Case study of Load Balancing and Relay Coordination of 132KV

Transmission Grid
Kajal Mahajan1, Somnath S. Hadpe2
1
Post Graduate student, 2Professor
1,2
Electrical department,Matoshri college of Engg. & Research Centre,Nasik, India

Abstract— Faults and blackouts in the large interconnected transmission system can cause damage
to power plant equipments. The faults in the interconnected system cause cascading tripping of
relays and also overloading. To reduce the occurrence of blackouts, analysis and monitoring of
transmission system is necessary. This paper includes the load and fault analyses of 132KV grid
using the most modern software ETAP which reduces the complexity of numerical calculation of
large system. Various cases of load and relay coordination of 132KV transmission grid of Nasik area
are studied in this paper. The proposed work is carried out on 4 bus system of Nasik region using
ETAP software.
Keywords— Load flow, Fault analysis, Relay tripping
I. INTRODUCTION
Load balancing or load matching is very essential for the healthy transmission of power. It ensures
the balance in real time between electricity consumption and generation of electricity. Engineers
usually try to balance loads to avoid overloading or under loading of transmission lines. Load
calculation is based on volt-ampere (VA) or kilovolt-ampere (kVA) of load to provide an accurate
analysis of ampere values which flow in the circuit. The maximum power can be transmitted over a
specified system with the balanced system.

The most common electrical fault in the transmission system is the short circuit. This cause
overloading of specific line in the system and thus other substations or feeders experiences
blackouts. Protective relaying and relay coordination plays important role in minimizing the faults
and also minimizing the damage in the event of faults. Relay coordination is the sequence of tripping
of relays which is used in fault analysis.

ETAP is Electrical Transient Analyzer Program which performs accurate numerical calculations
within fraction of seconds and provides easy to understand reports as outputs. ETAP is specifically
designed for power system simulation in which various analyzes can be performed such as Load
flow, Short circuit, Protective device coordination, Transient analysis, Reliability assessment and
many more. In this paper, 132KV transmission grid system of Nasik area is simulated using ETAP
software for load balancing and fault analysis.

Blackouts in the transmission system are avoided with the use of load trimming or islanding scheme
for which load balancing study is required [1]. The analysis, monitoring and optimization of grid the
system carried out in ETAP software includes current flowing in every branch, power factor, active
and reactive power, etc. [2]. Comparison of results by hand calculation and ETAP simulation of
short circuit analysis and relay coordination of overcurrent relay is studied [3]. An interactive power
system analysis and studies of short circuits, load flow, transient analysis using ETAP are described.
[4]

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 International Journal of Innovative Trends in Engineering & Research
Volume 03, Issue 05; May – 2018 [ISSN -2456-4338]

II. METHODOLOGY
1. 132KV transmission grid 4-bus system is developed in ETAP 12.6.0 software with
overcurrent relays, C.Ts, transformers, power grid, line impedances and lumped loads.
Directional relays are used in this paper.
2. Each power grid has assigned different short circuit MVA. Buses of 132KV, current
transformer parameter (CT ratio 800:1), and load details are entered in the system.
3. Load flow analysis is done to get maximum load currents that can flow throughout the system
and to check whether system is balanced or not.
4. A fault case is considered i.e., fault is inserted on line. The sequence of operation of relay and
the relay operating time is observed in this case.
5. The results of relay operating time by analytical method are compared with the ETAP output
results.

III. 132KV TRANSMISSION GRID SYSTEM

A. System Description
Maharashtra State Electricity Transmission Company limited, a wholly owned corporate entity under
the Companies act. For large transmission network, system is required adaptive protection scheme
and load balancing for ring main as well as radial network. The load balancing and protection
scheme for fault analysis needs to be carried out on MSETCL 132KV transmission grid of Nasik
region having 4 bus and 3 lines. Various power generation sources (like thermal, hydro, wind, solar,
etc.) and different loads are connected.

System used in this paper is 4 bus transmission grid including transmission lines like Eklahare GCR
(Grid Control Room), Eklahare OCR (Old Control Room), Sinnar and Sinnar MIDC. All the buses
are of 132KV nominal voltage. Out of these 4 lines, there are 2 main generation sources of Eklahare
GCR and OCR which are thermal power stations.

Eklahare GCR is 220/132KV substation. It is a coal based generation and this thermal power station
has a capacity of 910MW. Eklahare Grid Control Room (GCR) serves as a central space where a
large electrical facility or service can be monitored and controlled. Eklahare OCR is also 220/132KV
substation. Sinnar line of nominal voltage 132KV having load of 300A receives the electric power
from Eklahare GCR. Sinnar MIDC line of 132KV receives power from OCR and has linked line to
Sinnar substation. The positive and zero Sequence impedances and line lengths are provided for all
the lines. This 3-bus system is simulated using ETAP software to solve the problem of overloading
on occurrence of faults, tripping of lines.

