Biochemistry

Laboratory Apparatus

Hot Plate

 is a vital device that is used in a laboratory to heat samples.

 The fact that it has the ability to heat the sample without any exposed flames is one of
the major advantages.
 It is a device that can be used on a daily basis for temperatures as high as 100 degrees
and even higher.

Burette (also buret)

 used in quantitative chemical analysis to measure the volume of a liquid or a gas. It
consist of a graduated glass tube with a stopcock (turning plug, or spigot) at one end.

 used in titrations to measure precisely how much liquid is used.

Crucible
 is a cup-shaped piece of laboratory equipment used to contain chemical compunds when
heating them to very high temperatures.

Separatory funnel
 is a laboratory glassware used in liquid-liquid extractions to seperate (partition) the
components of a mixture between two immisicible solvent phases of different densities.

Florence flask
 is used for heating substances that need to be heated evenly. The bulbed bottom allows
the heat to distribute through the liquid mor evenly. Is mostly used in distillation
experiments.

*Florence flask - kapag mag isa lang wala sa setup

*Distillation flask - kapag nasa setup na
Volumetric flask
 is a type laboratory flask used to contain or measure a very precise and accurate amount
of liquid.

Erlenmeyer flask
 used to heat ot boil substances over a bunsen burner flame or hot plate.

Dropper
 used for moving small amounts of liquid from place to place. They are usually made of
plastic and are disposable.
Weighing boat
 use as a container for dry chemicals prior weighing

Pipette
 instrument used to transport a measured volume of liquid.
 limted lang ang dinodrop pero mas precise and accurate. Much accurate than dropper

Aspirator
 an ejector or filter pump
Elongated spatula Stainless spatula Porcelain spatula

 used to draw dry chemicals from the regeant bottles

 used for moving small amounts of solid from place to place.

Mortar and pestle

 a tool used for grind and mix substances. The pestle is a heavy stick whose end is used
for pounding and grinding and the mortar is the bowl. The substance is ground between
the pestle and mortar.

Beaker
 is a simple container for liquids, very commonly used in laboratories.
Graduated cyclinder
 is a piece of laboratory glassware used to accurately measure volumes of chemicals for
used in reactions.

Glass funnel
 can be used to target liquids into any container so they will not be lost or spilled.

Centrifuge tube
 Most commonly used in centrifugation procedures.
Test tube brush
 used mainly for cleaning test tubes.

Test tube
 clear, cylindrical glass tube usually open at one end and rounded at the other, used in
laboratory experimentation.

Test tube rack

 used to hold test tubes while reactions happen in them or while they are not needed.
Iron ring
 used to hold items being heated. Clamps or rings can be used so that items may be placed
above the lab table for heating by bunsen burners or other items.

Watch glass - is a circular, slightly concave piece of glass used in chemistry as a surface to
evaporate liquid or as a cover for beaker.

 Is used to hold solids when being weighed or transported. They should never heated.

Evaporating dish
 is used to heat and evaporate liquids.
Crucible tong Beaker holder Test tube holder

 Used to hold glasswares when they are hot and untouchable.

Tripod
 Used to support and hold various flasks, beakers and other glass ware when not in use
and also during experiments.
 The stands are specially constructed using light metals for light weight and ease of
carrying.
 The height of laboratory tripod can also be adjusted according to individual requirements.

Wire gauze
 Used to support a container such as a beaker or flask during heating.
 When the Bunsen burner flame is beneath it, with a tripod, the wire gauze helps to spread
the flame and heat out evenly over the container.
 It is frequently used in combination with an iron ring and ring stand with a Bunsen burner
underneath it.
 Clay triangle
 used to hold crucibles when they are being heated. They usually sit on a tripod.

