LIGHTING EQUIPMENT

& SYSTEMS

by Ar. B. K. Prabu
Lecture contents

• Light sources

• Control gears & systems

• Luminaires
Light sources

Types of light sources

• Filament lamps - thermal radiators with tungsten filament that glows due to electrical
resistance
• Discharge lamps - discharge tubes with pressurised gases that are excited by passing an
electric current to produce an arc
• Special purpose light sources
Light sources

Incandescent filament lamp

• Glass bulb filled with inert gases to prevent oxidation of the tungsten filament
• Luminous efficacy - 8-30 lm/W; Lamp-life - 1,000-2,000 hours
• Excellent colour rendition & warm colour temperature
• Easily dimmable without any control gear
• Coding - A, B, BW, P; Wattages - 15-500W
Light sources

Incandescent filament reflector lamp

• Part-coating of the lamp with metal to act as a reflector
• Aluminium coating behind filament to increase downward efficiency
• Coding - R; Wattages - 25-100W
• Gold/Silver coating in front of filament to avoid direct view
• Coding - Silver/Gold A or B; Wattages - 25-100W
Light sources

Tungsten halogen lamp

• Quartz bulb filled with halogens & inert gases; Luminous efficacy - 16.5 lm/W
• Halogen cycle - redeposit tungsten vapour to filament; Improved lamp life - 2,000 hours
• IR coating - reflects IR back on to the filament; Improved luminous efficacy - 24.2 lm/W
• Line-voltage easily dimmable; low-voltage dimmable with special control gear
• Coding - QT; Wattages - 5-2000W
Light sources

Tungsten halogen reflector lamp

• Part coating of lamp with metallic film to act as reflector
• Excellent colour rendition; produces crisp lighting, sharp shadows
• Aluminium film reflects IR to lower luminaire temperature
• Dichroic film transmits IR to lower beam temperature or “cool beam”
• Coding - QPAR, QR, MR; Wattages - 10-100W
Light sources

Fluorescent lamp
• Phosphor coated discharge tube consists of inert gases & mercury vapour
• Luminous efficacy - 25-100 lm/W; Lamp-life - 6,000-15,000 hours
• Type of phosphor coating decides its CRI & CCT; diffuse light quality
• Dimmable with appropriate control gear
• Coding - T; Wattage - 6-100W
Light sources

Compact-fluorescent lamp
• Light production similar to fluorescent lamp, but compact shape & size
• Luminous efficacy - 25-100 lm/W; Lamp-life - 6,000-15,000 hours
• Type of phosphor coating decides its CRI & CCT; diffuse light quality
• Non-dimmable with housing integrated control gear; Wattage - 5-30W
• Dimmable with special exterior control gear; Coding - TC; Wattage - 13-120W
Light sources

Cold-cathode fluorescent lamp

• Light production similar to fluorescent lamp, but lower temperature & higher voltages
• Efficient for longer lengths; Lamp-life - 20,000 hours
• Longer lamp-life due to less degradation of cold electrode
• Long “break-free” run of light, custom shapes
• Operates at a wider range of temperatures; instant start
Light sources

Low-pressure sodium lamp

• Discharge tube consists of inert gases & sodium vapour; most economical
• Luminous efficacy - 150-200 lm/W; Lamp-life - 16,000-23,000 hours
• Monochromatic yellow light - no chromatic aberration, high visual acuity, poor CRI
• Control gear required, dimming not advisable
• Coding - LST; Wattages - 18-180W
Light sources

High-pressure sodium lamp

• Ceramic discharge tube consists of inert gas, mercury & sodium vapour
• Luminous efficacy - 45-150 lm/W; Lamp-life - 10,000-24,000 hours
• Higher pressure improves SPD, light quality & CRI; warmer CCT
• Control gear required, dimming not advisable
• Coding - HST, HSE; Wattages - 35-1000W
Light sources

High-pressure mercury lamp

• Quartz discharge tube consists of an inert gas & mercury vapour; compact light source
• Luminous efficacy - 30-60 lm/W; Lamp-life - 12,000-24,000 hours
• Bluish-white light - relatively poor CRI; fluorescent coating can change CCT
• Control gear required, dimming not advisable
• Coding - HMT, HME; Wattages - 50-2000W
Light sources

Metal halide lamp

• Ceramic or quartz discharge tube consists of inert gas, mercury & metal halides
• Luminous efficacy - 75-125 lm/W; Lamp-life - 6,000-20,000 hours; compact light source
• Improved SPD, CRI & CCT range with appropriate metal halide combination
• Stepped dimming possible with special control gear
• Coding - HIT, HIE; Wattages - 20-2000W
Light sources

Induction lamp (“Electrodeless” fluorescent lamp)