B. Assumption
1. The reactance of all buses, circuit breakers, current transformers and all lines are neglected as well
as the resistances of system components.
2. The positive and negative sequence components are assumed to be equal.

IV. CASE STUDY

A case for load balancing and relay coordination is considered here. ETAP is used for simulation
which is a powerful software for numerical calculations. The MSETCL 3-bus system is implemented
in Figure 1 on ETAP.

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 International Journal of Innovative Trends in Engineering & Research
Volume 03, Issue 05; May – 2018 [ISSN -2456-4338]

Figure 1: Single Line Diagram (SLD)

The practical system of 3-bus consists of:

Table No.1
Buses 4
Lines 3
Loads 2
Power grids 2

The parameters required for ETAP simulation are tabulated as follows:

Table No. 2
Bus voltage 132KV
Sinnar load (amp) 300A
Sinnar MIDC 350A
Line impedance 0.1522+j0.40

A. Load flow analysis

Load balancing analysis on the 3-bus system is required to observe the line currents for the given
loads. It shows whether the elecrical power generation is equal to electricity demand or not. It also
gives idea about the current flowing through lines for particular load. To check the line balancing,
load fllow analysis is carried out in ETAP which provides results like current flow (Ampere), active
power(MW), reactive ppower(MVAr), voltage drop(KV), power factor, etc.
Figure 2 shows the load flow result of SLD of 132KV transmission system.

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 International Journal of Innovative Trends in Engineering & Research
Volume 03, Issue 05; May – 2018 [ISSN -2456-4338]

Figure 2: Load flow results

Load flow analysis carried out in ETAP shows the following bus loading results which are tabulated
as follows:

Table No. 3
Monitoring points
Ampere MW MVAr
Line 1
(GCR-Sinnar) 317 72.471 0.123
Line 2
(OCR-Sinnar MIDC) 333.7 76.286 0.132
Line 3
(Sinnar- Sinnar MIDC) 16.7 3.812 0

B. Relay Coordination
The fault on the line or the bus causes the overloading or tripping of line or blackouts. To avoid this,
fault analysis is carried out on the system in ETAP. A case of fault analysis is studied here in which
fault is created between OCR-Sinnar MIDC line.

The directional relays are connected to both ends of each line. When the fault occurs on a
particular line, the directional relays should operate in the appropriate sequences. Figure 3 shows the
fault location (between line Eklahare OCR and Sinnar MIDC) and relay tripping sequence.

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 International Journal of Innovative Trends in Engineering & Research
Volume 03, Issue 05; May – 2018 [ISSN -2456-4338]

Figure 3: Relay Coordination

When the fault is occurred between OCR and Sinnar MIDC bus, the relays should be tripped
in sequence of relay 2, relay 4, relay 5 and then relay 1 which is shown in fig.3

Figure 4: Output report of sequence of Operation of Relay

C.Hand calculations for Relay Operating Time

Relay operating time is calculated using formula:

PSM is Plug Setting Multiplier. In this paper, PSM of overcurrent relay is 70%. TMS is Time Setting
Multiplier which is 0.15, 0.13 and 0.11 for the case study.

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 International Journal of Innovative Trends in Engineering & Research
Volume 03, Issue 05; May – 2018 [ISSN -2456-4338]

Table 4: Comparison
Relay Expected time (ms) by analytical method Time (ms) obtained by ETAP
Relay 2 267 267
Relay 4 261 271
Relay 5 289 285
Relay 1 315 346

V. CONCLUSION
In this paper, a case study for load balancing and relay coordination is discussed. In the load
balancing analysis, Kirchhoff’s current law is satisfied in which the sum of incoming currents
towards bus is equal to sum of outgoing currents. It means that whole load on the 4-bus 132KV
system is balanced. The relay coordination is carried out using ETAP simulation which gives nearly
similar relay operating time as the expected time set by hand calculation. Thus, it can be concluded
that ETAP is an efficient tool to solve coordination of tedious system with minimum time
consumption and accurate results.

REFERENCES
I. Polly Thomas, John George, Sumi Soman, “Prevention of Blackout by an Effective Forced Islanding and Restoration
Scheme”, IEEE 2015.
II. Noman Nisar, Muhammad Bilal Khan, “Analysis and Optimization of 132KV grid using ETAP”, IEEE 2015.
III. Hima A. Patel, Vaibhav M. Sharma, “Relay Ccordination using ETAP”, International journal of scientific &
Enginering Research, Volume 6, Issue 5, May-2015.
IV. Keith Brown, Hermino Abcede, Gary Donner, “Interactive Simulation of Power Systm: ETAP application and
techniques”, Page(s): 1930-1941, IEEE 1990.
V. G. H. Kjolle, J. Heggset, H. Engen, P. Lindblad, “Protection system faults- a comparative review of Fault Statistics”,
9th Inernational conference, Stockholm, Sweden- June 2006.
VI. Jayesh Patel, Prof. H. N. Prajapati, “Relay coordination using Different Methods- A Review”, International Journal,
Volume 1, December-2014.

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