Thesis Proposal

WIRELESS ENERGY TRANSFER (WET) USING ULTRA

HIGH FREQUENCY (UHF) FOR HUMAN BODY
IMPLANT RECHARGING

FAHMY RINANDA SAPUTRI

16/407723/PTK/11354

Concentration
INSTRUMENTATION

MASTER’S PROGRAMME OF ENGINEERING PHYSICS

DEPARTEMENT OF NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING
PHYSICS
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITAS GADJAH MADA
DECEMBER, 2017
 I hereby declare that the thesis entitled

WIRELESS ENERGY TRANSFER (WET) USING ULTRA

HIGH FREQUENCY (UHF) FOR HUMAN BODY
IMPLANT RECHARGING

by
FAHMY RINANDA SAPUTRI
16/407723/PTK/11354

Concentration
Instrumentation

is the topic from Prof. Ir. Sunarno, M.Eng., Ph.D.

The proposed supervising professor:

1. Prof. Ir. Sunarno, M.Eng., Ph.D.

2. Dr.-Ing Singgih Hawibowo

Yogyakarta, December 28, 2017

Which states,

Fahmy Rinanda Saputri

1. Introduction
In recent years, Wireless Energy Transfer (WET) has been researched [1]-[11].
WET system has more advantage than transfering energy using wires, like flexibility
and enjoyability. WET has been widely recognized as a promising technology to
solve the energy scarcity problem in energy-constrained wireless networks by
integrating the radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting capability into wireless
devices [12]. Energy harvesting techniques can prolong the lifetime and improve the
scalability of some energy constrained networks by capturing energy from the
surrounding environment, such as wind, solar, and radio frequency (RF) signals [13].
The utilization of WET terms is flexible because the main concept of transfer some
energy or power without wires is equal and and have the potential to make our lives
truly wireless [14].
Utilizing WET system for transfering energy will not dependent with the limited
wires. WET system is promising technology to be applied in many field, such as
instrumentation, medical, also in communication. In addition, WET can be used in the
extream location like in nuclear radiation field and human body as a implant.
Although experimenting about energy transfer based on wireless is widely done, but
the low effiecient energy is still a problem. The other issues also are on the size and
shape of the receiver unit.

1.1 Statement of Problem

The low efficient energy transfer of WET system is still a problem. In order to
figure out the efficiency of the energy transfer, the experiment must be conducted
intensively. The complexities of the measurement system setup and assessment of
the sufficient energy both transmitter and receiver will also be discussed. Then,
size and shape of the receiver unit should be possible to be planted in the human
body for utilizing human implant device battery charging without doing surgery
operation for battery replacing. Thus, the size and shape of the receiver unit is not
more than 1 cm3 and are designed for able to receive the maximum energy but
minimize in the receiver unit size.
 1.2 Objectives
The purposes of this research are to get the optimum energy efficiency
received and design of the unit receiver and evaluate the result for the security
transfer energy method for human body implant device recharging.

1.3 Advantages
The advantages of this research is the availability of a new method in the
energy transfer and can be implemented for human body implant device
recharging, so can recharge implant device without doing surgery.

1.4 Originality

The authenticity of the research is the transfer of energy using Ultra High
Frequency (UHF) to human body implan device recharging. This research focused
on the analysis and optimization of the energy efficiency received and the design
of the unit receiver.

2. Theorotical Background and Literature Review

2.1. Theoritical Background

A. Wireless Energy Transfer

Wireless Energy Transfer is a technology that enables to transmit energy from
the energy source to an electrical load across in the air without wires. Energy
transfering using air for wireless charging can be used in the location that is far
from energy source.
There are five techniques of wireless energy transfer, namely, inductive
coupling, capacitive coupling, magnetic resonant coupling, and microwave
radiation.
1) Inductive Coupling
Inductive coupling works by magnetic field induction that delivers
electrical energy between two coils . Inductive power transfer happens
when primary coil of an energy transmitter generates predominantly
varying magnetic field across the secondary coil of the energy receiver
within the field generally, less than a wavelenght [12]. Under inductive
coupling, power transfer falls off steeply even over a very short distance
[13]. Fig. 1 shows the reference model of inductive coupling.

Fig. 1 The model of inductive coupling [12]

2) Capasitive Coupling
Wireless power transfer using near-field capacitive couple was initially
proposed for industrial application. The near-field capasitive coupling is
the capacitivecountepart near-field resonant inductive coupling scheme. It
need no material medium for the transfer of charges, to enable wireless
energy transfer in its principle work [14]. In capacitive coupling the
achievable amount of coupling capacitance is dependent on the available
area of device.