• Light production similar to fluorescent lamp, but without electrodes
• Electric field induced within mercury vapour by magnetic induction
• Luminous efficacy - 60-80 lm/W; Lamp-life - 60,000-100,000 hours
• Type of phosphor coating decides its CRI & CCT
• Internal & external inductors & ballasts; Coding - QL; Wattages - 15-300W
Light sources

Light-emitting plasma (LEP)

• Plasma inside a discharge tube excited by radio frequency (RF) waveguide
• Plasma - mixture of intert gases and metal halides, sodium, mercury or sulfur
• Luminous efficacy - 60-75 lm/W; Lamp-life - 40,000-50,000 hours
• Type of plasma mixture decides its CRI & CCT
• RF-amplifying driver dimmable up to 20%
Light sources

Electroluminescent lamp
• Strong electric field applied directly across a phosphor
• 5 layers - substrate, reflective, phosphor, transparent conductive & transparent protective
• Low brightness; extremely thin light source
• Luminous colours - red, yellow-green, blue, amber & white
Light sources

Light-emitting diode (LED)

• Semi-conductor diode that emits visible light by passing electricity; miniscule light source
• Luminous colours - red, blue, green & amber
• White light - phosphor-coating of blue LEDs; type of phosphor determine CRI & CCT
• Luminous efficacy - 3-150 lm/W; Lamp-life - 10,000-100,000 hours
• Transformer dimmable with appropriate control gear
LEDs are used as indicator lamps in many
devices and are increasingly used for
other lighting.

Light-emitting diodes are used in

applications as diverse as aviation
lighting, automotive lighting, advertising,
general lighting, and traffic signals.

LEDs have allowed new text, video displays,

and sensors to be developed, while their
high switching rates are also useful in
advanced communications technology.

Infrared LEDs are also used in the remote

control units of many commercial products
including televisions, DVD players, and
other domestic appliances.
LED’s
Light sources

Organic light-emitting diode (OLED) & Polymer Light-emitting diode (PLED)

• Semi-conductor diodes based on carbon chemistry
• OLED - small molecular weights; PLED - large molecular weights
• Average luminous efficacy and long lamp-life
• Available in red, blue & green luminous colours
 The Shapes & Forms Of Lighting

Chandeliers Pendants Ceiling Fixtures

Hall/Foyer Fixtures

Wall-Mounted Under cabinet/ Under

Portable Lamps Bath/Vanity
Fixtures shelf Fixtures
Lighting Strips

Track Lighting Recessed Lighting

Control gears & systems

Types of control gear

• Transformer - converts AC to DC for operating low-voltage light sources
• Ballast - limits the current for operating discharge lamps
• Starter or Ignitor - preheat electrodes & break circuit to ignite discharge lamps
• Types - electromagnetic (coil-based) & electric (solid-state-based)
Control gears & systems

Ballast
• Ohmic current limiter
• Electromagnetic - conventional & low-loss varieties; requires a starter
• Electronic - dimmable & non-dimmable varieties; does not require a starter
• Advantages of electronic - smaller, lighter, low power loss, instant restart & flicker-free
Control gears & systems

Transformer
• Interface between mains voltage (AC) & low voltage (DC)
• Applicable for operating all low-voltage tungsten-halogen lamps & LEDs
• Types - electromagnetic & electric
• Advantages of electronic - smaller, lighter & low power loss
Control gears & systems

Properties of lighting control systems

• Devices that controls electric lighting, alone or as part of a daylight harvesting system
• Applications - aesthetic & energy management control over the lighting
• Advantages - ability to control multiple light sources from a single user interface device
• Aesthetic benefits - create dramatic changes in atmospheres
• Environmental benefits - reduced energy consumption & emissions; longer lamp-life
Control gears & systems

Lighting control systems - Techniques & Equipment

• Techniques - switching (turn on or off) & dimming (decrease or increase brightness)
• Equipment - manual, sensing & timing devices
• Manual devices - switches, dimmers, touch-pads, remote controls
• Sensing devices - motion-, occupancy-, photo-sensors
• Timing devices - timers
Control gears & systems

Aesthetic control - Strategies

• Manual control - manual switching & dimming of luminaires
• Preset control - program & recall several predetermined ‘lighting scenes’
• Central control - single control panel to control several lighting zones
Control gears & systems

Energy management - Strategies

• Predictable scheduling - timer-based control for routine activities
• Unpredictable scheduling - occupancy/motion-based control for non-routine activities
• Daylight scheduling - natural light-based control for brightness balance
Control gears & systems

Energy management - Strategies

• Lumen maintenance - maintenance-based selective illuminance control
• Task tuning - task-based selective illuminance control
• Load shedding & Demand reduction - power-based selective illuminance control
Luminaires

Properties of luminaires
• Complete lighting unit, consisting of:
• Light source - lamps, socket & other parts that hold the lamp in place & protect it
• Electrical components - wiring & control gear that connects to a power source
• Optical accessories - reflector, lenses, louvres or diffusers that direct & distribute light
Luminaires

