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Philip M.

Marren,
Magnitude and frequency in proglacial rivers: a geomorphological and
sedimentological perspective,
Earth-Science Reviews,
Volume 70, Issues 3–4,
2005,
Pages 203-251,
ISSN 0012-8252,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2004.12.002.
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012825204001497)
Abstract: Proglacial fluvial sedimentary systems receive water from a variety of
sources and have variable discharges with a range of magnitudes and frequencies.
Little attention has been paid to how these various magnitude and frequency regimes
interact to produce a distinctive sedimentary record in modern and ancient
proglacial environments. This paper reviews the concept of magnitude and frequency
in relation to proglacial fluvial systems from a geomorphic and sedimentary
perspective rather than a hydrological or statistical perspective. The nature of
the meltwater inputs can be characterised as low-magnitude–high-frequency,
primarily controlled by ablation inputs from the source glacier, or high-magnitude–
low-frequency, primarily controlled by ‘exceptional’ inputs. The most important
high-magnitude–low-frequency inputs are catastrophic outburst floods, often
referred to by the term jökulhlaup (Icelandic for glacier-burst). Glacier surges
are an additional form of cyclical variation impacting the proglacial environment,
which briefly alter the volumes and patterns of meltwater input. The sedimentary
consequences of low-magnitude–high-frequency discharges are related to frequent
variations in stage, the greater directional variability that sediment will record,
and the increased significance of channel confluence sedimentation. In contrast,
the most significant characteristics of high-magnitude–low-frequency flooding
include the presence of large flood bars and mid-channel ‘jökulhlaup’ bars,
hyperconcentrated flows, large gravel dunes, and the formation of ice-block kettle
hole structures and rip-up clasts. Glacier surges result in a redistribution of
low-magnitude–high-frequency processes and products across the glacier margin, and
small floods may occur at the surge termination. Criteria for distinguishing
magnitude and frequency regimes in the proglacial environment are identified based
on these major characteristics. Studies of Quaternary proglacial fluvial sediments
are used to determine how the interaction of the various magnitude and frequency
regimes might produce a distinctive sedimentary record. Consideration of sandur
architecture and stratigraphy shows that the main controls on the sedimentary
record of proglacial regions are the discharge magnitude and frequency regime,
sediment supply, the pattern of glacier advance or retreat, and proglacial
topography. A model of sandur development is suggested, which shows how discharge
magnitude and frequency, in combination with sandur incision and aggradation
(controlled by glacier advance and retreat) can control sandur stratigraphy.
Keywords: sandur; jökulhlaup; glaciofluvial; braided river; geomorphology;
sedimentology

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