Guide Questions:
1.How would you compare the organ systems of the grasshopper with that of the frog? What are these differences, if there
is any?
Organ System Grasshopper
Nervous  Invertebrate, with brain
System  CNS contain brain and ventral
nerve cord
 ganglia bundled to form
peripheral nervous system
 have taste organs and are
sensitive to sound
 fewer neurons
 neurons highly specialized
 antennae to sense
 compound and more effective
eyes
 sense organs (sensory neurons)
are found near the exterior of
the body and consist of tiny
hairs(sensilla), which consist
of one sense cell and one nerve
fiber, which are each specially
calibrated to respond to a
certain stimulus
Circulatory  Open circulatory system:
System blood travels through
hemolymph, blood vessels,
coelom, abdomen, and then to
heart
 7 tubular hearts and an aorta
running along the dorsal side of
the insect pumping
hemolymph into the sinuses
 Hemolymph is the body fluid
(insect blood)
 Blood transfers food and waste
but not oxygen and CO2
 Blood flows openly
 Blood is green when it is
released into the air
Urogenital  Sexual reproduction
System  Sperm from testes and eggs in
ovaries
 male deposits sperm into
female’s seminal receptacle
where they are stored until
eggs are released
 Internal fertilization
 No urinary system.
Frog Major Differences
 vertebrate, with brain  Invertebrate, with brain
 CNS consists of brain and on grasshopper;
spinal cord. vertebrate, with brain on
 peripheral nervous system frog
consisting of cranial and spinal  CNS: brain and ventral
nerves arising from brain and nerve cord on
spinal cord grasshopper; brain and
spinal cord on frog
 autonomic nervous system  PNS consists bundled
made of two ganglionated ganglia on grasshopper;
sympathetic nerves cranial and spinal nerves
on frog
 Less in number and more
 Brain spread out specialized neurons on
grasshoppers
 Compound eyes in
grasshopper
 Closed circulatory system  Open circulatory
 3-chambered heart system for grasshopper;
 Blood is the circulating fluid closed circulatory system
connective tissue for frogs
 main function to distribute the  In frogs, the
digested food and oxygen to circulatory system is
the different parts of the body, responsible for transporting
in order to release energy to oxygen to all the tissues and
carry out life activities. removing carbon dioxide
 Blood blue inside and red when from them; in the
it is released into the air. grasshopper, exchange of
oxygen and carbon dioxide
occurs in another organ
system
 Grasshoppers have
several tubular hearts while
the frog has a single 3-
chambered heart
 External fertilization  Internal fertilization
 Distinctive urinary system in grasshoppers; external
 Kidneys concentrate and fertilization in frogs
excrete wastes from the body  Malpighian tubules
in grasshopper function like
kidneys in frogs
  Remove waste inside the
middle of their gut.
 Malpighian tubules filters
waste from the blood and
deposit it as a crystal in the gut.
Digestive  Main parts: mouth, salivary
System glands, stomach, anus
 Tongue is absent in the mouth
 Use mandibles and maxilla in
chewing
 From salivary glands, to
esophagus, to crop, to gizzard,
to midgut, to gastric ceca, to
hind gut, and then finally anus
 gastric ceca to digest their
bacteria
 Duodenum is absent
 Alimentary canal ends in anus
 Pancreas is absent
Respiratory  Spiracles take in air first,
System  Tracheal system transfers
gases
 Create air sacs to store oxygen
and CO2
 Exchange of carbon dioxide
and oxygen
 Tracheoles, found at the end of
the tracheal tubes, are
insinuated between cells and
carry oxygen throughout the
body.
Skeletal  Three-part body with hard
System shell (head, thorax, abdomen)
 Tagmata to help move
 Exoskeleton made up of chitin
Muscular  striated type, very soft and
System delicate but strong.
 Large number of muscles
segmentally arranged in the
abdomen but not in the head
and thorax
 Consists of striated muscles
only
 muscles attached to the inside
of their skeleton
 Muscles generally light grey or
translucent

Integumentary  body narrow, elongated,
System cylindrical and bilaterally
symmetrical; a large insect
measuring up to 8 cm in length.
 pigment in the chitin provides
the protective coloration to the
 Food is caught by tongue and is
not chewed
 Food travels down the
esophagus to the stomach,
where stomach acids digest the
food.
 Tendril like parts help absorb
water
 Stomach located on the left
 Allow respiration in three
locations: lungs, skin, and
mouth
 Frog’s lung cells filter oxygen
and carry it to the heart, then
send carbon dioxide back
 Lung tissue is only one layer of
cells; located on the posterior
 Endoskeleton: bone inside
body covered by skin
 Skeleton similar to humans’
 Triangular skull and ventrally
flattened
 Long hind legs
 Striated skeletal muscles for
movement connected to bone
by tendons
 Larger and stronger muscles
for jumping and swimming
power
 Consist of both smooth and
striated muscles
 Elastic structure for jumping
ability
 Muscle structures similar to
humans
 streamlined body which is the
characteristic of the aquatic
animals and assist in
swimming in water. The two
ends, the anterior and the
posterior, of the body are
 Frogs cannot chew
 Absence of tongue,
duodenum, a pancreas in
grasshoppers whereas
present in frogs
 Frogs do not have
crop and gizzard.
 Grasshoppers have a
gastric cecum to digest their
bacteria
 Air is taken in from
grasshopper spiracles and
through the tracheal system
oxygenize air and expire it,
no lungs; frogs breathe
through lungs, skin, or their
mouth
 Frogs have a
distinctive system of bones:
endoskeleton; grasshoppers
have exoskeleton (hard and
shell-like)
 Vertebrates like
frogs have both smooth
and striated muscles,
while insects like
grasshoppers only have
striated muscle
 Frog muscles are of
color because of the
hemoglobin in their
blood, lacking in
grasshopper (insects)
 Frog skin is smooth,
thin, moist and slimy, and
fits loosely on the body;
that of grasshopper is
tight, smooth, dry, and
thin
 body matching the
environment
 three typical regions: the head,
thorax and abdomen.
 compound eye, antenna, sings
 include chewing mouthparts,
two pairs of wings, one narrow
and tough, the other wide and
flexible, and long hind legs for
jumping.
pointed and the triangular  Frogs do not have
flattened head, with its blunt wings, antenna, chewing
apex directed forward, is mouthparts, etc.
broadly united to the trunk.
 dorsal side green with black
spots and streaks but ventrally
it is paler.
 Divided into Axial region and
Appendicular Region
 Porous skin, smooth, thin,
moist and slimy, and fits
loosely on the body; used to
exchange gasses when
submerged in water
 Structures like nictitating
membrane and tympanic
membrane for special functions
in frog

2. Tabulate the functions of the parts of the brain, the cranial nerves and spinal nerves of the frog and human.
3. Are nerve endings present in the frog skin?
4. What structures constitute the telencephalon in frog?
5. The pineal gland and hypophysis are part of what brain division?
6. How does the frog brain compare with that of other vertebrates? Tabulate your answer.
7. _______________ are receptors which receive information about the body’s orientation in space.
8. The _______________ of the eye focuses light directly to the retina.
9. The compound eye of an insect is made up of several units called _________.
10. The major sensory relay stations in the diencephalon for messages to the cortex is the _____________.