Experiment 3:

Sequential Circuit ( Frequency Division )

Objective:
1. To learn how basic sequential logic circuit works.
2. Understand the concept of designing Sequential Circuits using Flip-Flops.
3. To test and investigate the operation of various latch and flip flop circuits.

Introduction:
Sequential circuit is a circuit with the output obtained is a function of the input state as well
as the state's previous output, referred to as a series of sequential circuits with memory
elements. We call this memory element Flip-Flop.
Latch and Flip-Flop can store 1 bit binary information and have 2 output terminals. If one of
output terminal is “1”, the other outputs “0” and keeps opposite status of 2. Latch circuit does
not use clock pulse so whenever the output is changed, the output status is changed. However
Flip-Flop changes the output status only when other clock pulse is inputted.
Latches are useful devices that contain feedback and thus enable memory. They are used in
applications such as simple noise filtering circuits and flip-flops. The first latch have
discussed in class was the SR/S’R’ Latch which allowed us to Set or Reset the output. The
drawback of such a latch was that it contained a transition that caused a metastable
(indeterminate) state. A clock/enable signal was then added to prevent such a transition when
the clock signal was low. Lastly, the Gated D-Latch eliminated this altogether by preventing
S and R from changing at the same time. Hence, in our discussion the latches have become
progressively more stable.

Figure 1: Sequential Circuit (Block Diagram)

Apparatus and Materials:

One CD4027, one CD4017, one BC547, one IN4007 diode, two 10k resistors, frequency
generator, Oscilloscope.
 Procedures:

Figure 2: 1 Bit Synchronous Counter Made with Negative Edge Triggered J-K Flip Flop

5V supply
Square wave at 600Hz

Q1

_
Ground
𝑄

CD 4027

Figure 2.1: Actual circuit for Figure 2.

Figure 2.2: View of experiment

 1. The circuit was connected on a bread board based on Figure 2.
2. The frequency generator was set into square wave and providing 600Hz, the positive
side from the frequency generator was clipped at the positive side of the diode while
the negative side was connected to the ground.
3. Oscilloscope was turned on and the positive clip was clipped at pin NO.15 on CD
4027 and negative clip was clipped to ground.
4. The frequency graph produced in the oscilloscope was recorded.

Figure 3: 2 Bit Asynchronous Counter Made with Positive Edge Triggered D-Type Flip Flops

Square 5V supply
wave at
600Hz
D0

D1

CD4013

Ground

Figure 3.1: Actual Circuit for Figure 3.

5. The circuit was reconstruct again by following circuit diagram shown in Figure 3.
6. The frequency generator was set into square wave and providing 600Hz, the positive
side from the frequency generator was clipped at the positive side of the diode while
the negative side was connected to the ground.
7. The output D0 and D1 was observed using the oscilloscope by connecting the positive
side of the scope to either output and negative side to the ground.
8. The result for both of the output were recorded.
Results:

Figure 4: Result for JK Flip-Flop

Figure 5: Result for D-Type Flip-Flop (D0)

Figure 5.1: Result for D-Type Flip-Flop (D1)

Discussions:
1. The main difference between combinational circuits and sequential circuits is
combinational circuits are defined as the time independent circuits which do not depends
upon previous inputs to generate any output. Sequential circuits are those which are
dependent on clock cycles and depends on present as well as past inputs to generate any
output. The speed to transfer signal is faster on combinational circuit if compare to
sequential circuit. Combinational circuits do not have any memory element whereas
sequential circuit have it. Combinational circuits is easy to use and handle but sequential
circuits is not that easy to use and handle.

2. In general, sequential logic circuits may be asynchronous or synchronous:

• Asynchronous sequential logic.

This form of sequential logic does not use a clock input signal to control the timing of
the circuit. It allows very fast operation of the sequential logic, but its operation is
prone to timing problems where unequal delays in the logic gates can cause the
circuits to operate incorrectly.

• Synchronous sequential logic.

This form of sequential logic uses a clock input signal to control the timing of the
circuit. The timing of changes in states in the sequential logic is designed to occur
either on the edge of the clock input when flip-flops are used, or at a particular logic
level, as when latches are used. State changes that occur on the edge of the clock
input, as when flip-flops are used, occur either on a 0 to 1 rise, referred to as positive
edge triggered, or on a 1 to 0 fall, referred to as negative edge triggered.

Sequential logic usually uses in Flip-Flops and Counters.

Conclusion:
Sequential circuits are circuits that have memory. We examined the fundamental sequential
circuits like S-R flip-flops and JK flip-flops and explained the design steps necessary to use
these as building blocks for larger sequential circuits.

Reference:
1. Sequential Logic, viewed on 29 July 2019.
<https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/computer-science/sequential-logic>
2. Difference between combinational and sequential circuit, viewed on 29 July 2019.
<https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/difference-between-combinational-and-sequential-
circuit/>
3. Logic Signal Voltage Level, viewed on 29 July 2019.
<https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/digital/chpt-3/logic-signal-voltage-levels/>