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00
0
10
01 1
11
x1
w1
w2
x2
1 2
1 2
Σ
Here, y = wi xi − θ and w1 = 0.5,w2 = 0.5 and θ =
0.9 Soft Computing Applications 29.01.2016 5 / 27
Single layer feed forward neural network
The concept of the AND problem and its solution with a single
neuron can be extended to multiple neurons.
INPUT OUTPUT
ɵ1
f1
w11
x1 I1= o1
w12
w13 f2
x2 I2= o2
f3
I3= o3
x3
………..
………..
w1n
fn
xm In= on
INPUT OUTPUT
ɵ1
f1
w 11
x1 I1= o1
w 12
w 13 f2
x2 I2= o2
f3
I3= o3
x3
………..
………..
w1n
fn
xm In= on
Note that the input layer and output layer, which receive input
signals and transmit output signals are although called layers,
they are actually boundary of the architecture and hence truly not
layers.
The only layer in the architecture is the synaptic links carrying the
weights connect every input to the output neurons.
w11 · · · w1n
.w · · · w2n .
w = 21 w22 w23
. .w12 . .. .. . (1)
. .
. ··
.wm1
w13 wm2 wm3 · wmn
The output of any k -th neuron can be determined as
follows.
Ok= f . Σ m i
=1 (wik xi ) + θk
k Σ
where k = 1, 2, 3, · · · , n and θk denotes the threshold value of the
k-th neuron. Such network is feed forward in type or acyclic in nature
and hence the name.
ɵ1
………..
………..
………..
………..
2m I3n= f3n on
I1l= f111 I2m = f 3
ɵn
xp ɵ2m
ɵl
HIDDEN OUTPUT
INPUT
I21= f
21 I31= f31 o1
x1
I11= f111
3
ɵ1
ɵ21
ɵ1
I22= f
22 I32= f32 o2
x2
I12= f 12 ɵ32
1
ɵ22
ɵ2
………..
………..
………..
………..
I2m= f2m
I3n= f3n on
I1l= f111
3
ɵn
xp ɵ2m
ɵl
Thus, in these networks, there could exist one layer with feedback
connection.
There could also be neurons with self-feedback links, that is, the
output of a neuron is fed back into itself as input.
2
2x
w
+
x2
1
1x
w
w0
+
b0
f=
x1 w1
x1
w2
x2
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 1 0
x2
x2
Output (y) 1 0,1
x1 1,1
y=0 Y=1
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0 0,0
y=0 1,0
1 1 1 y=0
0
1 x1
x2
0,1 1,1
Output (y) 1 y=1 y=0
x1 x2
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
y=0 y=1
1 1 0
0
x1
0,0 1,0
X1 1 0.5 1
1 f
0.5
1
-1
X2 1.5
1
TARGET
NEURAL NETWORK ERROR
INPUTS OUTPUT
ARCHITECTURE CALCULATION
FEED BACK
Adjust weights /
architecture