Wing top/fish tail

 used to bend glass in glass manipulation
process
 It spreads out the heat in the Bunsen burner

Tirrill burner Fischer mecker Alcohol lamp

The base of the burner has
a needle valve which
allows the regulation of gas
intake directly from the
Burner, rather than from
the gas source. Maximum
temperature of flame can
reach 1560 °C
The lower part of its tube has more openings
with larger total cross-section, admitting more
air and facilitating better mixing of air and gas.
The tube is wider and its top is covered with a
wire grid. The grid separates the flame into an
array of smaller flames with a common external
envelope, and also prevents flashback to the
bottom of the tube, which is a risk at high air-
to-fuel ratios and limits the maximum rate of
air intake in a conventional Bunsen burner.
Alcohol burners are preferred for
some uses over Bunsen burners for
safety purposes, and in laboratories
where natural gas is not available.
Their flame is limited to
approximately 5 centimeters (two
inches) in height, with a
comparatively lower temperature than
the gas flame of the Bunsen burner.
Water bath
 used for indirect evaporation

Spot plate
 mixing substances and for observation

Adapter
 Used to prevent pressure building up in the apparatus in distillation process.
 Device that connects the condenser and the receiving flask in a distillation process.
Glass tubing

Stirring rod
 The function of a stirring rod is to mix or stir liquids. Mixing will speed up any reaction
that takes place in the test tube or flask.
 A glass stirring rod can also be used for decanting (pouring off) a liquid from a
precipitate or sediment.

Rubber tubing
 Often connected to a condenser, which is a laboratory tool used in the process of
distillation.
 The rubber tubing helps cool water to flow in and out of the condenser and helps the
heated water vapour in the condenser return to its liquid state.
Conductivity apparatus

 For determining the relative conductivity of thin layers of materials consist of cylindrical
brass slab 11.5cm dia and 12 mm thick. On this rests a 5 cms deep hollow cylinder of the
same dia with inlet and outlet tubes for steam.
 The Whole is suspended by 3 strings attached to the lower plate from stout angular ring.
The ring is held on a heavy Tripod stand complete as above w/0 thermometer but with
accessories.

Syringe

 a tube with a nozzle and piston or bulb for sucking in and ejecting liquid in a thin stream,
used for cleaning wounds or body cavities, or fitted with a hollow needle for injecting or
withdrawing fluids.

Deflagrating spoon

 is an apparatus that is used to heat small amounts of substances to a high temperature.

20.A Florence flask (also known as a boiling flask) is a type of flask used as an item of
Laboratory glassware. It is used as a container to hold liquids.
Wire loop
 An inoculation loop, also called a smear loop, inoculation wand or microstreaker, is a
simple tool used mainly by microbiologists to retrieve an inoculum from a culture of
microorganisms.
 The loop is used in the cultivation of microbes on plates by transferring inoculum for
streaking.

Iron clamp
 An iron clampis a piece of laboratory equipment used to hold things and is placed in an
iron stand to elevate other equipment.

Thistle tube
 is a piece laboratory glassware consisting consisting mostly of a shaft of tube.

Thermometer
 used to take temperature of solids, liquids and gasses. They are usually in celcius.
 Gas collection

 The setup for the collection of a gas over water involves a container in
which the reaction takes place and a gas collection container filled with water
and inverted in a reservoir of water.
 The gas evolved from the reaction is collected by attaching one end of
a hose to the reaction container and inserting the other up into the inverted gas
collection bottle. As the gas is created, it will displace water from the bottle.
 The volume of gas can be determined by the amount of water that was
displaced by the gas.

Extraction

 are a way to separate a desired substance when it is mixed with others.

 The mixture is brought into contact with a solvent in which the substance of
interest is soluble, but the other substances present are insoluble.

Evaporation

 is one of the two forms of vaporization. It is the process whereby atoms or molecules in a
liquid state (or solid state if the substance sublimes) gain sufficient energy to enter the
gaseous state.
 Sublimation
 is the transition of a substance directly from the solid to the gas
phase, without passing through the intermediate liquid phase.

Titration
 is the slow addition of one solution of a known concentration (called a titrant) to a known
volume of another solution of unknown concentration until the reaction reaches
neutralization, which is often indicated by a color change

Distillation
 is the process of separating the components or substances from a liquid mixture by using
selective boiling and condensation.
 Distillation may result in essentially complete separation (nearly pure components), or it
may be a partial separation that increases the concentration of selected components in the
mixture. In either case, the process exploits differences in the relative volatility of the
mixture's components.
Indirect heating / steam evaporation

 is water in the gas phase, which is formed when water boils or evaporates.
Steam is invisible; however, "steam" often refers to wet steam, the visible mist or
aerosol of water droplets formed as this water vapour condenses.
 At lower pressures, such as in the upper atmosphere or at the top of high
mountains, water boils at a lower temperature than the nominal 100 °C (212 °F) at
standard pressure. If heated further it becomes superheated steam.