3) Magnetic Resonance Coupling

This technology is using resonant coupling, by having magnetic
resonant coils operate at the same resonance frequency [15]. Magnetic
resonant coupling, as shown in Fig. 2, is based on evanescentwave
coupling which generated and transfer electrical energy between two
resonance coils through oscillating magnetic fields [12].
 Fig. 2 The model of magnenic resonance coupling [12]

4) Microwave Radiation
Microwave radiation use the diffused microwave as a medium to carry
radiant energy and propagates over space at the speed light, normally in
line-of-sight. The frequency ranges for microwave is from 300 MHz to
300 GHz [15]. Microwave radiation is capable of transmitting power up to
several kilometers [16].

B. Antenna
Antenna is the instrument for transmit and receive electromagnetic wave,
namely radio waves. Antenna enables to resonance, so can operate in the narrow
frequency band. Receiver and transmitter antenna must be set become radio
system that can be connecting each other. In another hand, if there is not tuned,
the transmission will be error [17].
Yagi-Uda antenna is the usually used by amateur radio. This antenna enable as
television antenna, cellular antenna, and collecting radio signal. Based on the
shape, Yagi-Uda antenna is applied for communication at the short wave
frequency to microwave by Very High Frequency (UHF) spectrum to Ultra High
Frequency (UHF) spectrum [18]. Yagi-Uda antenna is shown in Fig. 3.
 Fig. 3 The Yagi-Uda antenna [19]

Yagi-Uda antenna usually has three elements, there are a reflector, a driven
element, and one or more director [13], [18].
1) Reflector
Elements which absorbs and re-reflects the radio waves. The position is
in the back of arrays after driven element. The function of reflector is signal
reflector and has a low frequency resonant. Length of reflector element is 5
% longer than driven element. The length of the reflector depends on the
distance and diameter its element.
2) Driven element
The element is the feed point where the feed line is attached to perform
the transfer of power to the antenna. Driven element acts as energy
transferring performance from transmitter to the antenna.
3) Director
Director enables to give direction for the antenna. Adding director
element will add gain, but it will press the antenna direction pattern.

2.2. Literature Review

Sunarno’s experiment has been succsessfully to transfer energy using

microwave in ultra high frequency [1]. Thus, Wenzheng Xu, et.al. have been
proven that WET method can be used for smartphones batery charging [2].
Moreover, the experiment on wireless energy transfer has been popular recently
in many fields, such as for the utilization for biomedical devices [3]-[8],
smartphone battery charging [2], vehicle charging [9], and wireless
communication [10], [11].
Tabel 1. State Of The Art Research
No Year Title Method and Result
1 2017 Stable and High-Efficiency The method uses a mixed resonance
Wireless Power Transfer scheme and modified Helmholtz coil
System for Robotic (MHC). The experimental results
Capsule Using a Modified showed that the proposed sysstem
Helmholtz Coil [3]. attained power stability of 94.62% and
power transfer efficiency of 4.9% under
worst position of the receiving coil.
2 Wireless Power Delivery to The experiment is using near-field
Flexible Subcutaneous capasitive coupling (NCC). The
Implants Using Capacitive experiments confirm that the PTE is over
Coupling [4]. 50% for a 20 mm × 20 mm realized
patch dimension, and has minimal
variation in performance, due to flexion
deformati
3 Intermediate Range Experimental results identified that the
Wireless Power Transfer proposed coil segmentation technique
With Segmented Coil for mid-range wireless energy transfer
Transmitters for can reduce the transmitter voltage to a
Implantable Heart Pumps safe level (∼10 Vrms ) significantly.
[5]. These results demonstrate that wireless
power transfer using a segmented coil
can drive relatively high power
applications, such as heart pumps, while
maintaining a safe voltage.
4 Maximizing Charging The experimental result showed that the
Satisfaction of Smartphone proposed algorithms that they used are
Users via Wireless Energy very promising, and over 90 percent of
Transfer [2]. energy-critical users can be charged on
time in the solution delivered by the
proposed distributed, online, and
 approximation algorithms.
5 A Four-Plate Compact Using the circuit model of the plates, the
Capacitive Coupler Design dimensions of the plates can be
and LCL-Compensated determined for electric vehicle charging
Topology for Capacitive application. The prototype of the
Power Transfer in Electric capacitive power transfer system was
Vehicle Charging design and acieved an efficiency of
Application [9]. 85.87% at 1.88-kW output power with a
150-mm air gap distance.
6 ReflectFX: In-band Full- Their work offers a new concept for two-
duplex wireless way wireless communication: rather than
communication by means avoiding selfinterference as in half-
of reflected power [10]. duplex, or combatting self-interference
as in conventional full-duplex, nodes
will re-use the received interfering radio-
carrier waves to transfer information.
7 Mode Division The method uses mode division
Multiplexing multiplexing communication using
Communication Using microwave orbital angular momentum.
Microwave Orbital The experiment results show high
Angular Momentum: An spectral efficiency as well as low
Experimental Study [11]. receiver complexity.
8 2014 The Wireless Energy The result of the experiment is
Transfer Experiment using successfully to transfer energy using
Electromagnetic Wave microwave in ultra high frequency.
based on Ultra High
Frequency Band [1].

