nonpoint sources
Point and Non point
NONPOINT SOURCES

Rural homes

Urban streets Cropland

Animal feedlot

Suburban POINT
development SOURCES Factory

Wastewater
treatment
plant
 Classification of the Cause of Water
Pollution

• Inorganic Water Pollution

• Organic Water Pollution
Inorganic Pollutants
• Pre-production
industrial raw material

• Heavy metals including

acid mine drainage
Inorganic Pollutants
• Chemical waste as
industrial by-products

• Acidity due to industrial

discharges like sulphur
dioxide
Fertilizers in runoff from agriculture
including nitrates and phosphates
Phosphates and Nitrates
• Phosphates—mostly a result
of sewage
outflow and from Fertilizer,
phosphate detergents

• Nitrates—sewage and
fertilizers
• The combustion of coal leads to the release of
mercury in the atmosphere. This enters the rivers,
lakes and groundwater. This is very hazardous
for pregnant women and infants

• gdg
Arsenic Toxicity
•Arsenic contamination is also becoming
a serious problem.
• In Sindh and the Punjab, approximately
36% of the population is exposed to a
level of contamination higher than 10ppb
• 16% is exposed to contamination of
50ppb. (SOE 2005)

• Investigations revealed the presence of

excessive arsenic in many cities of Punjab
(Multan, Sheikhupura, Lahore, Kasur,
Gujranwala & Bahawalpur) Sindh (Dadu
& Khairpur) provinces.
• The concentration of arsenic was found to
be 50ppb five times higher that the
prescribed limit of 10 ppb by WHO.
(PCRWR)
Organic water pollution
• Bacteria from sewage or livestock
operation

• Food processing waste,which can

include oxygen demand substance like fat
Petroleum hydrocarbons
like Diesel, Gasoline, Jet
fuel, Motor oil, Detergents
Disinfection by products found in
chemically Disinfected drinking water,
such as chloroform
 Pesticides

some commonly used pesticides

• Chlorinated hydrocarbons
DDT,—2-15 years
• Organophosphates
—1-2weeks
• Carbamates
---days to
weeks
Scale of Pesticide Use in Pakistan
• Since 1950 to 1990: 50-fold
increase in pesticide use
• Most present pesticides are
10-100 x more toxic than
those used in 1950’s
• As there has been a four-
fold increase in the use of
Pesticide per year from 1990
to 2000
Each Year in the Pakistan

• About 45 thousands tones of pesticides

are used
• About 2500 commercial pesticide products
• Use of pesticides is increasing at the rate
of 25% per year
 Case Study
• In 107 samples of groundwater
collected from across the country
between 1988 and 2000
• 31 samples were found to have
contamination of pesticides
beyond FAO/WHO safety limits.
• A pilot project was undertaken in
1990-91 in Samundari, Faisalabad
• In an analysis of 10 groundwater
samples drawn from a depth of
10-15 m
• Seven were contaminated with one
or more pesticides (PCRWR,
1991)
 Herbicides
Some Common
Pesticides and
Their Effects

• Triazines,
(interfere with photosynthesis)
• Phenoxy compounds, N compounds (create
excess growth hormones)
• Dalapon (kill soil microorganisms)
Pollution of Lakes
Eutrophication Results
Ocean Pollution
 Oil Spills Pollution
Sources of pollution: offshore wells, tankers,
pipelines and storage tanks
 Effects

• Loss of animal buoyancy

• Loss of animal insulation

• Death of organisms
HEALTH ISSUES RELATED TO WATER
POLLUTION
• As per USAID report, an estimated
250,000 child deaths occur each year in
Pakistan due to water-borne disease.
• The WHO reports that 25-30% of all
hospital admissions are connected to
water borne bacterial and parasitic
conditions, with 60% of infant deaths
caused by water infections.
• Small rural areas in Sindh do not
receive adequately-treated water
• Of course, major cities, like Karachi, get
contaminated water.
 Pollutant Source/Cause Effect

Sewage that includes domestic

Sewerage of rural and urban Oxygen depletion Spread of
wastes, hospital wastes,
areas. diseases/ epidemics
excreta, etc.

Minamata disease - causes

numbness of limbs, lips and
Metals-Mercury Industrial wastes tongue, blurred vision,
deafness and mental
derangement.

Absorbed into blood and

affects PBCs, liver, kidney,
bone, brain and the peripheral
Lead Industrial wastes
nervous system. Lead
poisoning can even lead to
coma.

Deposited in organs like the

kidney, pancreas, liver,
intestinal mucosa, etc.
Cadmium Cadmium industries, Fertilizers Cadmium poisoning causes
headache, vomiting, bronchial
pneumonia, kidney necrosis,
etc.