Properties of luminaires
• Cut-off angle - angle where bulb can no longer be seen when directly viewing luminaire
• Beam spread - angle between two opposite directions of light beam over the beam axis
• Quality evaluation metrics for all luminaires
• Performance criteria to predict & control the comfort
Luminaires

Properties of luminaires
• Ingress Protection (IP) - degrees of environmental protection provided by enclosures for electrical
equipment against intrusion of solid and water
• Provides more detailed information than vague marketing terms such as ‘water-proof’
• Consists of the letters IP followed by two digits
Luminaires

Properties of luminaires
• Impact Protection (IK) - degrees of protection by enclosures for electrical equipment against
external mechanical impacts
• Provides means of specifying capacity of enclosures to protect its contents from impacts
• Consists of letter IK followed by two digits
Luminaires

Types of luminaires
• Movable luminaires - can be adjusted, repositioned & allows changes in light direction
• Stationery luminaires - rigid mounting, occasionally allows changes in light direction
• Light structures - comprise modular elements with integrated luminaires
• Special purpose luminaires - unique components for specialised lighting requirements
Luminaires

Downlight
• Radiates vertically downward light
• Application - direct lighting of floor & horizontal surfaces
• Mounting location - ceiling, wall
• Mounting type - carrier, profile, recessed, surface
• Attachments - diffusers, lenses, louvres, reflectors
Luminaires

Uplight
• Radiates vertically upward light
• Application - indirect light reflected from ceilings, grazing light for walls
• Mounting location - floor, wall
• Mounting type - carrier, free-standing, inground, surface
• Attachments - diffusers, lenses, louvres, reflectors
Luminaires

Up-downlight
• Combines a downlight and an uplight in one fixture
• Application - simultaneous lighting of floor & ceiling, grazing light for walls
• Mounting location - ceiling, floor, wall
• Mounting type - free-standing, pendant, surface
• Attachments - diffusers, lenses, reflectors
Luminaires

Spotlight
• Redirects light beam to illuminate different tasks
• Application - accent lighting of specific areas or objects
• Mounting location - ceiling, floor, wall
• Mounting type - carrier, pendant, profile, recessed, surface
• Attachments - lenses, louvres, reflectors
Luminaires

Washer
• Spreads light beam over large areas
• Application - uniform lighting over extensive surfaces, mainly ceilings, floors & walls
• Mounting location - ceiling, floor, wall
• Mounting type - carrier, inground, pendant, profile, recessed, surface
• Attachments - diffusers, lenses, reflectors
Luminaires

Louvred luminaire
• Spreads light beam from linear light sources (FL & CFL) over large areas
• Application - uniform lighting over extensive surfaces, mainly ceilings, floors & walls
• Mounting location - ceiling, floor
• Mounting type - carrier, free-standing, pendant, profile, recessed, surface
• Attachments - anti-glare louvres, prismatic diffusers, specular reflectors
Luminaires

Secondary reflector luminaire

• Emits exclusively indirect light as well as direct & indirect light in a variety of ratios
• Application - areas requiring high visual comfort & minimal glare
• Mounting location - ceiling, floor
• Mounting type - free-standing, pendant, profile, recessed, surface
• Attachments - direct-indirect trunking systems
Luminaires

Light structure - Profile

• Recessed or surface-mounted with variety of attachments & integral power supply
• Application - mounting & operation of movable luminaires
• Type - empty extruded aluminium profile with provision for attachments
• Attachments - downlights, louvred luminaires, spotlights, washers
Luminaires

Light structure - Carrier system

• Surface-mounted with integral power supply
• Application - mounting & operation of movable luminaires
• Type - cable, panel with integral track, track or tubular
• Attachments - downlights, louvred luminaires, spotlights, washers
Luminaires

Integral
• Use architectural elements as controlling components of lighting
• Application - accentuate architectural elements
• Mounting location - integrated into architecture
• Mounting type - integrated into architecture
Luminaires

Fibre optics
• Total internal reflection arising from using two differing refractive index materials
• Components - dedicated light source, cable harness & usage-specific end-optics
• Luminous efficacy depends on light source, cable length & end-optics
• CRI & CCT depends on light source
• Types - edge- (side-), end- & series-source-emitting
Luminaires

Light guides
• Combination of reflection & refraction to achieve a particular distribution of light
• Components - dedicated light source, light guide & usage-specific end-optics
• Luminous efficacy depends on light source, pipe length & end-optics
• CRI & CCT depends on light source
Summary

Lamp selection based on:

• Quantity - luminous efficacy
• Quality - direct or diffuse, CRI & CCT

Luminaire selection based on:

• Aesthetic requirements - blend with the architecture of space
• Environmental requirements - IP & IK ratings
• Functional requirements - task or accent lighting

Control selection based on:

• Aesthetic requirements - manual or preset control
• Energy requirements - energy savings
LIGHTING EQUIPMENT
& SYSTEMS