2.3 Hypotesis

The method of Wireless Energy Transfer (WET) in this research is using Ultra
High Frequency (UHF) and the Yagi-Uda model antenna as a transmitter. The
advantage of the Yagi-Uda antenna is the beaming pattern. The beam pattern is
very focus in the very narrow spot area. Thus, the hypothesis is the using of Yagi-
 Uda model antenna is reasonable, since this model is very easy to set-up and able
to be set up in multi array mode in order the increased the efficiency as well and
using this multy-array Yagi-Uda model antenna with the very high power source
should be investigated, in order to minimize the receiver size.

3. Research Methodology

3.1 Materials
The materials used in this research are UHF radio transmitter, Tx watt meter,
Rx watt meter, Tx probe, Rx probe, reflector, voltage meter, current meter,
rechargable battery, Arduino UNO microprosessor, LCD 16x2, and Arduino IDE
software.

3.2 Methods

This paper presents experimental method using electromagnetic waves as a

media for transferring energy. The transmitter will transfer the energy through to
the receiver. Transmitter’s antenna changes electron waves to electromagnetic
waves consisting of photon to the receiver’s antenna. Transferred energy in the
form of the photon is modified to DC current about 5 volt.
WET system is designed using radio wave at UHF band as the energy carrier.
Measuring the measured energy uses Firstcom FR-488 instrument and the Yagi-
Uda 5 antenna. For the load, we use four LEDs that are set parallel. The totals of
resistances are 150 ohm in the 12-volt transmitter unit. The power of transmitter
is set at high position, 39 watt. Range of various frequencies in this paper is 400
MHz to 489 MHz and the SWR is 1.2.
Basic principle of WET using Ultra High Frequency (UHF) is shown in Fig.
4 and the WET esperimen system diagram in this research is shown in Fig. 5.
 Fig. 4 Diagram block of wireless energy transfer system [1]

Fig. 5 The Wireless Energy Transfer experiment system diagram

In the transmitter unit, we used Yagi-Uda style antenna. The antenna

converted the electron current to be electromagnetic wave. The energy was sent
from the transmitter in the electromagnetic wave state, and was beamed by the
Yagi-Uda antenna to the receiver device. Of course the electromagnetic wave
does not need any cable or conductor wires to carry the energy, and will put the
receiver unit as electronic current state. This current did fill the battery along the
transmitter or energy source unit is on. The Yagi-Uda model antenna was satisfy
the energy transfer process, however, it was found that the energy transfer
efficiency was lower than by using parabolic antenna. Even though, the using of
Yagi-Uda model antenna is reasonable, since this model is very easy to set-up
and able to be set up in multi array mode in order the increased the efficiency as
 well. The advantage of the Yagi-Uda antenna is the beaming pattern. The beam
pattern is very focus in the very narrow spot area. Moreover, the distance
between transmitter units to the receiver unit is up to 10 meters with the
reasonable in energy transfer efficiency. In the near future using this multi-array
Yagi-Uda model antenna with the very high power source should be investigated,
in order to minimize the receiver size. The minimizing the dimension of the
receiver is very important since the human organ electronic implant should as
small as possible.
The position of the transmitter unit is rotated every 30°. Every changed of
angle is noted as a current measurement. The current is conversed to the energy
value from the receiver unit. Various of distance is also experimented in this
researched, so we will know when the distance is still allow energy transfers
occur in the transmitter and receiver. The efficiency will be calculated by
comparing the current in the each position. The other efficiency is calculated by
comparing transferring current with the distance between transmitter and receiver
unit.

4. Research Plan

This research will be executed in the third semester in 2018 with the time table
schedule is shown as below:

2018
No Activity description
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 Define the problem
2 Do background research
3 Specify requirements
4 Brainstrom, evaluate, and
choose solution
5 Develop and prototype
solution
6 Test solution and analyze
7 Writing report and
publication
 5. Details of the Cost

No. Description Volume Unit Price (Rp) Total (Rp)

1. Electronic Materials
Arduino UNO R3 3 piece 150.000 450.000
UHF Radio Transmitter 1 piece 2.900.000 2.900.000
Tx Watt Meter 1 piece 250.000 250.000
Rx Watt Meter 1 piece 250.000 250.000
Tx Probe 2 unit 200.000 400.000
Rx Probe 2 unit 275.000 550.000
Reflector 2 piece 200.000 400.000
Voltage Meter 1 piece 60.000 60.000
Current Meter 1 piece 60.000 60.000
LCD 16x2 3 piece 40.000 120.000

2. Others
Report Printing 250 pages 500 125.000
Report Binding 5 copies 20.000 100.000
Publication 1 piece 3.000.000 3.000.000

Total 8.665.000
References

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