Arsenic
Agrochemicals like DDT
Wastes
Nitrates/Nitrogen
Trihalomethane(Trihalomethan
es are a group of organic
chemicals formed in water
when chlorine reacts with
natural organic matter (such as
humic acids from decaying
vegetation). Humic acids are
present in all natural water
used as sources of drinking
water)
Arsenic poisoning causes
renal failure and death, It can
Fertilizers cause nerve disorder, kidney
and liver disorders, muscular
atrophy, etc.
Accumulates in the bodies of
fishes, birds, mammals
including man. Adversely
Pesticides
affects the nervous system,
fertility. Causes thinning of egg
shells in birds.
Mining and Smelting Industries Damage Kidney
Pesticides Blue Baby Syndrome
cause cancers of colon, rectum
Decaying Plant Material
and bladder
PREVENTING AND REDUCING
SURFACE WATER POLLUTION
Solutions:

Nonpoint Sources Point Sources

 Reduce runoff  Pakistan’s Environmental

Protection Act
 Buffer zone  National Drinking
vegetation Water Policy

 Reduce soil erosion

REDUCING NONPOINT SOURCE OF
WATER POLLUTION
• As the runoff moves, it picks
up and carries ways natural
and human-made pollutants,
finally depositing them into
lakes, rivers, ground water
etc
• Infiltration trenches, which are rock-filled trenches in which
stormwater is stored in the voids of the stones, and then
slowly filters back into groundwater;
• Downspout diversion programs (i.e., allowing domestic
gutters to discharge to lawns or other unpaved areas instead
of being connected to the sewers
• Permeable or porous pavements for roads and parking lots
• Swales (i.e., grass depressions that catch runoff from
impermeable surfaces and slowly filter it back into
groundwater)
• Wide filter or buffer strips of natural vegetation: grass or
woodland, usually located between paved areas and the
watercourse to slow flows and remove pollutants
• Infiltration basins that hold surface water, allowing it to
infiltrate the soil gradually; and retention ponds or
permanently wet ponds that retain surface runoff
• The Buffer Zone is that strip
of vegetation located between
developed land and a lake,
stream
• Function as filters by reducing
nitrogen from agricultural
runoff by 68%
• Function to filter approx
80-85% phosphate
• Function to enhance
infilteration of surface runoff
• Increased level of nitrogen
and phosphorus, along with
higher sediment loads, are
the leading contributors to
reduce water quality
• Soil Erosion can be
controlled by using
management practices like
Conservation tillage,
residue management,
grassed waterways,
terraces, conservation
buffers, crop rotation and
contour farming
REDUCTING POINT SOURCE WATER
POLLUTION
• Pakistan Enviornmental Protection Act
(PEPA) describes the functions of
Enviornmental Protection Agency
(EPA)
• PEPA advises EPA to “establish
standards for discharge and emission of
ambient water, coordinate
enviornmental policies and
programmes, nationally and
internationally, designate laboratories
for conducting tests and analysis for
monitoring, measurement,
examination, investigation, research,
inspection and audits to prevent and
control pollution
• It provides a framework for addressing the key
issues and challenges facing Pakistan in the
provision of safe drinking water to the people
• Its targets include
 To provide safe drinking water to 93% of the
population in 2015
 To provide at least one hand pump for every 250
persons
 To establish water treatment plants in all urban areas by
the year 2015
 To ensure water quality standards
WATER TREATMENT
 Physical and biological treatment
Fig. 22-16 p. 511
 Uses physical and chemical processes
 Removes nitrate and phosphate
 Expensive
 Not widely used
• Measure Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)
• Chemical Analysis
• Indicator Species
• Dissolved Oxygen exist in very low concentrations
• If dissolved oxygen concentrations drop below 5ppm,
fish will be unable to live for very long
• All clean water species such as trout or salmon will
die well above this level and even low oxygen fish such
as catfish and carp will be at risk below 5ppm
• Conductivity
• Dissolved Oxygen
• Nitrate
• Phosphate
• Pesticides
• Conductivity is linked
directly to the total dissolved
solids (T.D.S)
• High quality deionized water
has a conductivity of about
5.5 µS/m
• Typical drinking water in the
range of 5-50mS/m
• Seawater has conductivity
about 5S/m
• It is the relative measure of the
amount of oxygen dissolved in
water
• In freshwater, under atmospheric
pressure at 20C, O2 saturation is
9.1mg/L
• In freshwater close to land, nitrate can reach
high levels that can cause death of fish
• Levels over 30ppm of nitrate can inhibit
growth, impair the immune system in aquatic
species
• Phosphate availability may
govern the rate of growth
of organisms
• Which result in
Eutrophication and the
collapse of populations of
some organisms at the
expense of others
• Pesticides surface runoff
into rivers and streams can be
highly lethal to aquatic life
• Pesticides kill zooplankton,
the main source of food for
young fish
• Herbicides kill off plants on
which fish depend for their
habitat
• Water pollution can be measured
without using expensive equipment
by simply counting the number of
animals living in a stream
• If, all of a sudden, all the fish leave
a stream then it might be a sign that
there is some pollution in water
• Mayfly are a very good indicator of
water quality. They can only
survive in the cleanest conditions
• If a site has population of “sewage
worms” or tubificids, this suggests
that water quality has been
degraded by input of sewage
SOLUTION OF WATER POLLUTION
 Solutions

Water Pollution

• Prevent groundwater contamination

• Greatly reduce nonpoint runoff
• Reuse treated wastewater for irrigation
• Find substitutes for toxic pollutants
• Work with nature to treat sewage
• Practice four R's of resource use (refuse,
reduce, recycle, reuse)
• Reduce resource waste
• Reduce Soil Erosion
 Questions

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We thanks to all those teachers who encourage us but Our sincere
thanks to:
Mam RAZIA for there guidance,
Mam SAIMA GUL, who gave a lot of time for correction
without them this was difficult task for us